秦岭地区土地利用/覆被变化及水热环境响应
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摘要
秦岭山系是我国南北重要的地理分界线,处于亚热带和暖温带的过渡区域。本文选择陕西省境内的秦岭地区作为研究对象,通过查阅国内外相关文献和多次试验,设计了适合秦岭山地土地利用/覆被变化的以遥感与GIS技术结合为主线的研究方法。利用MODIS NDVI、TM影像、DEM、气温、降水、径流等数据,深入分析了秦岭地区LUCC (Land use and land cover change,土地利用／土地覆被变化)时空变化特征及气温、降水、径流的环境响应,对秦岭地区生态环境变化的定量研究具有重要意义,并获得如下主要成果与进展：
(1)采用AG (Asymmetric Gaussians)算法对MODIS NDVI数据进行时间序列重建,结合DEM数据及变异系数、线性趋势线斜率方法,分析了2000-2011年秦岭地区植被覆盖时空变化情况,结果表明,①在水平空间上,区域内植被时序稳定性与其离人类聚集区远近呈逆向分布,山区森林和山间灌木林时序稳定性较高,居民地周边农田和山间沟谷农林混合植被年际波动较大。②2000-2011年秦岭地区植被生长状况,整体呈现改善趋势,山区腹地和远离城市的农田改善趋势明显,山区森林和沟谷灌木林相对稳定。③秦岭地区NDVI随海拔升高先增加后降低,最大值在海拔1500-2000m范围内,最小值在海拔<500m范围内,海拔>2000m的区域NDVI值较低。NDVI值除在海拔1500～2000m和>2700m范围内增加不明显外,其他海拔范围内均呈显著增加态势,且增加速率随海拔升高而减小。
(2)利用AG算法重建后的MODIS NDVI数据,通过使用变化矢量法、决策树分类法、及分类后的土地利用数据,分析和揭示了中等尺度秦岭地区的土地利用/覆被变化情况,结果表明,①秦岭地区土地覆被变化较高的区域位于太白山周围、以及嘉陵江、汉江、丹江、洛河沿线,所占比例较小；农田和建设用地变化较高,但变化数量较小；低山区变化程度低,所占比例较大；高海拔区域的森林类型保持持续稳定状态。秦岭地区土地覆被变化稳定类型的面积占79.99%,呈增加趋势；土地覆被发生变化的区域主要分布在嘉陵江、丹江、洛河谷地及汉江盆地。②秦岭地区土地覆被分类决策树分类总体精度为81.92%,Kappa系数为0.79。2000～2011年,秦岭地区落叶林持续增长；农田和草地减少速率增加；建设用地增加迅速；常绿林先增加后减少。③2000～2011年,秦岭地区水域和建设用地面积增加,耕地和未利用地面积减少。水域、耕地、建设用地和未利用地在不同坡度条件下均表现出明显变化,林地、灌木林在坡度≥20°区域,才有明显变化。
(3)以1970～2009年逐月气温数据为基础,并选择取2000～2009年MODIS NDVI时序重建数据,结合DEM数据,分析秦岭地区气温变化及NDVI在不同海拔、不同季节对气温变化的响应。结果表明：①年平均气温及春、冬季平均气温增加显著,分别于1994、1997和2000年出现增暖突变,春季增温速率高于冬季,且高于年平均增温速率。②年平均NDVI与年平均气温的相关性较小,而多年平均NDVI与多年平均气温的相关性在垂直方向上呈增加趋势。>2700m区域相关系数最高,表明高海拔区域对气温变化的高敏感性。在季节方面,春季平均NDVI在高程<500m区域增加显著,夏、秋季平均NDVI在高程<2000m区域增加显著,其他区域变化不明显。夏季平均NDVI随高程升高而增加的速率逐渐降低,即在高程<500m区域平均NDVI增加速率最高,1500～2000m区域最低。秋季平均NDVI增加速率最高值在500～1500m区域,增加速率最低值在1500～2000m区域。
(4)选择位于秦岭地区南北坡的典型流域—金钱河和灞河流域,对比分析秦岭地区南北坡径流变化差异,并探寻金钱河流域径流对降水、LUCC的响应。结果表明,1960～2009年,金钱河和灞河年平均径流量呈减少趋势,金钱河的径流减少量多于灞河流域。从径流的季节变化来看,春、秋季金钱河与灞河流域平均径流量均显著减少,而金钱河流域在冬季也显著减少。金钱河流域年平均径流量减少主要受人类活动(LUCC过程)的影响,人类活动对季节平均径流量的影响程度表现为春季高于秋季。秋季平均径流量减少受到降水量变化与人类活动双重作用。
Qinling Mountains is the geographical boundaries of north and south in China and the transition zone between sub-tropical and warm temperate. This study selected the Qinling area located in Shaanxi province as a research object, and the research methods that Land Use and Land Cover Change of the Qinling area integrat remote sensing technique with GIS were designed by referring many literatures and many tests. This study analyzed spatial and temporal change of LUCC and the response of temperature, precipitation and runoff to environment on the basis of MODIS NDVI, TM images, DEM, temperature, precipitation and runoff data. The research has great significance to the quantitative study on ecological environment in Qinling area. The conclusion as follows:
(1) AG (Asymmetric Gaussians) algorithm was selected to reconstruct the MODIS NDVI time series data. Spatial and temporal changes of Land Cover in Qinling area from2000to2011was analyzed by DEM, coefficient of variation, indication of the slope of trend line. Some results obationed:①the forest and shrub vegetation located in the hinterland of Qinling area showed a higher stability in the past12years, while the cropland and mosaic cropland/non-crop vegetation located in northern slope of the Qinling area, as well as those areas surrounded by mountain residents, showed dramatically inter-annual fluctuation under the impact of human activities.②the vegetation in the Qinling area, show and improved change trend in the past12years, and the arable land in mountainous hinterland and far away from the urban was improvement obviously.③NDVI change with elevation has the processes of first increases and then decreases in the Qinling area. The maximum value of NDVI located in the elevation of1500～2000m, while the minimum value located in the elevation of <500m, and the lower value of NDVI in the elevation of>2000m. In the elevation of1500-2000m and>2700m, NDVI increased trend was not obvious, while the increased trend was obviously in the other range of elevation. The rate of NDVI increased was decreased with elevation raised.
(2) Based on the MODIS NDVI of250m resolution, TM images, and1:100000land use database, change vector analysis method and decision tree classification algorithms were used to analyzing the spatial and temporal change of Land Cover in Qinling area.①The analysis with change vector analysis methods show the high degree of land cover change with small area, nearby Taibai Mountain, Jialingjiang, Hanjiang, Danjiang, and Luohe river. Cultivated land and construction land have changed with high degree of land cover change, and smaller change area. The lower elevation area has the characteristic changes with lower degree of land cover change and bigger change area. Forest vegetation cover in the higher elevation area was stable. The area with stable land cover type in Qinling area accounted for79.99%, and with the increased trends, while the change area including increased and decreased area was mainly distributed in the valley of Jialingjiang basin, Danjiang, Luohe, and Hanjiang basin.②System of land cover classification and decision tree classification of land cover were constructed, and the overall accuracy was81.92%, Kappa coefficient was0.79. During2000-2010, land cover pattern analysis shows deciduous forest was increased continuously, while water area, grassland, arable land and unused land were decreased. The rate of decreased of arable land and grassland was increased. Building land increased quickly while evergreen forest first increased and then decreased.③In Qinling area, woodland, shrub and grassland area were stable, while water area and construction land increased, and cultivated land, unused land were decreased. In the different slope area, water area, cultivated land, construction land and unused land change obviously, while woodland and shrub only in the area of slope≥20℃were shown obvious change.
(3) Temperature change characteristic in the annual and season and its effects on vegetation NDVI change were analyzed on the basis of monthly temperature and precipitation data from1970to2009, MODIS NDVI from2000to2009and DEM of30m resolution. Results show that average temperature in spring and winter were increased obviously and the abrupt change of temperature increased in1997,2000and1994, respectively. The rate of temperature increased in spring was higher than winter, and the spring and winter were higher than annual temperature. The response of vegetation NDVI to temperature analysis shows that the correlation between annual average NDVI and temperature was small (P<0.001), while the correlation between10years average NDVI and temperature was increased with the elevation increased, which reflected that, vegetation NDVI change in the higher elevation area was sensitive to climate change, and the area need to focus on.
(4) Difference of runoff change between south and north slope in Qinling area and the response of runoff to precipitation and LUCC change were analyzed based on runoff data from1960to2009, meteorological data and MODIS NDVI data, in the selected typical basin of Jinqian river and Bahe river, located in the south and north slope area of Qinling area, respectively. During1960-2009, annual average runoff in Jinqian rivere and Bahe River showed decreased trends and the rate of decreased in Jinqian river was higher than Bahe River. Jinqian River was decreased obviously, while average runoff in spring and autumn of Bahe River was decreased obviously. The decreased of average runoff in the two basins was higher than annual average runoff. The analyzed in response of runoff to precipitation and LUCC change of Jinqian river show that, annual average runoff decreased was mainly by the influence of human activities, such as LUCC processes. The influence of human activities on average runoff in spring was bigger than autumn, while the decreased of average runoff in autumn was influenced by precipitation change and human activities.
(1)采用AG (Asymmetric Gaussians)算法对MODIS NDVI数据进行时间序列重建,结合DEM数据及变异系数、线性趋势线斜率方法,分析了2000-2011年秦岭地区植被覆盖时空变化情况,结果表明,①在水平空间上,区域内植被时序稳定性与其离人类聚集区远近呈逆向分布,山区森林和山间灌木林时序稳定性较高,居民地周边农田和山间沟谷农林混合植被年际波动较大。②2000-2011年秦岭地区植被生长状况,整体呈现改善趋势,山区腹地和远离城市的农田改善趋势明显,山区森林和沟谷灌木林相对稳定。③秦岭地区NDVI随海拔升高先增加后降低,最大值在海拔1500-2000m范围内,最小值在海拔<500m范围内,海拔>2000m的区域NDVI值较低。NDVI值除在海拔1500～2000m和>2700m范围内增加不明显外,其他海拔范围内均呈显著增加态势,且增加速率随海拔升高而减小。
(2)利用AG算法重建后的MODIS NDVI数据,通过使用变化矢量法、决策树分类法、及分类后的土地利用数据,分析和揭示了中等尺度秦岭地区的土地利用/覆被变化情况,结果表明,①秦岭地区土地覆被变化较高的区域位于太白山周围、以及嘉陵江、汉江、丹江、洛河沿线,所占比例较小；农田和建设用地变化较高,但变化数量较小；低山区变化程度低,所占比例较大；高海拔区域的森林类型保持持续稳定状态。秦岭地区土地覆被变化稳定类型的面积占79.99%,呈增加趋势；土地覆被发生变化的区域主要分布在嘉陵江、丹江、洛河谷地及汉江盆地。②秦岭地区土地覆被分类决策树分类总体精度为81.92%,Kappa系数为0.79。2000～2011年,秦岭地区落叶林持续增长；农田和草地减少速率增加；建设用地增加迅速；常绿林先增加后减少。③2000～2011年,秦岭地区水域和建设用地面积增加,耕地和未利用地面积减少。水域、耕地、建设用地和未利用地在不同坡度条件下均表现出明显变化,林地、灌木林在坡度≥20°区域,才有明显变化。
(3)以1970～2009年逐月气温数据为基础,并选择取2000～2009年MODIS NDVI时序重建数据,结合DEM数据,分析秦岭地区气温变化及NDVI在不同海拔、不同季节对气温变化的响应。结果表明：①年平均气温及春、冬季平均气温增加显著,分别于1994、1997和2000年出现增暖突变,春季增温速率高于冬季,且高于年平均增温速率。②年平均NDVI与年平均气温的相关性较小,而多年平均NDVI与多年平均气温的相关性在垂直方向上呈增加趋势。>2700m区域相关系数最高,表明高海拔区域对气温变化的高敏感性。在季节方面,春季平均NDVI在高程<500m区域增加显著,夏、秋季平均NDVI在高程<2000m区域增加显著,其他区域变化不明显。夏季平均NDVI随高程升高而增加的速率逐渐降低,即在高程<500m区域平均NDVI增加速率最高,1500～2000m区域最低。秋季平均NDVI增加速率最高值在500～1500m区域,增加速率最低值在1500～2000m区域。
(4)选择位于秦岭地区南北坡的典型流域—金钱河和灞河流域,对比分析秦岭地区南北坡径流变化差异,并探寻金钱河流域径流对降水、LUCC的响应。结果表明,1960～2009年,金钱河和灞河年平均径流量呈减少趋势,金钱河的径流减少量多于灞河流域。从径流的季节变化来看,春、秋季金钱河与灞河流域平均径流量均显著减少,而金钱河流域在冬季也显著减少。金钱河流域年平均径流量减少主要受人类活动(LUCC过程)的影响,人类活动对季节平均径流量的影响程度表现为春季高于秋季。秋季平均径流量减少受到降水量变化与人类活动双重作用。
Qinling Mountains is the geographical boundaries of north and south in China and the transition zone between sub-tropical and warm temperate. This study selected the Qinling area located in Shaanxi province as a research object, and the research methods that Land Use and Land Cover Change of the Qinling area integrat remote sensing technique with GIS were designed by referring many literatures and many tests. This study analyzed spatial and temporal change of LUCC and the response of temperature, precipitation and runoff to environment on the basis of MODIS NDVI, TM images, DEM, temperature, precipitation and runoff data. The research has great significance to the quantitative study on ecological environment in Qinling area. The conclusion as follows:
(1) AG (Asymmetric Gaussians) algorithm was selected to reconstruct the MODIS NDVI time series data. Spatial and temporal changes of Land Cover in Qinling area from2000to2011was analyzed by DEM, coefficient of variation, indication of the slope of trend line. Some results obationed:①the forest and shrub vegetation located in the hinterland of Qinling area showed a higher stability in the past12years, while the cropland and mosaic cropland/non-crop vegetation located in northern slope of the Qinling area, as well as those areas surrounded by mountain residents, showed dramatically inter-annual fluctuation under the impact of human activities.②the vegetation in the Qinling area, show and improved change trend in the past12years, and the arable land in mountainous hinterland and far away from the urban was improvement obviously.③NDVI change with elevation has the processes of first increases and then decreases in the Qinling area. The maximum value of NDVI located in the elevation of1500～2000m, while the minimum value located in the elevation of <500m, and the lower value of NDVI in the elevation of>2000m. In the elevation of1500-2000m and>2700m, NDVI increased trend was not obvious, while the increased trend was obviously in the other range of elevation. The rate of NDVI increased was decreased with elevation raised.
(2) Based on the MODIS NDVI of250m resolution, TM images, and1:100000land use database, change vector analysis method and decision tree classification algorithms were used to analyzing the spatial and temporal change of Land Cover in Qinling area.①The analysis with change vector analysis methods show the high degree of land cover change with small area, nearby Taibai Mountain, Jialingjiang, Hanjiang, Danjiang, and Luohe river. Cultivated land and construction land have changed with high degree of land cover change, and smaller change area. The lower elevation area has the characteristic changes with lower degree of land cover change and bigger change area. Forest vegetation cover in the higher elevation area was stable. The area with stable land cover type in Qinling area accounted for79.99%, and with the increased trends, while the change area including increased and decreased area was mainly distributed in the valley of Jialingjiang basin, Danjiang, Luohe, and Hanjiang basin.②System of land cover classification and decision tree classification of land cover were constructed, and the overall accuracy was81.92%, Kappa coefficient was0.79. During2000-2010, land cover pattern analysis shows deciduous forest was increased continuously, while water area, grassland, arable land and unused land were decreased. The rate of decreased of arable land and grassland was increased. Building land increased quickly while evergreen forest first increased and then decreased.③In Qinling area, woodland, shrub and grassland area were stable, while water area and construction land increased, and cultivated land, unused land were decreased. In the different slope area, water area, cultivated land, construction land and unused land change obviously, while woodland and shrub only in the area of slope≥20℃were shown obvious change.
(3) Temperature change characteristic in the annual and season and its effects on vegetation NDVI change were analyzed on the basis of monthly temperature and precipitation data from1970to2009, MODIS NDVI from2000to2009and DEM of30m resolution. Results show that average temperature in spring and winter were increased obviously and the abrupt change of temperature increased in1997,2000and1994, respectively. The rate of temperature increased in spring was higher than winter, and the spring and winter were higher than annual temperature. The response of vegetation NDVI to temperature analysis shows that the correlation between annual average NDVI and temperature was small (P<0.001), while the correlation between10years average NDVI and temperature was increased with the elevation increased, which reflected that, vegetation NDVI change in the higher elevation area was sensitive to climate change, and the area need to focus on.
(4) Difference of runoff change between south and north slope in Qinling area and the response of runoff to precipitation and LUCC change were analyzed based on runoff data from1960to2009, meteorological data and MODIS NDVI data, in the selected typical basin of Jinqian river and Bahe river, located in the south and north slope area of Qinling area, respectively. During1960-2009, annual average runoff in Jinqian rivere and Bahe River showed decreased trends and the rate of decreased in Jinqian river was higher than Bahe River. Jinqian River was decreased obviously, while average runoff in spring and autumn of Bahe River was decreased obviously. The decreased of average runoff in the two basins was higher than annual average runoff. The analyzed in response of runoff to precipitation and LUCC change of Jinqian river show that, annual average runoff decreased was mainly by the influence of human activities, such as LUCC processes. The influence of human activities on average runoff in spring was bigger than autumn, while the decreased of average runoff in autumn was influenced by precipitation change and human activities.
引文
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