大体积混凝土结构缺陷无损检测方法研究
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摘要
在混凝土结构的施工及使用过程中，由于受其自身及外界各种因素的影响，常常会产生一些缺陷，对结构物的承载能力和耐久性造成严重影响，采用无损检测技术进行质量检测和健康诊断，这对混凝土结构开展安全、稳定性评估以及病害隐患治理研究具有重要意义。
本论文主要针对大体积混凝土结构缺陷的检测方法展开研究工作，重点讨论了超声波法检测混凝土结构裂缝的基本原理和方法及其特点、适用范围，运用动力有限元数值模拟其检测过程，探讨了有裂缝缺陷的混凝土结构在脉冲荷载作用下弹性波的传播及其变化特征，研究了不同裂缝深度下首波相位变化规律，得出了反转临界点与裂缝深度之间的关系，这对实际工程应用具有指导意义。声波CT是一种新的无损检测技术，它是利用声波穿透被检测体获取声波接收时间，来进行计算机反演成像的技术。本文利用直射线法编制了层析成像(CT)程序，能较好地呈现被检测物体各微小单元的声波速度分布图像，从而对检测体的质量状况作出诊断评估，具有较好的应用发展前景。
In the process of building and using the mass concrete structures, because of the effect of out-side condition and themselves, some faults will form in the structure, these faults will effect the bearing capability and endurance Using nondestructive testing method to test the concrete's quality and diagnose its healthy, which has the significant sense in assessing the safety stability and research of the administering diseases
This dissertation mostly researched the testing methods in the mass concrete structure, discussed the principles, methods, features, sphere of application of the ultrasonic testing in the mass concrete structure with faults, used dynamic FEM to simulate the testing process, discussed when the concrete structure with cracks is under the effect of the pulse, how the elastic waves propagate and what are their changing feature, Researched the principles of the first-arriving waves' phase when the cracks' depths are not same, obtained the relation between the inversion point and the cracks' depth, which has the direction sense in the application of projects,The second part of this dissertation is CT , which used the ultrasonic wave running through the tested-substance to get arriving-time of the ultrasonic wave, then inverse the image This dissertation drawed one CT program which can well present the different little cells' ultrasonic wave velocity profiles of the substance, thereby to diagnose the quality of the
part of the tested-substance, CT has the better using foreground..
本论文主要针对大体积混凝土结构缺陷的检测方法展开研究工作，重点讨论了超声波法检测混凝土结构裂缝的基本原理和方法及其特点、适用范围，运用动力有限元数值模拟其检测过程，探讨了有裂缝缺陷的混凝土结构在脉冲荷载作用下弹性波的传播及其变化特征，研究了不同裂缝深度下首波相位变化规律，得出了反转临界点与裂缝深度之间的关系，这对实际工程应用具有指导意义。声波CT是一种新的无损检测技术，它是利用声波穿透被检测体获取声波接收时间，来进行计算机反演成像的技术。本文利用直射线法编制了层析成像(CT)程序，能较好地呈现被检测物体各微小单元的声波速度分布图像，从而对检测体的质量状况作出诊断评估，具有较好的应用发展前景。
In the process of building and using the mass concrete structures, because of the effect of out-side condition and themselves, some faults will form in the structure, these faults will effect the bearing capability and endurance Using nondestructive testing method to test the concrete's quality and diagnose its healthy, which has the significant sense in assessing the safety stability and research of the administering diseases
This dissertation mostly researched the testing methods in the mass concrete structure, discussed the principles, methods, features, sphere of application of the ultrasonic testing in the mass concrete structure with faults, used dynamic FEM to simulate the testing process, discussed when the concrete structure with cracks is under the effect of the pulse, how the elastic waves propagate and what are their changing feature, Researched the principles of the first-arriving waves' phase when the cracks' depths are not same, obtained the relation between the inversion point and the cracks' depth, which has the direction sense in the application of projects,The second part of this dissertation is CT , which used the ultrasonic wave running through the tested-substance to get arriving-time of the ultrasonic wave, then inverse the image This dissertation drawed one CT program which can well present the different little cells' ultrasonic wave velocity profiles of the substance, thereby to diagnose the quality of the
part of the tested-substance, CT has the better using foreground..
引文
[1] 朱伯芳，重力坝的劈头裂缝，水力发电学报，1997(4)：85～91
[2] 吴中如，典型拱坝的严重事故及解析，工程力学，2001(增刊)
[3] 王仁钟，李君纯，刘嘉忻等，中国水利大坝安全与管理，99大坝安全与监测国际研讨会议文集，中国书籍出版社，1999年10月
[4] 弓正华，储海宁，沈家俊等，迈向21世纪的中国水电站大坝安全监察，99大坝安全与监测国际研讨会议文集，中国书籍出版社，1999年10月
[5] 吴中如，大坝病变和机理探讨，中国水利，2000年9月
[6] 西北勘测设计院，龙羊峡水电厂坝体裂缝检测报告，1999年10月
[7] 大体积混凝土，水利水电科学研究院结构材料研究所，水利水电出版社，1990
[8] 日本无损检测协会，无损检测概论，上海：同济大学出版社，1981
[9] 李为杜，混凝土无损检测技术，上海：同济大学出版社，1989
[10] (英)西拉德(Szilard，E．J)，超声检测新技术，北京：科学出版社，1991
[11] 吴慧敏，结构混凝土现场检测技术，长沙：湖南大学出版社，1988
[12] 乔生祥，黄花平，水工混凝土缺陷检测和处理，北京：中国水利水电出版社，1997
[13] 王立民，水工建筑物检测与维修，北京：中国水利水电出版社，1993
[14] 童寿兴，王征，商涛平，混凝土强度超声波平测法检测技术[J] ，无损检测，2004，26(4)：24。
[15] 弹性力学问题的有限单元法，河海大学出版社
[16] 徐芝伦著，弹性力学，河海大学出版社
[17] Ngo, D.and Scordelis, A.C., Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members, Journal of ACI, 1967
[18] 宋玉普，地下厂房混凝土衬砌应力的非线性有限元分析，水利学报，7，1986
[19] Saouma, V.E., Automated Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete: A Francture Machanics Approach, Ph.D.Thesis Presented to Cornell Univ., Itchaca N.Y., 1980
[20] Radon J.Uber die bestimmuhg von funktionen durch ihre integralwerte langs gewisser mannigfaltigkeiten. Ber Verb Saechs, Akad Wiss, Leipzig, Math Phys, 1917, Kl, 69:262-277
[21] Cormack A M.Representation of a function by its integrals, with some radiogical application. J Applphys: 1963, 34(9): 2722-2727
[22] Cormack A M.Representation of a function by its integrals, with some radiogical application Ⅱ. J Applphys, 1963, 35(10): 2908-2913
[23] Hounsfield G. A method and apparatus for examination of a body by radiology such as X or gamma radiation. Patene Specification 1283915, 1972, The Patent Office, London, England
[24] Herman G T. Image reconstruction from. projections: the fundamentals of computerized tomography. New York, Academic Press, 1980
[25] Herman G T. Image reconstruction from projections——implementation and applications. Berlin, Spring-Verlag, 1979
[26] 陈立成编著，层析成像的数学方法与应用，成都：西南交通大学出版社，1994
[27] 周光湖编，计算机断层摄像原理及应用(CT)，成都：西南电讯工程学院出版社，1986
[28] 吴世法编著，近代成像技术与图像处理，北京：国防工业出版社，1997
[29] 盛康龙，强玉俊，杨福家，计算机断层扫描技术的工业应用，物理，1992，21(3)：173-178
[30] 李海青编著，两相流参数检测及其应用，杭州：浙江大学出版社，1991
[31] Beck M S, Williams, RA. Process tomography: a European innovation and its applications.
Meas Sci Teehnol, 1996, 7: 215-224
[32] Dinckin, F J, Hoyle, B S, Hunt Aet al. Tomographic imaging of industrial process equipment:techniques and applications. IEEE Proceedings-G, 1992, 139(1): 72-82
[33] Dyakowski, T. Process tomography applied to multi-phase flow measurement. Meas Sci Teelmol, 1996, 7:343-353
[34] Hammer E A, Johansen G A. Process tomography in the oil industry: state of the art and future possibilities. Measurement+Control,1997, 30:212-216
[35] 李海青，乔贺堂主编，多相流检测技术进展，北京：石油工业出版社，1996，7．12
[36] 黄松明，层析成像技术在过程参数检测中的应用，清华大学学报，1989，29(4)：98-105
[37] Vinger H J, Wellington S L. Tomographic imaging of three phase flow experiments. Rev Sci Instrum, 1987, 58(1): 96-107
[38] Wang S Y, Huang Y B, Pereira Vet al. Application of computer tomography to oil recovery from porous media. Applied Optics, 1985, 24(23): 4021-4027
[39] Banholzer W F, Spiro C L, Kosky P Get al. Direct imaging of time-average flow patterns in a fluidized reactor using X-ray computed tomography. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987, 26(4): 763-767
[40] Simons S J R. Imaging techniques for fluidized bed systems: a review. Chem Eng J, 1995, 56:83-93
[41] Kantzas A, Wright I, Kalogerakis N. Quantification of channelling in polyethylene resin fluid beds using X-ray computer assisted tomography(CAT). Chem Eng Sci, 1997, 52(13): 2023-2035
[42] Toye D, Marchot P, Crine Met al. Modelling of multiphase flow in packed beds by computer-assisted X-ray tomography. Meas Sci Technol, 1997, 7:436-443
[43] De Vuono A C, Schlosser P A, Kulacki F A et al. Design of isotopic CT scanner for two phase flow measurements. IEEE Trans on Nucl Sci, 1980, NS-27(1): 814-820
[44] Hau K-F F-L, Banerjee S. Measurement of mass flux in two-phase flow using combinations of pitot tubes and gamma densitometers. AIChE J, 1981, 27(2): 177-183
[45] MacCuaig N, Seville J P K, Gilboy W Bet al. Application of gamma-ray tomography to gas fluidized beds. Applied Optics, 1985, 24(23): 4083-4085
[46] Johasen, G A, Frφ ystein, T, Hjertaker B T et al. The development of dual mode tomography for three-component flow imaging. Chem Eng J, 1995, 56:175-182
[47] Johasen, G A, Frφ ystein, T et al. A dual sensor flow imaging tomographic system. Meas Sci Technol, 1996, 7:297-307
[48] Schollenberger K A, Torczynski J R, Adkins D R et al. Gamma-densitometry tomography of gas holdup spatial distributrion in industrial-scale bubble columns. Chem Eng Sci, 1997, 52(13): 2037-2048
[49] Hoyle B S. Process tomography using ultrasonic sensors. Meas Sci Technoi, 1996, 7:272-280
[50] Ekstrom M P. Digital image processing techniques. London, Academic Press, INC, 1984
[51] Trussell H J. A priori knowledge in algebraic reconstruction methods, Advance in computer vision and image reconstruction. Chapter 6, JAI Press, 1984
[52] Castleman K R. Digital image process. Prentice Hall, Inc, 1996
[53] Demoment G. Image reconstruction and restoration: overview of common estimation structures and problems. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1989, 37(12): 2024-2035
[54] Karayinannis N B, Venetsanopoulos A N. Regularization theory in imaging restoration—the stabilizing function approach. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1990, 38(7): 1155-1179
[55] Kashyap R L, Mittal M C. Picture reconstruction from projection from projections. IEEE Trans
on computer, 1975, C-24(9): 915-923
[56] Gilbert P. Iterative methods for the three-dimensional reconstruction of an objects from projections. J Theor Bioh 1972, 36:105-117
[57] 周新伦，柳健，刘华志编，数字图像处理，北京：国防工业出版社，1986
[58] 荆仁杰，叶秀清，徐胜荣，陈存椿编，计算机图像处理，杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990
[59] 李介谷，施鹏飞，刘重庆，谢式绚编著，图像处理技术，上海：上海交通大学出版社，1988
[60] 郑律著，层析基础及其在井间地震中的应用，北京：石油工业出版社，1997
[61] 王延平著，信号复原与重建，南京：东南大学出版社，1992
[62] 张宜华，精通MATLAB5，清华大学出版社，1999
[63] 苏金明，阮沈勇编著，MATLAB6.1实用指南，电子工业出版社，2002
[2] 吴中如，典型拱坝的严重事故及解析，工程力学，2001(增刊)
[3] 王仁钟，李君纯，刘嘉忻等，中国水利大坝安全与管理，99大坝安全与监测国际研讨会议文集，中国书籍出版社，1999年10月
[4] 弓正华，储海宁，沈家俊等，迈向21世纪的中国水电站大坝安全监察，99大坝安全与监测国际研讨会议文集，中国书籍出版社，1999年10月
[5] 吴中如，大坝病变和机理探讨，中国水利，2000年9月
[6] 西北勘测设计院，龙羊峡水电厂坝体裂缝检测报告，1999年10月
[7] 大体积混凝土，水利水电科学研究院结构材料研究所，水利水电出版社，1990
[8] 日本无损检测协会，无损检测概论，上海：同济大学出版社，1981
[9] 李为杜，混凝土无损检测技术，上海：同济大学出版社，1989
[10] (英)西拉德(Szilard，E．J)，超声检测新技术，北京：科学出版社，1991
[11] 吴慧敏，结构混凝土现场检测技术，长沙：湖南大学出版社，1988
[12] 乔生祥，黄花平，水工混凝土缺陷检测和处理，北京：中国水利水电出版社，1997
[13] 王立民，水工建筑物检测与维修，北京：中国水利水电出版社，1993
[14] 童寿兴，王征，商涛平，混凝土强度超声波平测法检测技术[J] ，无损检测，2004，26(4)：24。
[15] 弹性力学问题的有限单元法，河海大学出版社
[16] 徐芝伦著，弹性力学，河海大学出版社
[17] Ngo, D.and Scordelis, A.C., Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members, Journal of ACI, 1967
[18] 宋玉普，地下厂房混凝土衬砌应力的非线性有限元分析，水利学报，7，1986
[19] Saouma, V.E., Automated Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete: A Francture Machanics Approach, Ph.D.Thesis Presented to Cornell Univ., Itchaca N.Y., 1980
[20] Radon J.Uber die bestimmuhg von funktionen durch ihre integralwerte langs gewisser mannigfaltigkeiten. Ber Verb Saechs, Akad Wiss, Leipzig, Math Phys, 1917, Kl, 69:262-277
[21] Cormack A M.Representation of a function by its integrals, with some radiogical application. J Applphys: 1963, 34(9): 2722-2727
[22] Cormack A M.Representation of a function by its integrals, with some radiogical application Ⅱ. J Applphys, 1963, 35(10): 2908-2913
[23] Hounsfield G. A method and apparatus for examination of a body by radiology such as X or gamma radiation. Patene Specification 1283915, 1972, The Patent Office, London, England
[24] Herman G T. Image reconstruction from. projections: the fundamentals of computerized tomography. New York, Academic Press, 1980
[25] Herman G T. Image reconstruction from projections——implementation and applications. Berlin, Spring-Verlag, 1979
[26] 陈立成编著，层析成像的数学方法与应用，成都：西南交通大学出版社，1994
[27] 周光湖编，计算机断层摄像原理及应用(CT)，成都：西南电讯工程学院出版社，1986
[28] 吴世法编著，近代成像技术与图像处理，北京：国防工业出版社，1997
[29] 盛康龙，强玉俊，杨福家，计算机断层扫描技术的工业应用，物理，1992，21(3)：173-178
[30] 李海青编著，两相流参数检测及其应用，杭州：浙江大学出版社，1991
[31] Beck M S, Williams, RA. Process tomography: a European innovation and its applications.
Meas Sci Teehnol, 1996, 7: 215-224
[32] Dinckin, F J, Hoyle, B S, Hunt Aet al. Tomographic imaging of industrial process equipment:techniques and applications. IEEE Proceedings-G, 1992, 139(1): 72-82
[33] Dyakowski, T. Process tomography applied to multi-phase flow measurement. Meas Sci Teelmol, 1996, 7:343-353
[34] Hammer E A, Johansen G A. Process tomography in the oil industry: state of the art and future possibilities. Measurement+Control,1997, 30:212-216
[35] 李海青，乔贺堂主编，多相流检测技术进展，北京：石油工业出版社，1996，7．12
[36] 黄松明，层析成像技术在过程参数检测中的应用，清华大学学报，1989，29(4)：98-105
[37] Vinger H J, Wellington S L. Tomographic imaging of three phase flow experiments. Rev Sci Instrum, 1987, 58(1): 96-107
[38] Wang S Y, Huang Y B, Pereira Vet al. Application of computer tomography to oil recovery from porous media. Applied Optics, 1985, 24(23): 4021-4027
[39] Banholzer W F, Spiro C L, Kosky P Get al. Direct imaging of time-average flow patterns in a fluidized reactor using X-ray computed tomography. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987, 26(4): 763-767
[40] Simons S J R. Imaging techniques for fluidized bed systems: a review. Chem Eng J, 1995, 56:83-93
[41] Kantzas A, Wright I, Kalogerakis N. Quantification of channelling in polyethylene resin fluid beds using X-ray computer assisted tomography(CAT). Chem Eng Sci, 1997, 52(13): 2023-2035
[42] Toye D, Marchot P, Crine Met al. Modelling of multiphase flow in packed beds by computer-assisted X-ray tomography. Meas Sci Technol, 1997, 7:436-443
[43] De Vuono A C, Schlosser P A, Kulacki F A et al. Design of isotopic CT scanner for two phase flow measurements. IEEE Trans on Nucl Sci, 1980, NS-27(1): 814-820
[44] Hau K-F F-L, Banerjee S. Measurement of mass flux in two-phase flow using combinations of pitot tubes and gamma densitometers. AIChE J, 1981, 27(2): 177-183
[45] MacCuaig N, Seville J P K, Gilboy W Bet al. Application of gamma-ray tomography to gas fluidized beds. Applied Optics, 1985, 24(23): 4083-4085
[46] Johasen, G A, Frφ ystein, T, Hjertaker B T et al. The development of dual mode tomography for three-component flow imaging. Chem Eng J, 1995, 56:175-182
[47] Johasen, G A, Frφ ystein, T et al. A dual sensor flow imaging tomographic system. Meas Sci Technol, 1996, 7:297-307
[48] Schollenberger K A, Torczynski J R, Adkins D R et al. Gamma-densitometry tomography of gas holdup spatial distributrion in industrial-scale bubble columns. Chem Eng Sci, 1997, 52(13): 2037-2048
[49] Hoyle B S. Process tomography using ultrasonic sensors. Meas Sci Technoi, 1996, 7:272-280
[50] Ekstrom M P. Digital image processing techniques. London, Academic Press, INC, 1984
[51] Trussell H J. A priori knowledge in algebraic reconstruction methods, Advance in computer vision and image reconstruction. Chapter 6, JAI Press, 1984
[52] Castleman K R. Digital image process. Prentice Hall, Inc, 1996
[53] Demoment G. Image reconstruction and restoration: overview of common estimation structures and problems. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1989, 37(12): 2024-2035
[54] Karayinannis N B, Venetsanopoulos A N. Regularization theory in imaging restoration—the stabilizing function approach. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1990, 38(7): 1155-1179
[55] Kashyap R L, Mittal M C. Picture reconstruction from projection from projections. IEEE Trans
on computer, 1975, C-24(9): 915-923
[56] Gilbert P. Iterative methods for the three-dimensional reconstruction of an objects from projections. J Theor Bioh 1972, 36:105-117
[57] 周新伦，柳健，刘华志编，数字图像处理，北京：国防工业出版社，1986
[58] 荆仁杰，叶秀清，徐胜荣，陈存椿编，计算机图像处理，杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990
[59] 李介谷，施鹏飞，刘重庆，谢式绚编著，图像处理技术，上海：上海交通大学出版社，1988
[60] 郑律著，层析基础及其在井间地震中的应用，北京：石油工业出版社，1997
[61] 王延平著，信号复原与重建，南京：东南大学出版社，1992
[62] 张宜华，精通MATLAB5，清华大学出版社，1999
[63] 苏金明，阮沈勇编著，MATLAB6.1实用指南，电子工业出版社，2002
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