OFDM系统非协作接收关键技术研究
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摘要
正交频分复用(OFDM)传输系统,以其可对抗频率选择性衰落,高频谱利用率等优点,得到广泛应用。其协作通信中相关问题的研究,一直是近几年国际上研究的热点。但是,对其非协作接收的报道甚少。从国家信息安全角度出发,对OFDM信号进行非协作接收的研究,意义重大。本文研究OFDM信号非协作接收中的关键技术,在以下五个方面取得了成果和创新:
(1)建立了OFDM信号的非协作数学模型。在分析OFDM信号非协作接收的特殊性基础上,提出了OFDM系统非协作接收的框架,指出OFDM非协作接收需要解决三个关键问题,即调制方式识别、参数估计和同步技术。
(2)提出了OFDM信号的调制方式盲识别算法,具体分为带通识别和基带识别两个步骤。在带通识别部分,利用正态测试,区分多载波信号和单载波信号;在基带识别部分,结合OFDM系统的等效标量模型,利用信息符号的统计特性,识别子载波上的调制方式。用Monte-Carlo方法,仿真测试了算法在多径和AWGN信道中的识别性能。结果显示,本算法不需要任何先验信息,在低信噪比条件下可靠有效。
(3)根据IDFT输出后脉冲成型的理论模型,证明OFDM信号是无条件循环平稳的,没有文献[34]提出的限制。文献[34]根据用滤波器组实现子载波分别脉冲成型的理论模型,得出有条件循环平稳的结论,即必须有循环前缀、或子载波加权或非矩形脉冲成型。而实际中,本文所用的模型是被众多方案所采用的模型。在此基础上,还推导了带通OFDM信号的谱相关密度函数,在推导过程中,提出了一种谱相关密度函数推导方法,过程简洁,结果直观。并用MPSK信号加以验证,验证结果显示,根据新方法得到的MPSK信号谱相关密度函数,与经典文献一致,且得到计算机仿真结果的支持。
(4)基于OFDM信号的二阶循环平稳特性,提出了两种盲算法,对码片时宽、载频进行估计。它们分别是基于循环谱的载频和码片时宽联合估计算法,以及基于循环自相关的码片时宽估计算法。这两种算法不仅不需要先验参数信息,而且由于采用了非零循环频率进行估计,避免或减小了平稳噪声和干扰的影响,适用于低信噪比情况。文中还对参数估计方法的性能作了分析,推导了载频和码片时宽联合估计的Cramér-Rao限。计算机仿真结果表明,在采集时间足够长时,算法在AWGN信道和多径信道下,输入信噪比为OdB甚至负信噪时,仍能达到较好的估计精度。因此,算法适合于恶劣通信条件下的信号侦察。
(5)在DSP处理器上,实现了基于循环谱的OFDM信号盲码片时宽估计。尽管信号的二阶循环平稳特性,是信号盲处理的有效工具,但是因为算法计算量比较大,不易用硬件实现。目前,国内利用信号的循环平稳特性进行盲处理,还处在理论仿真阶段。本文对谱相关密度函数的硬件实现,做了初步尝试,在TMS320C6416芯片上,实现了基于循环谱的OFDM信号码片时宽估计算法。
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is widely used, due to it's advantage of high data rates in multipath fading environments. Recently, researching on OFDM cooperative communication has been a hotspot. However, researching on OFDM non-cooperative reception is on the scratch line. For national information security, it is important to do it. In the dissertation, the key technologies in OFDM non-cooperative reception are studied. The primary works and innovations are as follows:
(1) Propose OFDM non-cooperative reception mathematical model and receiver block diagram, based on the analysis of the particularity of OFDM non-cooperative reception. It is pointed out that there are three key problems should be solved, i.e., modulation recognition, parameters estimation and synchronization.
(2) Propose blind modulation classification algorithm for OFDM systems. The algorithm is divided into two parts, i.e., recognition in passband and classification in baseband. In passband recognition part, time series normal test is used to distinguish the multicarrier signals from the single carrier signals; in baseband part, a novel blind modulation classification algorithm is derived from the finite alphabet property of information symbols and the equivalent parallel model of OFDM systems. The performances of the proposed algorithm are tested with Monte-Carlo simulations in AWGN channel and multipath channel respectively. It is found that the proposed algorithm works well in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without parameter information.
(3) It is proved that OFDM signal is cyclicstationary unconditionally based on the model of pulse shaping after IDFT. It is different from the conclusion of paper [34] . Based on the model of pulse shaping in parallel subchannels, paper [34] considered that OFDM signal is cyclicstationary in the case of that signal has time-frequency guard regions, pulse shaping (not a rectangular pulse), and subcarrier weighting. In fact, the model in this paper is accepted by many practicality standards. Spectral correlation density function (SCDF) of passband OFDM signal is deroved in the dissertation. In the derivation procedure, this paper also proposes a simple method to derive SCDF. With the method, the SCDFs of MPSK signal are identical with results in classical papers. Simulation results support the theoretical analysis nicely.
(4) Based on the second order cyclicstationary, this paper proposes two algorithms to estimate chip width and carrier frequency of OFDM signal with no parameter information needed. One is joint estimation algorithm of carrier frequency and chip width based on SCDF, the other is chip width estimation algorithm based on cyclic correlation. The two algorithms suit for low SNR signals, because they work with nonzero cyclic frequencies on which noise or interference has little influence. Cramé-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of joint estimation is derived. Computer simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have good performance in AWGN channel and multipath channel when the input signal-to-noise ratio is OdB or even worse. So the proposed algorithms will work well for signal reconnaissance.
(5) Implement the proposed blind chip width estimation algorithm with DSP processor. Second order cyclicstationary is a useful tool for blind signal processing, but it is difficult to implement in hardware for heavy computation. Now, most algorithms based on second order cyclicstationary are in the phase of computer simulation. This paper makes a positive attempt to implement the proposed blind chip width estimation algorithm with TI's DSP processor TMS320C6416.
(1)建立了OFDM信号的非协作数学模型。在分析OFDM信号非协作接收的特殊性基础上,提出了OFDM系统非协作接收的框架,指出OFDM非协作接收需要解决三个关键问题,即调制方式识别、参数估计和同步技术。
(2)提出了OFDM信号的调制方式盲识别算法,具体分为带通识别和基带识别两个步骤。在带通识别部分,利用正态测试,区分多载波信号和单载波信号;在基带识别部分,结合OFDM系统的等效标量模型,利用信息符号的统计特性,识别子载波上的调制方式。用Monte-Carlo方法,仿真测试了算法在多径和AWGN信道中的识别性能。结果显示,本算法不需要任何先验信息,在低信噪比条件下可靠有效。
(3)根据IDFT输出后脉冲成型的理论模型,证明OFDM信号是无条件循环平稳的,没有文献[34]提出的限制。文献[34]根据用滤波器组实现子载波分别脉冲成型的理论模型,得出有条件循环平稳的结论,即必须有循环前缀、或子载波加权或非矩形脉冲成型。而实际中,本文所用的模型是被众多方案所采用的模型。在此基础上,还推导了带通OFDM信号的谱相关密度函数,在推导过程中,提出了一种谱相关密度函数推导方法,过程简洁,结果直观。并用MPSK信号加以验证,验证结果显示,根据新方法得到的MPSK信号谱相关密度函数,与经典文献一致,且得到计算机仿真结果的支持。
(4)基于OFDM信号的二阶循环平稳特性,提出了两种盲算法,对码片时宽、载频进行估计。它们分别是基于循环谱的载频和码片时宽联合估计算法,以及基于循环自相关的码片时宽估计算法。这两种算法不仅不需要先验参数信息,而且由于采用了非零循环频率进行估计,避免或减小了平稳噪声和干扰的影响,适用于低信噪比情况。文中还对参数估计方法的性能作了分析,推导了载频和码片时宽联合估计的Cramér-Rao限。计算机仿真结果表明,在采集时间足够长时,算法在AWGN信道和多径信道下,输入信噪比为OdB甚至负信噪时,仍能达到较好的估计精度。因此,算法适合于恶劣通信条件下的信号侦察。
(5)在DSP处理器上,实现了基于循环谱的OFDM信号盲码片时宽估计。尽管信号的二阶循环平稳特性,是信号盲处理的有效工具,但是因为算法计算量比较大,不易用硬件实现。目前,国内利用信号的循环平稳特性进行盲处理,还处在理论仿真阶段。本文对谱相关密度函数的硬件实现,做了初步尝试,在TMS320C6416芯片上,实现了基于循环谱的OFDM信号码片时宽估计算法。
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is widely used, due to it's advantage of high data rates in multipath fading environments. Recently, researching on OFDM cooperative communication has been a hotspot. However, researching on OFDM non-cooperative reception is on the scratch line. For national information security, it is important to do it. In the dissertation, the key technologies in OFDM non-cooperative reception are studied. The primary works and innovations are as follows:
(1) Propose OFDM non-cooperative reception mathematical model and receiver block diagram, based on the analysis of the particularity of OFDM non-cooperative reception. It is pointed out that there are three key problems should be solved, i.e., modulation recognition, parameters estimation and synchronization.
(2) Propose blind modulation classification algorithm for OFDM systems. The algorithm is divided into two parts, i.e., recognition in passband and classification in baseband. In passband recognition part, time series normal test is used to distinguish the multicarrier signals from the single carrier signals; in baseband part, a novel blind modulation classification algorithm is derived from the finite alphabet property of information symbols and the equivalent parallel model of OFDM systems. The performances of the proposed algorithm are tested with Monte-Carlo simulations in AWGN channel and multipath channel respectively. It is found that the proposed algorithm works well in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without parameter information.
(3) It is proved that OFDM signal is cyclicstationary unconditionally based on the model of pulse shaping after IDFT. It is different from the conclusion of paper [34] . Based on the model of pulse shaping in parallel subchannels, paper [34] considered that OFDM signal is cyclicstationary in the case of that signal has time-frequency guard regions, pulse shaping (not a rectangular pulse), and subcarrier weighting. In fact, the model in this paper is accepted by many practicality standards. Spectral correlation density function (SCDF) of passband OFDM signal is deroved in the dissertation. In the derivation procedure, this paper also proposes a simple method to derive SCDF. With the method, the SCDFs of MPSK signal are identical with results in classical papers. Simulation results support the theoretical analysis nicely.
(4) Based on the second order cyclicstationary, this paper proposes two algorithms to estimate chip width and carrier frequency of OFDM signal with no parameter information needed. One is joint estimation algorithm of carrier frequency and chip width based on SCDF, the other is chip width estimation algorithm based on cyclic correlation. The two algorithms suit for low SNR signals, because they work with nonzero cyclic frequencies on which noise or interference has little influence. Cramé-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of joint estimation is derived. Computer simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have good performance in AWGN channel and multipath channel when the input signal-to-noise ratio is OdB or even worse. So the proposed algorithms will work well for signal reconnaissance.
(5) Implement the proposed blind chip width estimation algorithm with DSP processor. Second order cyclicstationary is a useful tool for blind signal processing, but it is difficult to implement in hardware for heavy computation. Now, most algorithms based on second order cyclicstationary are in the phase of computer simulation. This paper makes a positive attempt to implement the proposed blind chip width estimation algorithm with TI's DSP processor TMS320C6416.
引文
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