一语（汉语）和二语（英语）对三语（日语）初学者词汇习得的跨语际影响研究
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摘要
三语习得作为尚在探索的领域,其研究远远落后于二语习得。然而近些年越来越多的国内外学者关注三语习得的发展。Jorda(2005)认为,三语习得是个独立的领域应视为整个应用语言学领域的一个分支。
本文旨在探讨在中国,一语(汉语)和二语(英语)对三语(日语)初学者词汇习得的跨语际影响。总共40名来自大连外国语学院英语专业二年级的学生参加了此项研究。依据英语专业四级成绩将其分为两个水平组(每组20名学生)。然后每组被试学生被要求根据所示图片以填空的形式填入相对应的汉字词(来自一语)或外来语词(来自二语)以完成给出的日语句子。本文还采用了问卷调查和回述性访谈的方法以定性研究与定量研究相结合的方式来收集数据。
通过本研究主要发现：1.由于二语的近因效果以及其独特的外语地位和与三语的心理语言距离,二语(英语)在三语(日语)的词汇习得过程中发挥主要影响；2.二语在三语词汇口试过程中的影响比笔试的影响更大；3.二语对英语高水平学生的三语词汇习得的影响大于其对低水平学生的影响。
本文具有理论及实践的双重研究意义。一方面本研究能够帮助国内外语言学家对中国的三语习得可以更好的了解,另一方面可以帮助教师制定针对性的教学策略以促进学生三语的词汇习得。同时还可以帮助学生增加语言意识以提高三语习得的效率。
As an under-explored field, the research on third language acquisition still lags behind that on second language acquisition. Yet in recent years more and more scholars both in China and abroad have paid attention to its development. Jorda (2005) has stated "third language acquisition is a unique phenomenon that deserves consideration as a subfield within the global area of applied linguistics"(p.9).
This paper attempts to investigate the cross-linguistic influence of LI (Chinese) and L2(English) on Chinese L3(Japanese) beginners' lexical acquisition. Totally40second-year English majors from Dalian University of Foreign Languages participated in this study. The students were divided into two proficiency groups (N=20for each group) according to their scores of English Majors Band-4. Moreover, each group were asked to fill in the L3sentences'blanks using the borrowed words either Kanji (L1-origin) or Katakana (L2-origin) corresponding to the pictures. This study also involves questionnaire and interview. Both quantitative and qualitative study methods are involved in this paper.
The major findings show:1. L2(English) serves as the main factor influencing L3(Japanese) lexical acquisition on those Chinese university students;2. it is proved that L2(English) has greater impact on L3(Japanese) oral acquisition than that on written acquisition due to the factors of perceived language distance, recency as well as the foreign language effect of L2status;3. L2has more influence on higher English proficient students in their acquisition of L3.
The findings have significance in both theory and practice. On one hand it can help linguists have a better understanding of third language acquisition in China, and on the other hand it may help teachers make teaching strategies to improve the acquiring of Japanese vocabularies. Moreover, the findings may help the students raise their linguistic awareness so as to improve their third language acquisition.
本文旨在探讨在中国,一语(汉语)和二语(英语)对三语(日语)初学者词汇习得的跨语际影响。总共40名来自大连外国语学院英语专业二年级的学生参加了此项研究。依据英语专业四级成绩将其分为两个水平组(每组20名学生)。然后每组被试学生被要求根据所示图片以填空的形式填入相对应的汉字词(来自一语)或外来语词(来自二语)以完成给出的日语句子。本文还采用了问卷调查和回述性访谈的方法以定性研究与定量研究相结合的方式来收集数据。
通过本研究主要发现：1.由于二语的近因效果以及其独特的外语地位和与三语的心理语言距离,二语(英语)在三语(日语)的词汇习得过程中发挥主要影响；2.二语在三语词汇口试过程中的影响比笔试的影响更大；3.二语对英语高水平学生的三语词汇习得的影响大于其对低水平学生的影响。
本文具有理论及实践的双重研究意义。一方面本研究能够帮助国内外语言学家对中国的三语习得可以更好的了解,另一方面可以帮助教师制定针对性的教学策略以促进学生三语的词汇习得。同时还可以帮助学生增加语言意识以提高三语习得的效率。
As an under-explored field, the research on third language acquisition still lags behind that on second language acquisition. Yet in recent years more and more scholars both in China and abroad have paid attention to its development. Jorda (2005) has stated "third language acquisition is a unique phenomenon that deserves consideration as a subfield within the global area of applied linguistics"(p.9).
This paper attempts to investigate the cross-linguistic influence of LI (Chinese) and L2(English) on Chinese L3(Japanese) beginners' lexical acquisition. Totally40second-year English majors from Dalian University of Foreign Languages participated in this study. The students were divided into two proficiency groups (N=20for each group) according to their scores of English Majors Band-4. Moreover, each group were asked to fill in the L3sentences'blanks using the borrowed words either Kanji (L1-origin) or Katakana (L2-origin) corresponding to the pictures. This study also involves questionnaire and interview. Both quantitative and qualitative study methods are involved in this paper.
The major findings show:1. L2(English) serves as the main factor influencing L3(Japanese) lexical acquisition on those Chinese university students;2. it is proved that L2(English) has greater impact on L3(Japanese) oral acquisition than that on written acquisition due to the factors of perceived language distance, recency as well as the foreign language effect of L2status;3. L2has more influence on higher English proficient students in their acquisition of L3.
The findings have significance in both theory and practice. On one hand it can help linguists have a better understanding of third language acquisition in China, and on the other hand it may help teachers make teaching strategies to improve the acquiring of Japanese vocabularies. Moreover, the findings may help the students raise their linguistic awareness so as to improve their third language acquisition.
引文
Anderson, R. (1983). Transfer to somewhere[A]. In S. Gass & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning[C]. Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
Bardel, C.,& Falk, V. (2007). The role of the second language in third language acquisition:The case of Germanic syntax[J]. Second Language Research,23, 459-484.
Cenoz, J. (2000). Psycholinguistic Perspectives[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J.,& Jessner, U. (2000). English in Europe:the acquisition of a third language[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J. (2001). The effect of linguistic distance, L2 status and age on cross-linguistic influence in the third language acquisition[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.8-20) [C]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J. (2003). The additive effect of bilingualism in third language acquisition:a review[J]. International Journal of Bilingualism,7.71-87.
Cook, V.,& Bassetti, B. (2005). Second Language Writing Systems[M]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
De Angelis, G.& Selinker. L. (2001) Interlanguage transfer and competing linguistic systems in the multilingual mind[A]. In J. Cenoz. B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition:Psycholinguistic Perspectives (pp.42-58) [C]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition[M]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Dewaele, J-M. (2001). Activation or inhibition? The interaction of L1, L2 and L3 on the language mode continuum[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition:Psycholinguistic Perspectives (pp.69-89) [C]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding Second Language Acquisition[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Ellis. R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Gass, S & Selinker, L. (2008). Second Language Acquisition:An Introductory Course[M]. New York:Routledge.
Hall, C. J., Newbrand, D., Ecke, P., Sperr, U., Marchand, V.,& Hayes, L. (2009). Learners'Implicit Assumptions About Syntactic Frames in New L3 Words:The Role of Cognates, Typological Proximity, and L2 Status [J]. Language Learning,59, 153-202.
Hammarberg B. (1996). Examining the Processability Thoery:The Case of Adjective Agreement in Swedish[A]. E. Kellerman, B. Weltens,& T. Bongaerts (Eds.), EUROSLA 6[C].55 (2),75-88.
Hammarberg, B. (2001). Roles of L1 and L2 in L3 production and acquisition[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition:Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.21-41) [C]. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Hammarberg, B. (2010). The languages of the multilingual:Some conceptual and terminological issues [J]. International Review of Applied Linguistics,48,91-104.
Herdina, P.& U. Jessner. (2000). The dynamics of third language acquisition [A]. In J. Cenoz and U. Jessner (eds.). English in Europe:The Acquisition of a Third Language [C]. Clevendon:Multilingual Matters.
Herwig, A. (2001). Plurilingual lexical organization:evidence from lexical processing in L1-L2-L3-L4 translation[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen,& U. Jessner (Eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition:Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.115-137) [C]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Husfeisen, B. (2000). Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education[M]. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
Hufeisen, B.& Fouser, R. J. (2005). Introductory readings in L3[M]. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
Joanna, R. (2006). Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Second Language Lexicon[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Jorda, M.P.S. (2005). Third Language Learners:Pragmatics Production and Awareness [M]. Cleveland:Multilingual Matters.50-75.
Kazzazi, K. (2011). Ich brauche mix-cough:cross-linguistic influence involving German, English and Farsi[J]. International Journal of Multilingualism,8,63-79.
Kellerman, E. (1977). Towards a characterization of the strategy of transfer in second language learning[J]. Interlanguage Studies,2,58-98.
Lindqvist, C. (2009). The use of the L1 and the L2 in French L3:examining cross-linguistic lexemes in multilingual learners'oral production[J]. International Journal of Multilingualism,6,281-297.
Letica, S.,& Mardesic, S. (2007). Cross-Linguistic Transfer in L2 and L3 Production [A]. In J. Horvath & M. Nikolov (Eds.). UPRT 2007:Empirical studies in English applied linguistics (pp.307-318) [C]. Pecs:Lingua Franca Csoport.
Odlin, T. (1989). Language Transfer. Cross-linguistic Influence in Language Learning[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Odlin, T.,& Jarvis, S. (2004). Same Source, Different Outcomes:A Study of Swedish Influence on the Acquisition of English in Finland[J]. The International Journal of Multilingualism,2,123-140.
Poulisse, N.,& Bongaerts, T. (1994). First language use in second language production[J]. Applied Linguistics,15(1),36-57.
Ringbom, H. (1987). The Role of the First Language in Foreign Language Learning[M]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Ringbom, H. (2001). Lexical transfer in L3 production[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen,& U. Jessner (Eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.59-68) [C]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Ringbom, H. (2007). Cross Linguistic Similarity In Foreign Language Learning[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Schmidt, R. W.,& Frota, S. N. (1986). Developing basic conversation ability in a second language:a case study of an adult learner of Portuguese [A]. In R. Day (Eds.), Talking to Learn:Conversation in Second Language Acquisition[C]. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.237-326.
Seliger, H.,& Shohamy, E. (1999). Second Language Research Methods[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Sharwood Smith, M.,& Kellerman, E. (1986). Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition:An introduction[A]. In M. Sharwood Smith & E. Kellerman (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition (pp.1-9) [C]. Oxford, UK:Pergamon Press.
Sharwood Smith, M. (1994). Second Language Learning. Theoretical Foundations[M]. London:Longman.
Singh, R.& Carroll, S. (1979). L1, L2 and L3[J]. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics.5, 51-63.
Taylor, B. (1975). The use of overgeneralization and transfer learning strategies by elementary and intermediate students of ESL[J]. Language Learning,25,73-107.
Tremblay, M-C. (2006). Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition:The Role of L2 Proficiency and L2 Exposure[J]. CLO/OPL,34,109-119.
Tokumaru, Y. (2007). The cross-linguistic relations of Japanese Katakana-go and English words in the Japanese-English visual word recognition[J]. Language & Linguistics,5,147-166.
Williams, S.,& Hammarberg, B. (1998). Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model[J]. Applied Linguistics,19 (3), 295-333.
Yan-Kit Ingrid Leung. (2005). L2 vs. L3 initial state:A comparative study of the acquisition of French DPs by Vietnamese monolinguals and Cantonese-English[J]. Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,8 (1),39-61.
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付静媛(Fu, Jingyuan)(2008).母语和二语的迁移对二外法语学习的影响[D].哈尔滨：黑龙江大学西语系.
林从纲(Lin Conggang)(2005).实用韩日英汉分类词典[M].北京：北京大学出版社.
林华(Lin, Hua)(2005)论英语知识在德语学习中的正迁移作用[J].江汉大学学报(人文科学版),(4).34-36.
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Bardel, C.,& Falk, V. (2007). The role of the second language in third language acquisition:The case of Germanic syntax[J]. Second Language Research,23, 459-484.
Cenoz, J. (2000). Psycholinguistic Perspectives[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J.,& Jessner, U. (2000). English in Europe:the acquisition of a third language[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J. (2001). The effect of linguistic distance, L2 status and age on cross-linguistic influence in the third language acquisition[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.8-20) [C]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J. (2003). The additive effect of bilingualism in third language acquisition:a review[J]. International Journal of Bilingualism,7.71-87.
Cook, V.,& Bassetti, B. (2005). Second Language Writing Systems[M]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
De Angelis, G.& Selinker. L. (2001) Interlanguage transfer and competing linguistic systems in the multilingual mind[A]. In J. Cenoz. B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition:Psycholinguistic Perspectives (pp.42-58) [C]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition[M]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Dewaele, J-M. (2001). Activation or inhibition? The interaction of L1, L2 and L3 on the language mode continuum[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition:Psycholinguistic Perspectives (pp.69-89) [C]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding Second Language Acquisition[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Ellis. R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Gass, S & Selinker, L. (2008). Second Language Acquisition:An Introductory Course[M]. New York:Routledge.
Hall, C. J., Newbrand, D., Ecke, P., Sperr, U., Marchand, V.,& Hayes, L. (2009). Learners'Implicit Assumptions About Syntactic Frames in New L3 Words:The Role of Cognates, Typological Proximity, and L2 Status [J]. Language Learning,59, 153-202.
Hammarberg B. (1996). Examining the Processability Thoery:The Case of Adjective Agreement in Swedish[A]. E. Kellerman, B. Weltens,& T. Bongaerts (Eds.), EUROSLA 6[C].55 (2),75-88.
Hammarberg, B. (2001). Roles of L1 and L2 in L3 production and acquisition[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner (Eds.). Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition:Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.21-41) [C]. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Hammarberg, B. (2010). The languages of the multilingual:Some conceptual and terminological issues [J]. International Review of Applied Linguistics,48,91-104.
Herdina, P.& U. Jessner. (2000). The dynamics of third language acquisition [A]. In J. Cenoz and U. Jessner (eds.). English in Europe:The Acquisition of a Third Language [C]. Clevendon:Multilingual Matters.
Herwig, A. (2001). Plurilingual lexical organization:evidence from lexical processing in L1-L2-L3-L4 translation[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen,& U. Jessner (Eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition:Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.115-137) [C]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Husfeisen, B. (2000). Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education[M]. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
Hufeisen, B.& Fouser, R. J. (2005). Introductory readings in L3[M]. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
Joanna, R. (2006). Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Second Language Lexicon[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Jorda, M.P.S. (2005). Third Language Learners:Pragmatics Production and Awareness [M]. Cleveland:Multilingual Matters.50-75.
Kazzazi, K. (2011). Ich brauche mix-cough:cross-linguistic influence involving German, English and Farsi[J]. International Journal of Multilingualism,8,63-79.
Kellerman, E. (1977). Towards a characterization of the strategy of transfer in second language learning[J]. Interlanguage Studies,2,58-98.
Lindqvist, C. (2009). The use of the L1 and the L2 in French L3:examining cross-linguistic lexemes in multilingual learners'oral production[J]. International Journal of Multilingualism,6,281-297.
Letica, S.,& Mardesic, S. (2007). Cross-Linguistic Transfer in L2 and L3 Production [A]. In J. Horvath & M. Nikolov (Eds.). UPRT 2007:Empirical studies in English applied linguistics (pp.307-318) [C]. Pecs:Lingua Franca Csoport.
Odlin, T. (1989). Language Transfer. Cross-linguistic Influence in Language Learning[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Odlin, T.,& Jarvis, S. (2004). Same Source, Different Outcomes:A Study of Swedish Influence on the Acquisition of English in Finland[J]. The International Journal of Multilingualism,2,123-140.
Poulisse, N.,& Bongaerts, T. (1994). First language use in second language production[J]. Applied Linguistics,15(1),36-57.
Ringbom, H. (1987). The Role of the First Language in Foreign Language Learning[M]. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Ringbom, H. (2001). Lexical transfer in L3 production[A]. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen,& U. Jessner (Eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.59-68) [C]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Ringbom, H. (2007). Cross Linguistic Similarity In Foreign Language Learning[M]. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
Schmidt, R. W.,& Frota, S. N. (1986). Developing basic conversation ability in a second language:a case study of an adult learner of Portuguese [A]. In R. Day (Eds.), Talking to Learn:Conversation in Second Language Acquisition[C]. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.237-326.
Seliger, H.,& Shohamy, E. (1999). Second Language Research Methods[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Sharwood Smith, M.,& Kellerman, E. (1986). Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition:An introduction[A]. In M. Sharwood Smith & E. Kellerman (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition (pp.1-9) [C]. Oxford, UK:Pergamon Press.
Sharwood Smith, M. (1994). Second Language Learning. Theoretical Foundations[M]. London:Longman.
Singh, R.& Carroll, S. (1979). L1, L2 and L3[J]. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics.5, 51-63.
Taylor, B. (1975). The use of overgeneralization and transfer learning strategies by elementary and intermediate students of ESL[J]. Language Learning,25,73-107.
Tremblay, M-C. (2006). Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition:The Role of L2 Proficiency and L2 Exposure[J]. CLO/OPL,34,109-119.
Tokumaru, Y. (2007). The cross-linguistic relations of Japanese Katakana-go and English words in the Japanese-English visual word recognition[J]. Language & Linguistics,5,147-166.
Williams, S.,& Hammarberg, B. (1998). Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model[J]. Applied Linguistics,19 (3), 295-333.
Yan-Kit Ingrid Leung. (2005). L2 vs. L3 initial state:A comparative study of the acquisition of French DPs by Vietnamese monolinguals and Cantonese-English[J]. Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,8 (1),39-61.
陈丽华(Chen, Lihua)(2008).三语者英语学习中的正迁移研究[D].延边：延边大学.
付静媛(Fu, Jingyuan)(2008).母语和二语的迁移对二外法语学习的影响[D].哈尔滨：黑龙江大学西语系.
林从纲(Lin Conggang)(2005).实用韩日英汉分类词典[M].北京：北京大学出版社.
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