基于CP模型的汉语Ba ge构式的认知分析
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摘要
本论文通过整合压制理论和突显原则，形成CP模型，采用定性和定量相结合的方法，对373条汉语“把个”构式进行了认知解析，旨在揭示汉语“把个”构式的生成机制。发现“把个”构式的生成过程为：压制-突显-转喻/隐喻。本文结合封闭语料库从语义，句法和语用三方面对“把个”构式进行认知分析，发现：
1、语义特征：“把个”构式中的NP_1、NP_2和谓语动词的语义含义是通过转喻而实现与整个构式的统一。在373条语料中有44条NP_1为动词短语，“把个”构式压制NP_1的动词义而凸显其结果义（用结果义借代动作义）；语料中有131条NP_2是通过转喻实现其语义一致的。转喻的实现是通过构式对这些“不符合语义要求”的NP_2压制并凸显其具体含义、范畴含义和有定含义。此外，7条NP_2具有隐喻的特征,也是通过构式压制突显实现其语义上的和谐。“把个”构式压制谓语动词的动作义而凸显其结果义。
2、句法特征:“把个”构式突显NP_2的句法地位，而压制NP_1和谓语动词。首先，在句法形式上NP_1多是省略或隐含亦或是空位。虽然如此，NP_1的主语地位依旧没变，在373条语料中，有322条NP_1做主语，相应的NP_2承担受事角色；其次，从词性来看NP_2的词性可分为专有名词（146），不定名词（77），有定名词（106），范畴名词（18）和具体名词（26）。在“把个”构式中，不定名词的特征被压制而突显其有定性，个体名词的特征被构式压制而突显其范畴性一面，抽象名词被压制而突显其具体名词的特征；再次，“把个”构式压制动词的及物性特征，突显其不及物性。
3、语用特征：“把个”构式表示一种令人不满意的结果。其中，有50个动词本身就含有这种负面意义，其他128个动词（178个表示不好的结果/状态的“把个”句减去50个含有负面意义的动词）则被构式压制为带有不满意味。
本文从认知角度在CP模型下对汉语“把个”构式的生成机制进行了分析，希望对今后其他汉语构式的研究提供有益启示。
This thesis integrates the Coercion Theory and the Principle of Prominenceto build the theoretical framework: CP Model. And in order to reveal theproduction mechanism, the methodology of qualitative and quantitative study isadopted to investigate the corpus of373sentences. And the production mechanismof the Ba ge construction is coercion→prominence→metonymy metaphor.This thesis analyzes the Chinese Ba ge construction from the perspective ofsemantic, syntactical and pragmatic features based on the closed corpus, and theresults are:
Firstly, on the perspective of semantic features, NP_1, NP_2and the verb phrasein the Chinese Ba ge construction become harmonious with the whole constructionthrough metonymy and metaphor.44pieces of NP_1are the verb phrases in thecorpus, which are coerced and profiled the meanings of result (the meaning of theresult instead of the meaning of verb metonymically) in the Chinese Ba geconstruction; Among the373pieces of corpus,131NP_2s realize the consistencywith the whole construction through metonymy. All these metonymies in NP_2arerealized through the coercion of the construction on the “unqualified” noun phrasesin order to highlight the concrete meaning, categorized meaning and the definitemeaning; what’s more,7metaphorical NP_2s which keep harmonious with theconstruction through coercion exist in the corpus. At last, the verbs in the ChineseBa ge construction are coerced to highlight the result meanings.
Secondly, as for the syntactic features, the Chinese Ba ge construction profilsNP_2in syntax but coerces NP_1and the verb phrase. A. NP_1s are either omited orentailed or empty in syntax, but its subject power doesn’t change at all.219piecesof NP_1s are functioned as the subjects in the construction and accordingly, theNP_2s are the patient roles; B. from the perspective of figure of speech, NP_2hasdifferent figure of speeches in the Chinese Ba ge construction, and they are the features of proper noun (146), indefinite noun (77), definite noun (106),categorized noun (18) and the concrete noun (26). In the Chinese Ba geconstruction, the indefinite nouns are coerced and profiled the definite feature,and the individual noun is coerced and profiled the categorized feature, and theabstract feature is coerced and profiled the concrete feature; C. The predicates arecoerced their transitive features and the intransitive feature is profiled in theconstruction.
Thirdly, the pragmatic features are that the Ba ge construction conveys anunsatisfying result. And50verbs in the corpus implicate this negative meaning,the other128verbs (the number of the construction that show the badresults/states (178) minus the number of the verbs that implies the negativemeanings (50)) are coerced and profiled by the construction to be the meaning ofthe unsatisfication
This thesis analyzed the production mechanism of the Chinese Ba geconstruction under the CP Model from the perspective of cognitive way, hopingthat this thesis could be beneficial to the researches of the other Chineseconstructions.
1、语义特征：“把个”构式中的NP_1、NP_2和谓语动词的语义含义是通过转喻而实现与整个构式的统一。在373条语料中有44条NP_1为动词短语，“把个”构式压制NP_1的动词义而凸显其结果义（用结果义借代动作义）；语料中有131条NP_2是通过转喻实现其语义一致的。转喻的实现是通过构式对这些“不符合语义要求”的NP_2压制并凸显其具体含义、范畴含义和有定含义。此外，7条NP_2具有隐喻的特征,也是通过构式压制突显实现其语义上的和谐。“把个”构式压制谓语动词的动作义而凸显其结果义。
2、句法特征:“把个”构式突显NP_2的句法地位，而压制NP_1和谓语动词。首先，在句法形式上NP_1多是省略或隐含亦或是空位。虽然如此，NP_1的主语地位依旧没变，在373条语料中，有322条NP_1做主语，相应的NP_2承担受事角色；其次，从词性来看NP_2的词性可分为专有名词（146），不定名词（77），有定名词（106），范畴名词（18）和具体名词（26）。在“把个”构式中，不定名词的特征被压制而突显其有定性，个体名词的特征被构式压制而突显其范畴性一面，抽象名词被压制而突显其具体名词的特征；再次，“把个”构式压制动词的及物性特征，突显其不及物性。
3、语用特征：“把个”构式表示一种令人不满意的结果。其中，有50个动词本身就含有这种负面意义，其他128个动词（178个表示不好的结果/状态的“把个”句减去50个含有负面意义的动词）则被构式压制为带有不满意味。
本文从认知角度在CP模型下对汉语“把个”构式的生成机制进行了分析，希望对今后其他汉语构式的研究提供有益启示。
This thesis integrates the Coercion Theory and the Principle of Prominenceto build the theoretical framework: CP Model. And in order to reveal theproduction mechanism, the methodology of qualitative and quantitative study isadopted to investigate the corpus of373sentences. And the production mechanismof the Ba ge construction is coercion→prominence→metonymy metaphor.This thesis analyzes the Chinese Ba ge construction from the perspective ofsemantic, syntactical and pragmatic features based on the closed corpus, and theresults are:
Firstly, on the perspective of semantic features, NP_1, NP_2and the verb phrasein the Chinese Ba ge construction become harmonious with the whole constructionthrough metonymy and metaphor.44pieces of NP_1are the verb phrases in thecorpus, which are coerced and profiled the meanings of result (the meaning of theresult instead of the meaning of verb metonymically) in the Chinese Ba geconstruction; Among the373pieces of corpus,131NP_2s realize the consistencywith the whole construction through metonymy. All these metonymies in NP_2arerealized through the coercion of the construction on the “unqualified” noun phrasesin order to highlight the concrete meaning, categorized meaning and the definitemeaning; what’s more,7metaphorical NP_2s which keep harmonious with theconstruction through coercion exist in the corpus. At last, the verbs in the ChineseBa ge construction are coerced to highlight the result meanings.
Secondly, as for the syntactic features, the Chinese Ba ge construction profilsNP_2in syntax but coerces NP_1and the verb phrase. A. NP_1s are either omited orentailed or empty in syntax, but its subject power doesn’t change at all.219piecesof NP_1s are functioned as the subjects in the construction and accordingly, theNP_2s are the patient roles; B. from the perspective of figure of speech, NP_2hasdifferent figure of speeches in the Chinese Ba ge construction, and they are the features of proper noun (146), indefinite noun (77), definite noun (106),categorized noun (18) and the concrete noun (26). In the Chinese Ba geconstruction, the indefinite nouns are coerced and profiled the definite feature,and the individual noun is coerced and profiled the categorized feature, and theabstract feature is coerced and profiled the concrete feature; C. The predicates arecoerced their transitive features and the intransitive feature is profiled in theconstruction.
Thirdly, the pragmatic features are that the Ba ge construction conveys anunsatisfying result. And50verbs in the corpus implicate this negative meaning,the other128verbs (the number of the construction that show the badresults/states (178) minus the number of the verbs that implies the negativemeanings (50)) are coerced and profiled by the construction to be the meaning ofthe unsatisfication
This thesis analyzed the production mechanism of the Chinese Ba geconstruction under the CP Model from the perspective of cognitive way, hopingthat this thesis could be beneficial to the researches of the other Chineseconstructions.
引文
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Kovecses, Z.(2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Michaelis, L.(2004). Type shifting in construction grammar: An integrated approach to aspectualcoercion. Cognitive Linguistics,(15),125-130.
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丰蓉.(2010).构式语法视角下“起来”中动句的研究.苏州大学硕士论文.
高立群.(2002).“把”字句位移图式心理现实性的实验研究.世界汉语教学,(2),62-68.
高明乐.(2004).题元角色的句法实现.北京中国社会科学出版社,86-90.
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Fauconnier, G.(1997). Mappings in thought and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Fillmore, Charles (1968). The case for case. In E.Bach and R.T. Harms, eds., Universals inLinguistic Theory, pp.1-88. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Goldberg, A.E.(1995). Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, A.E.(2006). Constructions at work. Oxford: OUP.
Goldberg, A. E.(2009a). The nature of generalization in language. Cognitive Linguistics,20（1）,93-127.
Goldberg, A. E.(2009b). Constructions at work. Cognitive Linguistics,20(1),201-204.
James, Huang (1982).“Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar”. MIT: Master ofArt.
John, Taylor (2006). Ten lectures on applied cognitive linguistics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press.
Johnson, M.(1987). The body in the mind:The bodily basis of meaning,imagination,and reason.
Kovecses, Z.(2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Langacker, R.W.(2004a). Foundations of cognitive grammar: Vol. Ⅱ Descriptive application.Beijing: Beijing University Press.
Langacker, R.W.(2004b). Foundations of cognitive grammar: Vol.Ⅰ Theoretical prerequisites.Beijing: Beijing University Press.
Langacker, R.W.(2007). Ten lectures on cognitive grammar. Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press.
Li Yenhui Audrey.(1990). Order and constituency in mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: KluwerAcademic Publishers.
Li Yenhui Audrey.(2001). The Ba construction.2011-05-03. http://www. usc.edu/dept/LAS/ealc/chinling/articles/Bal. pdf.
Michaelis, L.(2003a). Headless Constructions and Coercion by Construction. In E. Francis and L.Michaelis (eds.). Mismatch: Form-Function Incongruity and the Architecture of Grammar.Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Michaelis, L.(2003b). Word meaning, sentence meaning, and syntactic meaning. In H. Cuyckens, R.Dirven and J. Taylor (eds.). Cognitive Approaches to Lexical Semantics. Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
Michaelis, L.(2004). Type shifting in construction grammar: An integrated approach to aspectualcoercion. Cognitive Linguistics,(15),125-130.
Michaelis, L.(2005). Entity and event coercion in a symbolic theory of syntax. In Jan-Ola Ostmanand M Fried (eds.). Construction Grammars: Cognitive Grounding and Theoretical Extensions.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Press.
Sybesma, Rint.(1999). The mandarin vp. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Ungerer, F.,&Schmid, H.G. E.(2001). An introduction to cognitive linguistics. Beijing: ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research Press.
Ling, Yan.(2004). The syntax of the BA-constructions. In Osama Agdel-Ghafer, BradMontgomety-Anderson&Maria del Carmen Prafita Couto (Eds.). Kansas Working Papers inLinguistics (pp92-109). Kansas: University of Kansas.
Jie, Zhang.(2006). Generation and derivation of Ba constructions within the new framework of theminimalist program. Foreign Language and Literature,88(2),73-77.
Ke, Zou.(1995).The syntax of the Chinese BA-constructions and verb compounds: A morpho-syntactic analysis. University of Southern California: phD thesis.
崔希亮.(1995).“把”字句的若干句法语义问题.世界汉语教学,(3),12-21.
崔希亮.(2004).语言理解与认知．北京：北京语言大学出版社.
戴浩一,薛凤生.(1994).功能主义与汉语语法.北京:语言学院出版社,45-52.
董成如,杨才元.(2009).构式对词项压制的探索.外语学刊,5,42-46.
范晓.(1998).汉语的句子的类型.太原:书海出版社.
丰蓉.(2010).构式语法视角下“起来”中动句的研究.苏州大学硕士论文.
高立群.(2002).“把”字句位移图式心理现实性的实验研究.世界汉语教学,(2),62-68.
高明乐.(2004).题元角色的句法实现.北京中国社会科学出版社,86-90.
龚媛.(2008).英汉双宾语句的认知构式分析.浙江大学硕士论文.
郭锐.(1999).“把”字句的配价结构.第二届全国现代汉语配价语法研讨会,(1),43-54.
郭德润.(1981).汉语常见句型的用法．江淮论坛,(6),69-72.
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