光纤式涡街流量测量技术的研究
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摘要
卡门涡街独有的流体振荡特性，使涡街流量计成为流量测量仪表家族中不可缺少的一员。涡街流量计是根据流体振动频率与流速有对应关系的原理来工作的。涡街流量计因具有量程范围较宽、精确度较高、无可动部件、结构简单等特点而受到青睐。光纤涡街流量测量系统充分发挥了光纤的抗电磁干扰特性和涡街流量计的高精度特性，更适合测量易燃易爆气体。但是，工业生产中流体种类繁多、工作条件复杂，虽然已经有很多种流体参数测量的方法和仪表，但是仍然存在很多实际问题急待解决。
本研究旨在设计出一种新型的光纤涡街流量测量系统，适用于易燃易爆的流体的流量检测，并能达到一定的测量精度要求。文章首先结合光纤涡街流量测量的特点和光纤光栅涡街流量计的原理，阐述了光纤涡街流量测量系统的基本原理；分析了涡街信号的特性并对涡街信号的主要待测特征量进行了测算，然后建立了定常条件下紊流状态的数学模型。该数学模型的建立对后面的数字信号处理方法的选择起到了指导性的作用。其次对光纤涡街流量测量系统进行了全面的结构设计，包括探头设计、信号处理电路的设计等，并提出了系统的优化方案。
本文主要进行了以下几个方面的工作：
1.光纤作为敏感元件，应用于涡街流量测量中。本文从晶体物理学、流体力学以及波动光学等角度分别分析了流体对光纤的作用以及光波导光强损耗的机理。通过对流场的流体力学分析以及涡街信号特点的分析，阐述了光纤涡街流量测量系统的原理，并且建立了定常条件下紊流状态的光纤涡街流量信号数学模型。该数学模型的建立为后面的光纤探头设计、信号处理方法的选择上起到了指导性作用。
2.对涡街流量的待测频率范围和光电转换后的电信号交流成分的幅值进行了测算，分析了光纤受力的安全性，确保在流量过大、流体冲击力过强的情况下，光纤不会发生断裂。
3.对光纤涡街流量测量系统进行了整体的设计。主要包括壳体结构的设计、光纤的选择、光电接收系统和光源的选择、光纤探头固定的位置以及后续处理电路等方面。分析了不同涡街发生体在涡街场中的特性，设计出了性能较好的梯形锐角弧状涡街发生体。提出了以DSP为数据处理中心，以单片机为控制中心的双处理器运算系统，并在结构方面提出了系统的优化方案。
4.在分析了涡街信号组成的基础上，采用谱分析、自适应滤波以及小波分析等方法对采集到的涡街信号进行处理，主要针对低频率信号的去噪工作展开。同时在谱分析的基础上，对多种离散频谱校正方法的基本原理进行了数学推导，并对各种算法的特点及其在涡街流量检测技术中的适用条件进行了讨论，并根据涡街信号的特点，确定了具体的频率校正算法。对实验室采集到的数据进行了分析处理，证明了研制系统的可行性和准确性。
Vortex-shedding flowmeter has become one of the most indispensable members inthe kaleidoscopic family of flowmeter because of the unique measuring features. Theprinciple of vortex shedding flow is based on the corresponding relationship betweenvibration frequency and velocity of the fluid. Vortex shedding flow is very popular in theindustrial marketing because of the wide measuring range, high precision, no moving parts,and simple structures. Optical vortex shedding flow system exerts the advantages ofanti-electromagnetic interference properties and high precision to the most, which is moresuitable for measuring flammable and explosive gases.However,due to the wide varity offluids and the complex of working conditions,although numbers of methods andinstruments for fluid paprameter measurement have been devised,there still exist manyurgent practical problemsto be solved.
The thesis aims at designing of a brand new optical-fiber vortex-shedding flowmeasuring system, which can be applied in flammable and explosive detection, meantimereaches certain demand of precision. First, this thesis illuminates the features of theoptical-fiber vortex-shedding flow measuring and the principle of FBG vortex sheddingflowmeter, and then analysis the vortex signal’s composition and characteristics, and thenitmeasures and calculates the main signal characteristics quantities.It proposed themathematical model. This model plays a guiding role for choose of signal processingmethods. Then, a comprehensive structural of the optical fiber vortex flow measuringsystem is designed in this thesis,including the design of the optical fiber probe,signalprocessing circuit and so on,and it proceses the system’s optimization scheme.
The main works in this thesis are shoewd as follows.
1. The optical fiber sensor was introduced into the vortex flow measurement. Thesystem uses the optical-fiber as the sensor. Meanwhile the researcher carries out theresearch on the liquid field around a column, liquid force on the optical fiber sensor andthe transmission loss along the optical fiber sensor respectively from such aspects ashydrodynamics, crystal physics and wave optics theory. Through the hydrodynamicanalysis of the flow field and the analysis of the characteristics of vortex signal analysis,it describes optical vortex flow measuring system theory. It proposed the mathematicalmodel of the optical fiber vortex flow signal under the invariant turbulence state, whichhas prepared for the signal measuring and processing in the latter. The establishment of themathematical model played a guiding role for the latter design of the fiber optic probedesign and the choice of signal processing methods.
2.The author measure and calculate the round range of frequency to be measured andthe amplitude of the AC signal which was transformed from light signal to electrical signal,analyses the security of the deformation on optical-fiber. This work can ensure the opticalfiber will not be broken when the flow is high and the fluid impact is strong.
3. A comprehensive structural of the optical fiber vortex flow measuring system isdesigned in this thesis, including the crust design, choose of the optical fiber ,the lightsource and photodetector, the location of the optical fiber probe ,the pressing circuit andother important structures.It also analysis the different vortex shedding bodiescharacteristics,then designed a trapezoid acute angle shedding body which has a betterperformance.It proposed a dual-processor computing system which is used the DSP as theprocessing center and the SCM as the control center. Then it proposed a optimize plan ofthe system on the structure.
4. Based on the analysis of the vortex signal’s composition, this thesis used somedifferent methods to do the signal processing, such as the spectral analysis, the adaptivefilter and the wavelet analysis which focus on the denoising to the low frequencysignal.The detailed steps to realize the concrete algorithm are given in the paper.Thecharacters of various methods and its applying condition in the vortex flow measuringsystem detection are discussed.In view of the character of vortex flowmeter singnal ,thepaper uses spectrum correction to improve the measurement precision. Then it analysisand processes the data which is collected from the laboratory,which proves the accuracy ofthe system.
本研究旨在设计出一种新型的光纤涡街流量测量系统，适用于易燃易爆的流体的流量检测，并能达到一定的测量精度要求。文章首先结合光纤涡街流量测量的特点和光纤光栅涡街流量计的原理，阐述了光纤涡街流量测量系统的基本原理；分析了涡街信号的特性并对涡街信号的主要待测特征量进行了测算，然后建立了定常条件下紊流状态的数学模型。该数学模型的建立对后面的数字信号处理方法的选择起到了指导性的作用。其次对光纤涡街流量测量系统进行了全面的结构设计，包括探头设计、信号处理电路的设计等，并提出了系统的优化方案。
本文主要进行了以下几个方面的工作：
1.光纤作为敏感元件，应用于涡街流量测量中。本文从晶体物理学、流体力学以及波动光学等角度分别分析了流体对光纤的作用以及光波导光强损耗的机理。通过对流场的流体力学分析以及涡街信号特点的分析，阐述了光纤涡街流量测量系统的原理，并且建立了定常条件下紊流状态的光纤涡街流量信号数学模型。该数学模型的建立为后面的光纤探头设计、信号处理方法的选择上起到了指导性作用。
2.对涡街流量的待测频率范围和光电转换后的电信号交流成分的幅值进行了测算，分析了光纤受力的安全性，确保在流量过大、流体冲击力过强的情况下，光纤不会发生断裂。
3.对光纤涡街流量测量系统进行了整体的设计。主要包括壳体结构的设计、光纤的选择、光电接收系统和光源的选择、光纤探头固定的位置以及后续处理电路等方面。分析了不同涡街发生体在涡街场中的特性，设计出了性能较好的梯形锐角弧状涡街发生体。提出了以DSP为数据处理中心，以单片机为控制中心的双处理器运算系统，并在结构方面提出了系统的优化方案。
4.在分析了涡街信号组成的基础上，采用谱分析、自适应滤波以及小波分析等方法对采集到的涡街信号进行处理，主要针对低频率信号的去噪工作展开。同时在谱分析的基础上，对多种离散频谱校正方法的基本原理进行了数学推导，并对各种算法的特点及其在涡街流量检测技术中的适用条件进行了讨论，并根据涡街信号的特点，确定了具体的频率校正算法。对实验室采集到的数据进行了分析处理，证明了研制系统的可行性和准确性。
Vortex-shedding flowmeter has become one of the most indispensable members inthe kaleidoscopic family of flowmeter because of the unique measuring features. Theprinciple of vortex shedding flow is based on the corresponding relationship betweenvibration frequency and velocity of the fluid. Vortex shedding flow is very popular in theindustrial marketing because of the wide measuring range, high precision, no moving parts,and simple structures. Optical vortex shedding flow system exerts the advantages ofanti-electromagnetic interference properties and high precision to the most, which is moresuitable for measuring flammable and explosive gases.However,due to the wide varity offluids and the complex of working conditions,although numbers of methods andinstruments for fluid paprameter measurement have been devised,there still exist manyurgent practical problemsto be solved.
The thesis aims at designing of a brand new optical-fiber vortex-shedding flowmeasuring system, which can be applied in flammable and explosive detection, meantimereaches certain demand of precision. First, this thesis illuminates the features of theoptical-fiber vortex-shedding flow measuring and the principle of FBG vortex sheddingflowmeter, and then analysis the vortex signal’s composition and characteristics, and thenitmeasures and calculates the main signal characteristics quantities.It proposed themathematical model. This model plays a guiding role for choose of signal processingmethods. Then, a comprehensive structural of the optical fiber vortex flow measuringsystem is designed in this thesis,including the design of the optical fiber probe,signalprocessing circuit and so on,and it proceses the system’s optimization scheme.
The main works in this thesis are shoewd as follows.
1. The optical fiber sensor was introduced into the vortex flow measurement. Thesystem uses the optical-fiber as the sensor. Meanwhile the researcher carries out theresearch on the liquid field around a column, liquid force on the optical fiber sensor andthe transmission loss along the optical fiber sensor respectively from such aspects ashydrodynamics, crystal physics and wave optics theory. Through the hydrodynamicanalysis of the flow field and the analysis of the characteristics of vortex signal analysis,it describes optical vortex flow measuring system theory. It proposed the mathematicalmodel of the optical fiber vortex flow signal under the invariant turbulence state, whichhas prepared for the signal measuring and processing in the latter. The establishment of themathematical model played a guiding role for the latter design of the fiber optic probedesign and the choice of signal processing methods.
2.The author measure and calculate the round range of frequency to be measured andthe amplitude of the AC signal which was transformed from light signal to electrical signal,analyses the security of the deformation on optical-fiber. This work can ensure the opticalfiber will not be broken when the flow is high and the fluid impact is strong.
3. A comprehensive structural of the optical fiber vortex flow measuring system isdesigned in this thesis, including the crust design, choose of the optical fiber ,the lightsource and photodetector, the location of the optical fiber probe ,the pressing circuit andother important structures.It also analysis the different vortex shedding bodiescharacteristics,then designed a trapezoid acute angle shedding body which has a betterperformance.It proposed a dual-processor computing system which is used the DSP as theprocessing center and the SCM as the control center. Then it proposed a optimize plan ofthe system on the structure.
4. Based on the analysis of the vortex signal’s composition, this thesis used somedifferent methods to do the signal processing, such as the spectral analysis, the adaptivefilter and the wavelet analysis which focus on the denoising to the low frequencysignal.The detailed steps to realize the concrete algorithm are given in the paper.Thecharacters of various methods and its applying condition in the vortex flow measuringsystem detection are discussed.In view of the character of vortex flowmeter singnal ,thepaper uses spectrum correction to improve the measurement precision. Then it analysisand processes the data which is collected from the laboratory,which proves the accuracy ofthe system.
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81 Lyle J H, Pitt C W. Vortex Shedding fluid Flowmeter Using Optical Fiber Sensor. ElectronicsLetters,1981,17(6):244-245
82 Jones J D C, Kerscy A D, Corke M. Monomode Fiber Optical Vortex Shedding Flowmeter.Electronics Letters,1984,20:664-665
83沈兴武,应力式涡街流量传感器振动噪声抑制方法探讨,自动化仪表,1987,8(12):18-22
84 M.Takamoto,H.Utsumi,N.Watamabe,Y.Terao.Installation effects on vortex shedding flowmeters,Flow measurement and instrumentation,1993,4(4):277-285
85马凤英.应力式涡街流量传感器信号处理,自动化仪表,1988,9(3)
86范玉久.化工测量及仪表,北京:化工工业出版社.1981
87姜仲霞.涡街流量计现场应用的干扰与对策,自动化仪表,1992,13(8):31-36
88 K．M．Lain,M．Y H．Leung.Asymmetric vortex shedding flow past all inclinedflat plate at highincidence,Computers&Fluids,2006,35(1):103-120
89彭杰纲.旋涡型流体振动流量计流体振动特性仿真及实验研究,[博士论文],浙江:浙江大学,2003
90黄咏梅.基于差压原理的涡街质量流量测量方法研究,[博士论文],浙江:浙江大学,2003
91韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.Fluent流体工程仿真计算实例与应用,北京:北京理工大学出版社,2010
92 T.Ghaoud, D.W.Clarke. Modeling and Tracking a Vortex Flowmeter Signal. Flow Measurementand Instrumentation,2002,13:103-117
93王新.多功能智能流量积算仪的设计.安徽科技,1998,2:41-42
94 ABB涡街流量计设计手册,2003.
95 K.EI.Washen,M.W.Johnson,J.L.Sproston.Numerical study of vortex shedding from differentshaped bluff bodied.Flow measurement and instrumentation. 1993. 4(4): 233-240
96 Jan Y,Sheu T W.A numerical confirmation of the dual body vortex flowmeter design.Computersand fluids ,2004,33(9):1157-1174
97 Peng J,Fu X,Chen Y.Flow measurement by a new type vortex flowmeter of dual triangulate bluffbody[J].Sensors and Actuators A :Physical,2004,115(1):53-59
98 White F M.Fluid Mechanics.New York:The McGraw-Hill Company, 2003, 5thedition.
99 Hans V.New aspects of the arrangement and geometry of bluff bodies in ultrasonic vortexflometers.Proceedings of the 19thIEEE Instrumentation and Measurement TechnologyConference,Anchorage,USA,May21-23,2002:1661-1664
100 Von Lanvante E,Perfect S,Hans V,Poppen G.Optimization of acoustic signals in a vortex-sheddingflowmeter using numerical simulation.International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,1999,20(4):402-404
101李金良,朱志文.1.55LmInGaAsP/InP超辐射发光二极管组件.半导体光电.2002,23(4):247-249
102 Wang Y.L.,Baten j.m.,Mcmaughan S.P. et al.Optical Fiber-Based Sensor for Calcium UsingHydrophobically Associated Calcein and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection.MicrochemicalJournal,Volume 50,Issue3,1994,12:385-396
103傅竹西.固体光电子学.合肥:中国科技大学出版社,2001:264-268
104 A.Robert,Capobianco.Design Considerations for High-stability Pulsed Light Systems.Perkin-ElmerOptoelectronics,2001:1-6
105徐科军,陈荣保,苏建徽.基于DSP具有谱分析功能的涡街流量计信号处理系统.仪器仪表学报.2001,22(3):255-264
106魏小龙.MSP430系列单片机接口技术及系统设计案例,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2002
107 Huang Dan,Chen Xin.Denoising of vortex signal via wavelet transform and its realization onMSP430 chip,Journal of Data Aeqoisition&Processing,2004,19(1):37-40
108李名兆,马俊杰.多功能流量积算仪.仪表技术与传感器,2004,11:29-32
109 J P HERZOG,P ROTH.Optical fiber floweter with temperature correction.Sensors and ActuarorsA,25-27(2003):219-223
110 Hans, G.Poppen, Evon Labvante. Vortex Shedding Flowmeters and Ultrasound Detection SignalProcessing and Influence of Bluff Body Geometry. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,1998,9:79-82
111 Sanori Hondoh, Masami Wada. A Vortex Flowmeter with Spectral Analysis SignalProcessing.SIcon’01 Sensors Fir Industry Conference,USA,2001:35-40
112 Cooley W,Tukey J W.An Algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Forierseries.Mathematics of Computation,1995,19(90):297-301
113丁康,张晓飞.频谱校正理论的发展.振动工程学报,2000,13(1):14-22
114 Ding Kang,Zhong Shun-cong.Reseach of phase difference correcting methods on discretespectrum.8th International Congress on Sound and Vibration,Hong Kong,2001:2391-2398
115 Zhu Li-min,Li Han-xiong,Ding H,et al.Noise influence on estimation of signal parameter from thephase difference of discrete Fourier transforms.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2002,16(6):991-1004
116 [英]迪尼,刘郁林.自适应滤波算法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
117张国华,张丽娟,薛鹏翔.小波分析与应用基础.西安:西北工业大学出版社,2006
118 Yan Yunyi,Guo Baolong.Two image denoising approaches based on wavelet neural network andparticle swarm optimization.Chinese Optics Letters,2007,5(2):82-85
119 Yin Shirong,Wang Weiran.Denoising lidar signal by combing wavelet improved threshold withwavelet domain spatial filtering.Chinese Optics Letters,2006(4)649-696
120 Tan Yihua,Tian Jinwen,Liu Jian.Adaptively wavelet-based image denoising algorithm with edgepreserving. Chinese Optics Letters,2006,4(2):80-83
121 Ma Qiming,Wang Xuanjin.Method and application of wavelet shrinkage denoising based ongenetic algorithm. Journal of Zhejiang University Science,2006,7(3):361-367
122 FEIP ei-yan,GUO Bao-long.Infrared Image Denoising Based on Single-wavelet and Multiwavelets.Infrared Technology,2005,27(3):235-239
123 Hongjun Sun, Tao Zhang. Digital Signal Processing Based on Wavelet and Statistics Method forVortex Flowmeters.IEEE,2004:3160-3163
124 Liu Pin. Wavelet and Signal Processing. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities,2001,20:23-26