黄土高原冬小麦水氮高效利用及优化耦合研究
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摘要
研究水肥耦合互馈作用，探求水肥合理投入水平，提高水肥利用率，对于提高农业生产的经济效益和生态效益，保证半干旱区农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本论文通过两年不同水氮耦合处理的冬小麦田间试验，对不同水氮处理下冬小麦生长、产量以及土壤剖面水分、硝态氮运移进行了分析，并以作物产量和水分利用效率为目标，推求水肥合理投入区间，以期确定水肥优化耦合区域、实现水氮高效利用。研究主要结论如下：
1.水氮耦合显著影响作物生长动态、产量及其组成。灌水和施氮之间存在着显著的正交互效应，适当增加灌水量和施氮量有助于提高冬小麦产量。N0～N3时，随灌水量的增加冬小麦籽粒产量显著增加，当施氮量为N4和N5水平时，随灌水量增加籽粒产量先增加而后略有降低。灌水处理亦有相似的规律，当灌水超过W3处理时，籽粒产量略有降低。2008-2009年度W5N3处理产量最高，为9.97t·ha~(-1)；2009-2010年W3N4处理产量最高，为8.62t·ha~(-1)。水氮耦合显著提高冬小麦株高。灌水和氮肥对冬小麦生物量和叶面积的影响和籽粒产量相似。在整个生育期内，灌水处理叶面积指数明显高于旱作处理，特别是到冬小麦生育后期，灌水不仅显著增加冬小麦叶面积指数，同时也延长了冬小麦生理功能的时间。
2.水氮耦合对收获期土壤剖面水分含量有显著影响。旱作处理下，土壤水分随施氮量的增加而降低，收获期土壤剖面含水率较低；随着灌水量的增加，土壤剖面含水率逐渐增大。受施氮量的影响，较低的土壤含水率条件下，夏闲期降水入渗深度变浅，W3和W5水分水平下，N0处理土壤入渗补充深度达300cm以下；W0N0处理土壤水分入渗深度为200cm。低（W0）、中(W3)、高水(W5)水分水平下，随施氮量的增加，土壤水分补充深度分别从220cm至140cm不等。2008-2009年度，水分利用效率W2N2处理最高，为18.43kg·(ha mm)~(-1)；W5N0最小，为4.29kg·(ha mm)~(-1)；最大水分利用效率高出最低4.3倍。2009-2010年度，水分利用效率W2N5最高，为16.71kg·(ha mm)~(-1)。
3.氮素对土壤硝态氮累积量的影响明显高于水分，土壤硝态氮含量基本均随施氮量增加而增大。在冬小麦两年度试验中，当施氮量低于225kg·ha~(-1)时，作物生长需消耗部分土壤氮，而当施氮量高于225kg·ha~(-1)时将开始造成硝态氮的残留。不施氮处理由于土壤中硝态氮含量已很少，0-300cm土层其变化不大；施氮处理下硝态氮在0-300cm土层呈波形变化趋势。冬小麦整个生长过程，在土壤60cm左右深度硝态氮存在最小值。本试验中，当施氮量为300和375kg·ha~(-1)时造成了硝态氮大量残留，将会造成淋溶，不利于环境保护。同时，通过0-300cm硝态氮累积量、产量与施氮量关系可知，当一味追求最高产量时，将引起硝态氮的大量积累，造成大量浪费与环境污染。
4.水、氮对冬小麦具有明显的增产效果，且二者存在互相促进作用，但过多的水氮投入会造成作物减产，符合报酬递减率；2008-2009年度，当灌水量为331mm，施氮量为290kg·ha~(-1)时有最大产量10.34t·ha~(-1)；当灌水量为138mm，施氮量为243.6kg·ha~(-1)时有最大水分利用效率18.96kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)；2009-2010年度，当灌水量为309mm，施氮量为283kg·ha~(-1)时有最大产量9.168t·ha~(-1)；当灌水量为85.9mm，施氮量为242.8kg·ha~(-1)时有最大水分利用效率16.73kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)。水肥的产量、耗水量效应分别为二次抛物面和平面。通过弹性指数及水氮区间的两种表达方式（最大产量和产量增加最大），分别得出了水肥合理投入范围，均为以最高产量和最大水分利用效率为长轴的椭圆；联合实际生产中追求的利益最大化原则，确定了水肥耦合优化区域，即为以椭圆长轴和以产量增加最大为方向得到的椭圆下半区所围成的范围。并指出该地区最大灌水量不应超过331mm。水肥耦合优化区域直观的反映了水氮投入范围，为该地区实际生产提供了参考。
Reasonable application, increasi ng the utilization efficiency, and to explicit the role oftwo-way drive function between water and fertilizer is one important issue for continuingto improve the economic and ecological benefits of the agriculture development insemi-arid regions. In this paper, the2-years field experiment on winter wheat wasconducted with different water and fertilizer treatments, which aimed to evaluate the yieldeffect of water and fertilizer coupling on plant growth, yield, soil moisture profile andnitrate-N transport. Targeting high yield and water use efficiency (WUE), we estimated theoptimal coupled interval of water and nutrients supplies for high yield and water useefficiency. The mainly results as follow:
1. Water and N-fertilizer coupling could significantly impact crop growth, yield, andthe yield components. There was a sharp positive interaction between irrigation (W) andnitrogen application (N), which contributed to the higher plant height and grain yield. Thegrain yields were increased significantly with the increase in irrigation under applicationthe N fertilizer from N0to N3treatments, while it were showed a downward trend slightlyafter the first rise under N4and N5treatment. Meanwhile, grain yield was improved byirrigation amount increased from W0to W3, and then decrease slightly. The highest yieldwas9.97t·ha~(-1)occurred in W5N3treatment during2008-2009, and was8.62t·ha~(-1)inW3N4treatment during2009-2010. The similarly results occurred in biomass and leafareas response to different water and N-fertilizer coupling. Notably, the irrigation wasconsistently produced higher LAI and the longer physiologically functional period ofwinter wheat.
2. The variations soil moisture profile response to the different water and N-fertilizer coupling in the harvest period. The soil moisture content was decreased with the increasein N-fertilizer under rain-fed condition, but increased with the increase in irrigation. Baseon the interaction between irrigation and N-fertilizer application, the depth of the soilinfiltration supplement was achieved200cm in the W0N0treatment and more than300cmin W3N0or W3N0treatments. In the lower (W0), middle (W3), and higher (W5) irrigationtreatments, the depth of the soil infiltration supplement decreased from200cm to140cmwith the increase in N-fertilizer application. During2008-2009, the highest WUE was18.43kg·(ha mm)~(-1)occurred in W2N2treatment, and the least WUE was4.29kg·(ha mm)~(-1). Similarly, the highest WUE was16.71kg·(ha mm)~(-1)occurred in W2N5during2009-2010.
3. The soil nitrate-N accumulation was clearly improved by N-fertilizer than byirrigation. During both growing season, crop growth needs to be consumed part of soil Nwhen the n application rate is less than225kg·ha~(-1), conversely, cause of nitrate-N residualin soil when the N application rate is greater than225kg·ha~(-1). In application of noN-fertilizer treatment, the soil nitrate-N have not changed much in0-300cm soil layer dueto the lower soil N content. In the other N-fertilizer treatments, the nitrate-N results inwaveform with the rising of soil depth from0to300cm, and the least nitrate-N occurred at60cm. We also found that the large number of nitrate-N residues in soil profile led tonitrate-N leaching when the N application of300and375kg·ha~(-1). Hence, blindly pursuinghigh crop grain yield with higher water and N-fertilizer input will cause greater nitrate-Nresidues lead to fertilizer waste and environmental pollution.
4. irrigation and/or nitrogen input can increase the finalyield significantly and therewasa positive interactive term between water and nitrogen fertilizer on final yield.However, the overuse of water and/or nitrogen led to the low yield, and met the law ofdiminishing return. During2008-2009, when the irrigation amount is331mm and thenitrogen fertilizer is290kg·ha~(-1), there is the maximum yield (10.34t·ha~(-1)), and the input ofnitrogen fertilizer is243.6kg·ha~(-1)plus the irrigation138mm, which can get the maximumvalue on WUE [18.96kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)], While in2009-2010, application of283kg·ha~(-1)nitrogen and309mm irrigation can get the highest wheat yield (9.168t·ha~(-1)); and85.9mmirrigation amount and242.8kg·ha~(-1)nitrogen input can reach the maximum WUE [16.73kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)]. Yield and ET responses to water and nitrogen inputs followed a quadratic and a line function, respectively. The optimal-coupling domains are determined byelasticity index (EI) and its expression in the water-nitrogen dimensions, which are theellipse forms with the global maximum WUE and Y corresponding to the left and right endpoints on its long axis. Considering of local maximum yields, the optimal-coupling domainwas the lower half-ellipse form with the two end points of the global maximum yield andWUE on its long axis. Total irrigation amount to winter wheat should not exceed331mm.The optimal-coupling domain reflects visually range of water and nitrogen inputs. It canprovide reference for the water and nitrogen inputs in agricultural applications.
1.水氮耦合显著影响作物生长动态、产量及其组成。灌水和施氮之间存在着显著的正交互效应，适当增加灌水量和施氮量有助于提高冬小麦产量。N0～N3时，随灌水量的增加冬小麦籽粒产量显著增加，当施氮量为N4和N5水平时，随灌水量增加籽粒产量先增加而后略有降低。灌水处理亦有相似的规律，当灌水超过W3处理时，籽粒产量略有降低。2008-2009年度W5N3处理产量最高，为9.97t·ha~(-1)；2009-2010年W3N4处理产量最高，为8.62t·ha~(-1)。水氮耦合显著提高冬小麦株高。灌水和氮肥对冬小麦生物量和叶面积的影响和籽粒产量相似。在整个生育期内，灌水处理叶面积指数明显高于旱作处理，特别是到冬小麦生育后期，灌水不仅显著增加冬小麦叶面积指数，同时也延长了冬小麦生理功能的时间。
2.水氮耦合对收获期土壤剖面水分含量有显著影响。旱作处理下，土壤水分随施氮量的增加而降低，收获期土壤剖面含水率较低；随着灌水量的增加，土壤剖面含水率逐渐增大。受施氮量的影响，较低的土壤含水率条件下，夏闲期降水入渗深度变浅，W3和W5水分水平下，N0处理土壤入渗补充深度达300cm以下；W0N0处理土壤水分入渗深度为200cm。低（W0）、中(W3)、高水(W5)水分水平下，随施氮量的增加，土壤水分补充深度分别从220cm至140cm不等。2008-2009年度，水分利用效率W2N2处理最高，为18.43kg·(ha mm)~(-1)；W5N0最小，为4.29kg·(ha mm)~(-1)；最大水分利用效率高出最低4.3倍。2009-2010年度，水分利用效率W2N5最高，为16.71kg·(ha mm)~(-1)。
3.氮素对土壤硝态氮累积量的影响明显高于水分，土壤硝态氮含量基本均随施氮量增加而增大。在冬小麦两年度试验中，当施氮量低于225kg·ha~(-1)时，作物生长需消耗部分土壤氮，而当施氮量高于225kg·ha~(-1)时将开始造成硝态氮的残留。不施氮处理由于土壤中硝态氮含量已很少，0-300cm土层其变化不大；施氮处理下硝态氮在0-300cm土层呈波形变化趋势。冬小麦整个生长过程，在土壤60cm左右深度硝态氮存在最小值。本试验中，当施氮量为300和375kg·ha~(-1)时造成了硝态氮大量残留，将会造成淋溶，不利于环境保护。同时，通过0-300cm硝态氮累积量、产量与施氮量关系可知，当一味追求最高产量时，将引起硝态氮的大量积累，造成大量浪费与环境污染。
4.水、氮对冬小麦具有明显的增产效果，且二者存在互相促进作用，但过多的水氮投入会造成作物减产，符合报酬递减率；2008-2009年度，当灌水量为331mm，施氮量为290kg·ha~(-1)时有最大产量10.34t·ha~(-1)；当灌水量为138mm，施氮量为243.6kg·ha~(-1)时有最大水分利用效率18.96kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)；2009-2010年度，当灌水量为309mm，施氮量为283kg·ha~(-1)时有最大产量9.168t·ha~(-1)；当灌水量为85.9mm，施氮量为242.8kg·ha~(-1)时有最大水分利用效率16.73kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)。水肥的产量、耗水量效应分别为二次抛物面和平面。通过弹性指数及水氮区间的两种表达方式（最大产量和产量增加最大），分别得出了水肥合理投入范围，均为以最高产量和最大水分利用效率为长轴的椭圆；联合实际生产中追求的利益最大化原则，确定了水肥耦合优化区域，即为以椭圆长轴和以产量增加最大为方向得到的椭圆下半区所围成的范围。并指出该地区最大灌水量不应超过331mm。水肥耦合优化区域直观的反映了水氮投入范围，为该地区实际生产提供了参考。
Reasonable application, increasi ng the utilization efficiency, and to explicit the role oftwo-way drive function between water and fertilizer is one important issue for continuingto improve the economic and ecological benefits of the agriculture development insemi-arid regions. In this paper, the2-years field experiment on winter wheat wasconducted with different water and fertilizer treatments, which aimed to evaluate the yieldeffect of water and fertilizer coupling on plant growth, yield, soil moisture profile andnitrate-N transport. Targeting high yield and water use efficiency (WUE), we estimated theoptimal coupled interval of water and nutrients supplies for high yield and water useefficiency. The mainly results as follow:
1. Water and N-fertilizer coupling could significantly impact crop growth, yield, andthe yield components. There was a sharp positive interaction between irrigation (W) andnitrogen application (N), which contributed to the higher plant height and grain yield. Thegrain yields were increased significantly with the increase in irrigation under applicationthe N fertilizer from N0to N3treatments, while it were showed a downward trend slightlyafter the first rise under N4and N5treatment. Meanwhile, grain yield was improved byirrigation amount increased from W0to W3, and then decrease slightly. The highest yieldwas9.97t·ha~(-1)occurred in W5N3treatment during2008-2009, and was8.62t·ha~(-1)inW3N4treatment during2009-2010. The similarly results occurred in biomass and leafareas response to different water and N-fertilizer coupling. Notably, the irrigation wasconsistently produced higher LAI and the longer physiologically functional period ofwinter wheat.
2. The variations soil moisture profile response to the different water and N-fertilizer coupling in the harvest period. The soil moisture content was decreased with the increasein N-fertilizer under rain-fed condition, but increased with the increase in irrigation. Baseon the interaction between irrigation and N-fertilizer application, the depth of the soilinfiltration supplement was achieved200cm in the W0N0treatment and more than300cmin W3N0or W3N0treatments. In the lower (W0), middle (W3), and higher (W5) irrigationtreatments, the depth of the soil infiltration supplement decreased from200cm to140cmwith the increase in N-fertilizer application. During2008-2009, the highest WUE was18.43kg·(ha mm)~(-1)occurred in W2N2treatment, and the least WUE was4.29kg·(ha mm)~(-1). Similarly, the highest WUE was16.71kg·(ha mm)~(-1)occurred in W2N5during2009-2010.
3. The soil nitrate-N accumulation was clearly improved by N-fertilizer than byirrigation. During both growing season, crop growth needs to be consumed part of soil Nwhen the n application rate is less than225kg·ha~(-1), conversely, cause of nitrate-N residualin soil when the N application rate is greater than225kg·ha~(-1). In application of noN-fertilizer treatment, the soil nitrate-N have not changed much in0-300cm soil layer dueto the lower soil N content. In the other N-fertilizer treatments, the nitrate-N results inwaveform with the rising of soil depth from0to300cm, and the least nitrate-N occurred at60cm. We also found that the large number of nitrate-N residues in soil profile led tonitrate-N leaching when the N application of300and375kg·ha~(-1). Hence, blindly pursuinghigh crop grain yield with higher water and N-fertilizer input will cause greater nitrate-Nresidues lead to fertilizer waste and environmental pollution.
4. irrigation and/or nitrogen input can increase the finalyield significantly and therewasa positive interactive term between water and nitrogen fertilizer on final yield.However, the overuse of water and/or nitrogen led to the low yield, and met the law ofdiminishing return. During2008-2009, when the irrigation amount is331mm and thenitrogen fertilizer is290kg·ha~(-1), there is the maximum yield (10.34t·ha~(-1)), and the input ofnitrogen fertilizer is243.6kg·ha~(-1)plus the irrigation138mm, which can get the maximumvalue on WUE [18.96kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)], While in2009-2010, application of283kg·ha~(-1)nitrogen and309mm irrigation can get the highest wheat yield (9.168t·ha~(-1)); and85.9mmirrigation amount and242.8kg·ha~(-1)nitrogen input can reach the maximum WUE [16.73kg·(ha·mm)~(-1)]. Yield and ET responses to water and nitrogen inputs followed a quadratic and a line function, respectively. The optimal-coupling domains are determined byelasticity index (EI) and its expression in the water-nitrogen dimensions, which are theellipse forms with the global maximum WUE and Y corresponding to the left and right endpoints on its long axis. Considering of local maximum yields, the optimal-coupling domainwas the lower half-ellipse form with the two end points of the global maximum yield andWUE on its long axis. Total irrigation amount to winter wheat should not exceed331mm.The optimal-coupling domain reflects visually range of water and nitrogen inputs. It canprovide reference for the water and nitrogen inputs in agricultural applications.
引文
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