环太湖地区土地利用变化对局地气候及环流的影响
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摘要
利用中尺度数值模式WRF,首先模拟研究了环太湖地区土地利用变化主要是城市化对局地气候的影响,然后进一步研究了土地利用变化对局地环流的影响,结果表明：
环太湖区域土地利用变化主要表现为城市扩张。城市化使地表净短波辐射通量增大,潜热通量减小,地表温度升高,感热通量增大。对近地面水平风场的影响主要表现为对近地面风场的摩擦减弱。城市化地区上升运动增强,积云性降水增多；在老城区和城市化郊区下沉速度增大,积云性降水减少。层云降水的改变集中在累积层云降水的大值区且多呈带状分布,与城市扩张位置没有明显关系。总降水在城市化区域增多,在旧城区和郊区减少,积云性降水占总降水的比例增大。局地土地利用变化带来的非局地气候效应在空间分布上具有较好的一致性,即土地利用没有变化的区域的总降水变化与潜热通量、感热通量和地表温度变化的空间分布大致吻合。
城市化使得旧城区和郊区气温在夜间略有增大,使城区最高气温出现时间向后推迟。对比分析城市和郊区能量通量的日变化情况,得出城市扩张使得潜热通量减小,感热通量和土壤热通量增大,地表温度和近地面气温升高。在低层大气,太湖湖面存在一个明显的气流辐散。城市扩张对低层垂直速度的水平分布的影响并不明显,对低层水平风场的影响主要表现为城市化区域周围存在向市区辐合的风矢量差,并且城市越大辐合越明显。环太湖地区湖陆风环流与城市热岛环流的相互作用表现为湖陆风环流在伸展到市区之前垂直速度都是增强的,进入市区之后受热岛环流的影响开始减弱,到达热岛环流上升气流的位置时,湖陆风环流又重新增强,并与城市热岛环流叠加在一起,产生一个较大的垂直速度。城市化对局地环流的影响主要是对城市热岛环流的影响,对湖陆风环流并没有明显的直接影响。
Using the mesoscale model WRF, a series of numerical simulations were performed over the area around Taihu Lake of China. Numerical simulations were firstly carried out to study the local climate response to land use change. Then the local circulation response to land use change were simulated. The simulation results show that:
Urbanization is the dominant type of land use change. Net short wave radiation fluxes, ground surface temperatures, and sensitive heat fluxes increase in the urbanized areas, while latent heat fluxes decrease. A decline of wind speed is found in the urbanized areas. Moreover, the lake breeze and urban heat island circulations enhance. Consequently, increased cumulus precipitation occurred in urbanized areas due to the additional vertical velocity, while convection and cumulus precipitation in old town and suburban were inhibited. Stratiform precipitation changes were concentrated in large stratiform rainfall areas. Total precipitation increased in urbanized area and decreased in old town and suburbs, with the proportion of convective precipitation rising. In areas with no land use change, the pattern of precipitation change coincided quite well with the pattern of surface energy flux change.
Urbanization makes the old town and suburban temperatures increased slightly during the nighttime, and the highest temperature of old town postponed. The comparative analysis of the diurnal variation of the urban and suburban energy fluxes obtained that urban expansion makes the latent heat flux decreased while sensible heat flux and soil heat flux increases, so the surface temperature and near-surface temperatures rise. There is a clear divergence over Taihu lake in the lower atmosphere. The effect of the urban expansion on low-level vertical velocity distribution is not obvious. There is a convergence of wind vector change around the urbanized area and the larger the city is, the more obvious the convergence is. The vertical velocity of the lake breeze circulation is enhanced by time before entering the city, then suppressed by urban heat island circulation when in the city, and enhanced again and combined with the heat island circulation when reaching the updraft of the heat island circulation. The effect of Urbanization is mainly on urban heat island circulation, and there is no obvious direct impact on the lake breeze circulation.
环太湖区域土地利用变化主要表现为城市扩张。城市化使地表净短波辐射通量增大,潜热通量减小,地表温度升高,感热通量增大。对近地面水平风场的影响主要表现为对近地面风场的摩擦减弱。城市化地区上升运动增强,积云性降水增多；在老城区和城市化郊区下沉速度增大,积云性降水减少。层云降水的改变集中在累积层云降水的大值区且多呈带状分布,与城市扩张位置没有明显关系。总降水在城市化区域增多,在旧城区和郊区减少,积云性降水占总降水的比例增大。局地土地利用变化带来的非局地气候效应在空间分布上具有较好的一致性,即土地利用没有变化的区域的总降水变化与潜热通量、感热通量和地表温度变化的空间分布大致吻合。
城市化使得旧城区和郊区气温在夜间略有增大,使城区最高气温出现时间向后推迟。对比分析城市和郊区能量通量的日变化情况,得出城市扩张使得潜热通量减小,感热通量和土壤热通量增大,地表温度和近地面气温升高。在低层大气,太湖湖面存在一个明显的气流辐散。城市扩张对低层垂直速度的水平分布的影响并不明显,对低层水平风场的影响主要表现为城市化区域周围存在向市区辐合的风矢量差,并且城市越大辐合越明显。环太湖地区湖陆风环流与城市热岛环流的相互作用表现为湖陆风环流在伸展到市区之前垂直速度都是增强的,进入市区之后受热岛环流的影响开始减弱,到达热岛环流上升气流的位置时,湖陆风环流又重新增强,并与城市热岛环流叠加在一起,产生一个较大的垂直速度。城市化对局地环流的影响主要是对城市热岛环流的影响,对湖陆风环流并没有明显的直接影响。
Using the mesoscale model WRF, a series of numerical simulations were performed over the area around Taihu Lake of China. Numerical simulations were firstly carried out to study the local climate response to land use change. Then the local circulation response to land use change were simulated. The simulation results show that:
Urbanization is the dominant type of land use change. Net short wave radiation fluxes, ground surface temperatures, and sensitive heat fluxes increase in the urbanized areas, while latent heat fluxes decrease. A decline of wind speed is found in the urbanized areas. Moreover, the lake breeze and urban heat island circulations enhance. Consequently, increased cumulus precipitation occurred in urbanized areas due to the additional vertical velocity, while convection and cumulus precipitation in old town and suburban were inhibited. Stratiform precipitation changes were concentrated in large stratiform rainfall areas. Total precipitation increased in urbanized area and decreased in old town and suburbs, with the proportion of convective precipitation rising. In areas with no land use change, the pattern of precipitation change coincided quite well with the pattern of surface energy flux change.
Urbanization makes the old town and suburban temperatures increased slightly during the nighttime, and the highest temperature of old town postponed. The comparative analysis of the diurnal variation of the urban and suburban energy fluxes obtained that urban expansion makes the latent heat flux decreased while sensible heat flux and soil heat flux increases, so the surface temperature and near-surface temperatures rise. There is a clear divergence over Taihu lake in the lower atmosphere. The effect of the urban expansion on low-level vertical velocity distribution is not obvious. There is a convergence of wind vector change around the urbanized area and the larger the city is, the more obvious the convergence is. The vertical velocity of the lake breeze circulation is enhanced by time before entering the city, then suppressed by urban heat island circulation when in the city, and enhanced again and combined with the heat island circulation when reaching the updraft of the heat island circulation. The effect of Urbanization is mainly on urban heat island circulation, and there is no obvious direct impact on the lake breeze circulation.
引文
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2. Fu C B. Yuan H L. A virtual numerical experiment to understand the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the summer climate and environmental conditions in East Asia. Chin Sci Bull,2001,46(14):1199-1203
3. Turner Ⅱ BL, Skole D, Sanderson S, et al. Land-use and land-cover change: science/research plan, IGBP Report No.35 and HDP Report No.7. Stockholm: IGBP,1995
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6. J. J. Feddema, K.W Oleson, G.B Bonan, et al., The Importance of Land-Cover Change in Simulating Future Climates. Science, 2005,310(5754),1674-1678
7. R.A.Pielke, GMarland, R.A.betts, et al. The influence of land-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate system:relevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effect of greenhouse gases. The Royal Society,2002,10(1098):1705-1719
8. Jule Charney, William J,Shu-Hsien et al. A Comparative Study of the Effect of Albedo Change on Drought in Semi-Arid Regions. JAS,1977,34:1366-1385
9. A. J. Pitman, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre', F.T. Cruz, et al. Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change:First results from the LUCID intercomparison study. Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:14814
10. Findell, K. L., E. Shevliakova, P. C. D. Milly, and R. J. Stouffer, Modeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate, J. Clim.,2007,20:3621-3634
11. J. Shukla, C. Nobre, P. Sellers, Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change.Science,1990,247:1322-1325
12. Gao Xuejie, Luo Yong, Lin Wantao, et al. Simulation of effects of land use change on climate in China by a regional climate model. Science in China Series D:Earth Science,2007,50(4):620-628
13.丁一汇,李巧萍,董文杰.植被变化对中国区域气候影响的模拟研究。气象科学,2005,63(5)：613-621
14.郭亚娜,潘益农.南水北调工程对我国北方地区(春季)气象环境影响的数值模拟.南京大学学报(自然科学),2004,40(6)：701-710
15.Pielke R A. Overlooked issues in the U.S. National Climate and IPCC assessments. Climatic Change,2002,52 (1):1-11.
16.赵娜,刘树华,虞海燕.近48年城市化发展对北京区域气候的影响分析[J].大气科学,2011.35(2)：373-385.
17.李书严,陈洪滨,李伟.城市化对北京地区气候的影响.高原气象,2008,27(5)：1102-1110
18.赵晶,王乃昂,杨淑华.兰州城市化气候效应的R/S分析.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(6)：122-128
19.解令运,汤剑平,路屹雄等.城市化对江苏气候变化影响的数值模拟个例分析.气象科学,2008,28(1)：74-80
20.董喜春,汤剑平,王元,俞剑蔚.长江中下游地区城市化进程中地表植被变化气候效应的数值模拟.气象科学,2008,28(2)：147-154
21.李维亮,刘洪利,周秀骥等.长江三角洲城市热岛与太湖对局地环流影响的分析研究.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(2)：97-104
22. Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, et al. A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR,2008
23. Mlawer,E.J., Taubman,P.D, Brown,M.J. et al. Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere:RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the long-wave[J]J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(D 14):16663-16682
24. Duhia,J..Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model[J]. J.Atmos.Sci.,1989,46:3077-3107
25. Troen I. and L. Mahrt. A simple model of atmospheric boundary layer sensitivity to surface evaporation[J].Bound-Layer Meteor.,1986,37:129-148.
26. Kain, J.S.,J.M. Fritsch. A one -dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in cinvective parameterization[J]. J.Atmos.Sci.1990,47:2784-2802
27. Lin,Y.L.,R.D.Farley,H.D.Orville. Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model [J].Climate Appl.Meteor.,1983,22,1065-1092
28. Mahrt, L., M. Ek, The influence of atmospheric stability on potential evaporation. J. Climate Appl. Meteor.,1984,23:222-234.
29. Mahrt,L.,H.L.Pan, A two-layer model of soil hydrology. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 1984,29:1-20.
30. Pan,H.L., L.Mahrt, Interaction between soil hydrology and boundary-layer development. Bound.-Layer Meteor.,1987,38:185-202
31.Noilhan, J., S. Planton, A simple parameterization of lands urface processes for meteorological models. Mon. Wea. Rev.1989,117:536-549
32. Fei Chen, Kenneth Mitchell, John Schaake, et al. Modeling of land surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. Journal of geophysical research.1996,101:7251-7268
33. Fei Chen, Jimy Duhia, Coupling an Advanced Land Surface-Hydrology Model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I:Model Implementation and Sensitivity. Wea. Rev.2001,129:569-585
34. Yongjiu Dai, Xubin Zeng, Robert E, et al. The Common Land model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,84:1013-1023.
35.黎伟标,杜尧东,王国栋,等.基于卫星探测资料的珠江三角洲城市群对降水影响的观测研究.大气科学,2009,33(6)：1259-1266.
36. H Y. Yaalon, Land use is always accompanied by soil change(response to Global consequence of land use). Science Online
37.苗曼倩,唐有华.长江三角洲夏季海陆风与热岛环流的相互作用以及城市化的影响.高原气象,1998.17(3)：280-289
2. Fu C B. Yuan H L. A virtual numerical experiment to understand the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the summer climate and environmental conditions in East Asia. Chin Sci Bull,2001,46(14):1199-1203
3. Turner Ⅱ BL, Skole D, Sanderson S, et al. Land-use and land-cover change: science/research plan, IGBP Report No.35 and HDP Report No.7. Stockholm: IGBP,1995
4. Xue Y K, Juan g H M H, Li W P, et al. Role of land surface process es in monsoon development:East Asia and Wes t Africa. J. Geophys. Res.2004. 109(D3):D03105.
5. Bonan G B. Effects of land use on the climate of the United States. Climatic Change,1997,37 (3):449-486.
6. J. J. Feddema, K.W Oleson, G.B Bonan, et al., The Importance of Land-Cover Change in Simulating Future Climates. Science, 2005,310(5754),1674-1678
7. R.A.Pielke, GMarland, R.A.betts, et al. The influence of land-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate system:relevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effect of greenhouse gases. The Royal Society,2002,10(1098):1705-1719
8. Jule Charney, William J,Shu-Hsien et al. A Comparative Study of the Effect of Albedo Change on Drought in Semi-Arid Regions. JAS,1977,34:1366-1385
9. A. J. Pitman, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre', F.T. Cruz, et al. Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change:First results from the LUCID intercomparison study. Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:14814
10. Findell, K. L., E. Shevliakova, P. C. D. Milly, and R. J. Stouffer, Modeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate, J. Clim.,2007,20:3621-3634
11. J. Shukla, C. Nobre, P. Sellers, Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change.Science,1990,247:1322-1325
12. Gao Xuejie, Luo Yong, Lin Wantao, et al. Simulation of effects of land use change on climate in China by a regional climate model. Science in China Series D:Earth Science,2007,50(4):620-628
13.丁一汇,李巧萍,董文杰.植被变化对中国区域气候影响的模拟研究。气象科学,2005,63(5)：613-621
14.郭亚娜,潘益农.南水北调工程对我国北方地区(春季)气象环境影响的数值模拟.南京大学学报(自然科学),2004,40(6)：701-710
15.Pielke R A. Overlooked issues in the U.S. National Climate and IPCC assessments. Climatic Change,2002,52 (1):1-11.
16.赵娜,刘树华,虞海燕.近48年城市化发展对北京区域气候的影响分析[J].大气科学,2011.35(2)：373-385.
17.李书严,陈洪滨,李伟.城市化对北京地区气候的影响.高原气象,2008,27(5)：1102-1110
18.赵晶,王乃昂,杨淑华.兰州城市化气候效应的R/S分析.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(6)：122-128
19.解令运,汤剑平,路屹雄等.城市化对江苏气候变化影响的数值模拟个例分析.气象科学,2008,28(1)：74-80
20.董喜春,汤剑平,王元,俞剑蔚.长江中下游地区城市化进程中地表植被变化气候效应的数值模拟.气象科学,2008,28(2)：147-154
21.李维亮,刘洪利,周秀骥等.长江三角洲城市热岛与太湖对局地环流影响的分析研究.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(2)：97-104
22. Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, et al. A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR,2008
23. Mlawer,E.J., Taubman,P.D, Brown,M.J. et al. Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere:RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the long-wave[J]J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(D 14):16663-16682
24. Duhia,J..Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model[J]. J.Atmos.Sci.,1989,46:3077-3107
25. Troen I. and L. Mahrt. A simple model of atmospheric boundary layer sensitivity to surface evaporation[J].Bound-Layer Meteor.,1986,37:129-148.
26. Kain, J.S.,J.M. Fritsch. A one -dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in cinvective parameterization[J]. J.Atmos.Sci.1990,47:2784-2802
27. Lin,Y.L.,R.D.Farley,H.D.Orville. Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model [J].Climate Appl.Meteor.,1983,22,1065-1092
28. Mahrt, L., M. Ek, The influence of atmospheric stability on potential evaporation. J. Climate Appl. Meteor.,1984,23:222-234.
29. Mahrt,L.,H.L.Pan, A two-layer model of soil hydrology. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 1984,29:1-20.
30. Pan,H.L., L.Mahrt, Interaction between soil hydrology and boundary-layer development. Bound.-Layer Meteor.,1987,38:185-202
31.Noilhan, J., S. Planton, A simple parameterization of lands urface processes for meteorological models. Mon. Wea. Rev.1989,117:536-549
32. Fei Chen, Kenneth Mitchell, John Schaake, et al. Modeling of land surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. Journal of geophysical research.1996,101:7251-7268
33. Fei Chen, Jimy Duhia, Coupling an Advanced Land Surface-Hydrology Model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I:Model Implementation and Sensitivity. Wea. Rev.2001,129:569-585
34. Yongjiu Dai, Xubin Zeng, Robert E, et al. The Common Land model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,84:1013-1023.
35.黎伟标,杜尧东,王国栋,等.基于卫星探测资料的珠江三角洲城市群对降水影响的观测研究.大气科学,2009,33(6)：1259-1266.
36. H Y. Yaalon, Land use is always accompanied by soil change(response to Global consequence of land use). Science Online
37.苗曼倩,唐有华.长江三角洲夏季海陆风与热岛环流的相互作用以及城市化的影响.高原气象,1998.17(3)：280-289
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