车载废气检测仪的研制
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摘要
汽油机的废气排放是大气污染的主要污染源，而废气排放与燃烧过程紧密相关。为了减少废气排放，有必要研究汽油机点火参数与废气排放的关系，因此研制一种可连续测量的车载废气检测仪是十分必要的。
本文在学习了汽油机的工作原理和排气有害成分的产生机理的基础上，提出了车载废气检测仪的设计方案。传统的废气分析仪的取样设备体积庞大，难以实现车载和在线检测。本文针对内燃机废气温度高、化学成分复杂的特点和实时性的要求，选择了价格较低、高性能、高分辨率的电化学气体传感器。在前置放大电路中采用了自稳零运放ICL7650,A/D转换利用了双积分式A/D转换器MC14433和单片机内部的A/D转换器。装置采用性能价格比较高的80C196KB单片机，用小型液晶显示LCD作显示器，配有实时时钟和串行EEPROM，显示直观，操作方便，使该检测仪不仅具有废气检测的功能，还有废气超标记录的功能。在设计了车载废气检测仪的硬件电路的基础上，编制了相应的控制程序，制作并调试了氧气测试通道。针对汽车内燃机的干扰源及其传播途径，从硬件和软件两个方面提出了抗干扰的措施。
车载废气检测仪不仅为研究点火参数与废气排放的关系提供了很大的方便，而且可监测与排放有关的系统和部件(如催化净化器)，以保证汽车在整个寿命期限内不超过排放限值。另外，本车载废气检测仪通过连续监视汽车的废气排放，司机发现排气超标时，可及时对汽车进行检修，而实时记录的废气超标的数据又可作为民警处罚的依据。
Exhaust gas emission of the gasoline engines is the main source which causes air pollution．Moreover, the emission is interrelated to the combustion of gasoline engines．In order to reduce the amount of the emission, it is necessary to study the relationship between ignition parameters and the emission. Therefore, it is important to design an on-board instrument which make real-time measurement of the emission continuously．
In this thesis，after studied the principle of gasoline engine and the mechanism of harmful elements in the emission, the author proposed the design of the on-board instrument. Sample equipment of the traditional analysis instrument is too large to be inconvient to test on-board. According to conditions of the requiement of the high temperature of exhaust gas, complex of chemical components and real-time performance, the author chose electric-chemistry gas sensor, which has the characteristics of low price, high efficiency and identification. Super chopper-stabilized amplifier ICL7650 is adopted in the preamplifier circuit. Double integrate A/D convertor and the A/D convertor in the CPU are adopted in the circuit. The equipment is mainly consisted of a single-chip computer 80c196KB, a little LCD displayer, a real-time clock chip, and a serial EEPROM. Such equipment owns the advantages of convient for observing and operating, It not only has the function of the measurement of exhaust gas, but also can record the surpass exhaust gas. On the basis of the completed hardware circuit, the author made the programme of the control module, and debugged the oxygen channel. The author has also taken measures in both hardware and software against the interference according to the interference source and its transmission ways in the automobile.
The on-board instrument make it possible to study the relationship between ignition parameters and exhaust gas emission. It can also monitor the emission related system and components(e.g. catalyzer) in order to keep the the amount of exhaust gas under the permitted limit during the whole life cycle of the automobile. In addition, through the continous inspecting of the exhaust gas of automobiles, the drivers can
repair their automobiles when they find the surpass gas. And the real-time record of the surpass gas can be used as the evidence of the traffic authority for the punishment of the drivers.
本文在学习了汽油机的工作原理和排气有害成分的产生机理的基础上，提出了车载废气检测仪的设计方案。传统的废气分析仪的取样设备体积庞大，难以实现车载和在线检测。本文针对内燃机废气温度高、化学成分复杂的特点和实时性的要求，选择了价格较低、高性能、高分辨率的电化学气体传感器。在前置放大电路中采用了自稳零运放ICL7650,A/D转换利用了双积分式A/D转换器MC14433和单片机内部的A/D转换器。装置采用性能价格比较高的80C196KB单片机，用小型液晶显示LCD作显示器，配有实时时钟和串行EEPROM，显示直观，操作方便，使该检测仪不仅具有废气检测的功能，还有废气超标记录的功能。在设计了车载废气检测仪的硬件电路的基础上，编制了相应的控制程序，制作并调试了氧气测试通道。针对汽车内燃机的干扰源及其传播途径，从硬件和软件两个方面提出了抗干扰的措施。
车载废气检测仪不仅为研究点火参数与废气排放的关系提供了很大的方便，而且可监测与排放有关的系统和部件(如催化净化器)，以保证汽车在整个寿命期限内不超过排放限值。另外，本车载废气检测仪通过连续监视汽车的废气排放，司机发现排气超标时，可及时对汽车进行检修，而实时记录的废气超标的数据又可作为民警处罚的依据。
Exhaust gas emission of the gasoline engines is the main source which causes air pollution．Moreover, the emission is interrelated to the combustion of gasoline engines．In order to reduce the amount of the emission, it is necessary to study the relationship between ignition parameters and the emission. Therefore, it is important to design an on-board instrument which make real-time measurement of the emission continuously．
In this thesis，after studied the principle of gasoline engine and the mechanism of harmful elements in the emission, the author proposed the design of the on-board instrument. Sample equipment of the traditional analysis instrument is too large to be inconvient to test on-board. According to conditions of the requiement of the high temperature of exhaust gas, complex of chemical components and real-time performance, the author chose electric-chemistry gas sensor, which has the characteristics of low price, high efficiency and identification. Super chopper-stabilized amplifier ICL7650 is adopted in the preamplifier circuit. Double integrate A/D convertor and the A/D convertor in the CPU are adopted in the circuit. The equipment is mainly consisted of a single-chip computer 80c196KB, a little LCD displayer, a real-time clock chip, and a serial EEPROM. Such equipment owns the advantages of convient for observing and operating, It not only has the function of the measurement of exhaust gas, but also can record the surpass exhaust gas. On the basis of the completed hardware circuit, the author made the programme of the control module, and debugged the oxygen channel. The author has also taken measures in both hardware and software against the interference according to the interference source and its transmission ways in the automobile.
The on-board instrument make it possible to study the relationship between ignition parameters and exhaust gas emission. It can also monitor the emission related system and components(e.g. catalyzer) in order to keep the the amount of exhaust gas under the permitted limit during the whole life cycle of the automobile. In addition, through the continous inspecting of the exhaust gas of automobiles, the drivers can
repair their automobiles when they find the surpass gas. And the real-time record of the surpass gas can be used as the evidence of the traffic authority for the punishment of the drivers.
引文
[1] 王建昕等编著．汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器．第一版．北京．化学工业出版社．2000．1-247
[2] 张志华等编著．内燃机排放与噪声控制．第一版．哈尔滨．哈尔滨工程大学出版社．1999．12-107
[3] 李勤编著．现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制．第一版．北京．机械工业出版社．1998．8-158
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[6] Martin Reineman．Effectiveness of OBD-II Evaporative Emission Monitors-30 Vehicle Study．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-43
[7] Office of Mobile Sources．Proposed Amendment to On-Board Diagnostic Checks Requirement for I/M Programs．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．1998．1-3
[8] Office of Mobile Sources．Final Rule Amendment to On-Board Diagnostic Checks Requirement for I/M Programs．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．1998．1-3
[9] Edward Gardetto and Ted Trimble．Evaluation of On-Board Diagnostic for Use In Detecting Malfunctioning and High Emitting Vehicles．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-31
[10] Ted Trimble．Analyses of the OBD-II Data Collected From the Wisconsin I/M Lanes．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-15
[11] Arvon L. Mitcham．On-Board Diagnostic Hand-Held Scan Tool Technology：Adherence to the Society of Automotive Engineers Requirements for Scan Tool Capability．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-27
[12] David Sosnowski．Edward Gardetto．Performing Onboard Diagnostic System Checks as Part of a Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2001．1-21
[13] 孙涵芳编著．Intel 16 位单片机．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．2000．7-143
[14] Intersil Corporation．ICL7650S Datasheet．America,．Intersil Corporation．2000．1-14
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[18] Texas Instruments Inc.．SN54HC245,SN74HC245 OCTAL BUS TRANSCEIVERS WITH 3-STATE OUTPUTS Datasheet．America．Texas Instruments inc.．1997．1-6
[19] James T. Walton and Frank W. Burcham,Jr.．Exhaust-Gas Pressure and Temperature Survey of F404-GE-400 Turbofan Engine．National Aeronautics and Space Administration．California．1986．1-30
[20] 阎国刚著．新型零排放汽车．汽车文摘．2001．No.10：8-9
[21] 包娜仁著．强化空气质量管理．改善城市空气质量．中国环境监测．2000．Vol.16．No.6：1-4
[22] 何立民编著．单片机应用系统抗干扰设计．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．2000．1-384
[23] 钟俊编著．点火参数调整仪的研制[学位论文]．重庆．重庆大学．2000．5-10
[24] 郭强等编著．液晶显示器件应用技术．第一版．北京．北京邮电学院出版社．1993．45-83
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[27] 童诗百编著．模拟电子技术基础．第二版．北京．高等教育出版社．1988．339-489
[28] 阎石编著．数字电子技术基础．第三版．北京．高等教育出版社．1989．6-46
[29] 何立民编．单片机及应用系统设计．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．1990．63-89
[30] 曹素芬编著．MCS-51单片微型计算机原理与接口技术．第一版．沈阳．东北大学出版社．1994．176-182
[31] 何立民编著．单片机应用技术选编(3)．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．1996．197-199
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[37] 汪建编著．MCS-96系列单片机原理及应用技术．第一版．武汉．华中理工大学出版社．1999．81-125
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[49] Yasushi Hayashi．Akitoshi Okino．Eiki Hotta．Toshiyuki Uchii．Gerald Cleteur and Katsumi Suzuki．Observation of Weakly Ionized Dusty Plasma in Exhaust Gas in a Compact-Size SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker．IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE．2001．VOL.29．NO.1：99-101
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[2] 张志华等编著．内燃机排放与噪声控制．第一版．哈尔滨．哈尔滨工程大学出版社．1999．12-107
[3] 李勤编著．现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制．第一版．北京．机械工业出版社．1998．8-158
[4] Jürgen Kasedorf著．李滋兰等译．汽车电气系统．第一版．北京．电子工业出版．2000．378-415
[5] 陈全世等著．燃料电池电动汽车的技术难关和发展前景．汽车工程．2001．Vol.23．No.6：361-364
[6] Martin Reineman．Effectiveness of OBD-II Evaporative Emission Monitors-30 Vehicle Study．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-43
[7] Office of Mobile Sources．Proposed Amendment to On-Board Diagnostic Checks Requirement for I/M Programs．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．1998．1-3
[8] Office of Mobile Sources．Final Rule Amendment to On-Board Diagnostic Checks Requirement for I/M Programs．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．1998．1-3
[9] Edward Gardetto and Ted Trimble．Evaluation of On-Board Diagnostic for Use In Detecting Malfunctioning and High Emitting Vehicles．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-31
[10] Ted Trimble．Analyses of the OBD-II Data Collected From the Wisconsin I/M Lanes．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-15
[11] Arvon L. Mitcham．On-Board Diagnostic Hand-Held Scan Tool Technology：Adherence to the Society of Automotive Engineers Requirements for Scan Tool Capability．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2000．1-27
[12] David Sosnowski．Edward Gardetto．Performing Onboard Diagnostic System Checks as Part of a Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program．America．U.S. Environmental Protection Agency．2001．1-21
[13] 孙涵芳编著．Intel 16 位单片机．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．2000．7-143
[14] Intersil Corporation．ICL7650S Datasheet．America,．Intersil Corporation．2000．1-14
[15] 李兴虎编著．汽车排气污染与控制．第一版．北京．机械工业出版社．1999．13-70
[16] 刘东洲著．摩托车排放测试设备（工况法）的配套与研究．摩托车技术．1997．No1：2-4
[17] 孟庆浩著．A／D转换器MC14433实际应用中若干问题的探讨．天津理工学院学报．1996．Vol.12．No.2：38-41
[18] Texas Instruments Inc.．SN54HC245,SN74HC245 OCTAL BUS TRANSCEIVERS WITH 3-STATE OUTPUTS Datasheet．America．Texas Instruments inc.．1997．1-6
[19] James T. Walton and Frank W. Burcham,Jr.．Exhaust-Gas Pressure and Temperature Survey of F404-GE-400 Turbofan Engine．National Aeronautics and Space Administration．California．1986．1-30
[20] 阎国刚著．新型零排放汽车．汽车文摘．2001．No.10：8-9
[21] 包娜仁著．强化空气质量管理．改善城市空气质量．中国环境监测．2000．Vol.16．No.6：1-4
[22] 何立民编著．单片机应用系统抗干扰设计．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．2000．1-384
[23] 钟俊编著．点火参数调整仪的研制[学位论文]．重庆．重庆大学．2000．5-10
[24] 郭强等编著．液晶显示器件应用技术．第一版．北京．北京邮电学院出版社．1993．45-83
[25] 赵新民编著．智能仪器原理及设计．第一版．哈尔滨．哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1990．56-95
[26] 邵钟武等编著．数据采集系统．第一版．东营．石油大学出版社．1994．37-41
[27] 童诗百编著．模拟电子技术基础．第二版．北京．高等教育出版社．1988．339-489
[28] 阎石编著．数字电子技术基础．第三版．北京．高等教育出版社．1989．6-46
[29] 何立民编．单片机及应用系统设计．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．1990．63-89
[30] 曹素芬编著．MCS-51单片微型计算机原理与接口技术．第一版．沈阳．东北大学出版社．1994．176-182
[31] 何立民编著．单片机应用技术选编(3)．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．1996．197-199
[32] 何立民编著．单片机应用技术选编(6)．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．1998．301-387
[33] 何立民编著．单片机应用技术选编(2)．第一版．北京．北京航空航天大学出版社．1994．361-374
[34] 唐贤远等编著．传感器原理及应用．第一版．成都．电子科技大学出版社．2000．7-24
[35] 雷霖编著．微机自动检测．第一版．成都．电子科技大学出版社．1998．52-93
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