电网理论线损的准在线计算问题研究与分析
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摘要
电网理论线损计算是电网公司对电力系统进行分析决策采用的重要技术手段之一。通过理论线损计算，找出电网网架结构和系统运行存在的不足，为实现节能降损提供理论依据。随着我国智能电网和电力自动化的发展，电网公司的电网理论线损计算正向在线计算迈进。电网理论线损在线计算的基础数据来自国际电工委员会(International Electrotechnical Commission，IEC)制定的61970标准(IEC61970标准)中的公共信息模型(Common information model，CIM)，但我国实施IEC61970标准较晚，CIM模型和数据有待完善，因此目前一些电网公司的电网理论线损计算仍处于离线计算向在线计算过渡的准在线计算模式。正是由于满足在线计算条件的缺失，电网理论线损准在线计算面临许多亟待解决的问题，同时节能减排作为国家“十二五”规划目标之一，也为电网理论线损的分析带来了新的挑战。为此，本论文深入研究了电网理论线损准在线计算中存在的问题，提出了相应的解决方法，并分析了节能减排对电网理论线损的影响，同时通过算例验证了所提方法的有效性。本论文的主要研究内容如下：
首先，提出了一种适合电网理论线损准在线计算的拾遗网格平台。采用InternetCommunications Engine(ICE)技术建立电网理论线损网格计算平台，充分利用电网公司的空闲计算资源和计算机CPU的多核计算能力，使计算的并行能力大大提高并减轻服务器的负担；充分考虑了集中计算和分布式计算的特点，通过备用网格，实现了两种计算方式的兼容；采用蚁群算法和2-opt优化相结合，研究了根据负载状况进行任务分配的作业调度问题。
其次，为实现输电网潮流计算的自动计算、提高结果准确度，给出了一种潮流计算的平衡节点选取方法。在分析平衡节点选取条件的基础上，根据复杂网络理论建立了适合常规潮流计算平衡节点选取的节点重要度模型，通过节点凝聚度、注入功率和节点度数综合判断节点重要度。仿真表明，根据节点重要度选取的平衡节点能够得到较准确的计算结果。
接着，针对IEC61970中可缩放矢量图形(Scalable Vector Graphics，SVG)与CIM信息不一致或者SVG文件缺失的情况，提出一种输电网单线图自动布局的方法。将电网布局转化为二次分配问题并采用蚁群算法求解，实现了输电网单线图自动布局，同时结合3-opt优化克服蚁群算法易陷入局部最优的问题。通过图形分块固定变电站位置，使生成的电网结构布局更接近实际结构。仿真表明生成的单线图布局清晰、求解时间短，能够满足实际要求。
然后，建立电网理论线损准在线计算框架。通过对CIM标准的详细研究，确定电网理论线损计算与CIM的映射关系；在研究电网理论线损的计算平台、平衡节点选取、单线图布局和IEC61970标准的基础上，提出了基于CIM的电网理论线损准在线计算框架；针对CIM应用于电网理论线损准在线计算存在部分数据缺失的情况，对CIM进行了模型扩展。
最后，在碳减排日指标约束下，建立了碳捕集减排模型，分析了电厂和电网协调(厂网协调)减排对网损的影响。考虑碳减排日指标，建立具有碳捕集设备的厂内减排模型和厂网协调减排模型，并将多代理应用于调度策略。在厂网协调减排中，分析了不同碳减排量以及碳捕集装置在电网中的位置对网损的影响，为电网理论线损在碳捕集减排方面的分析提供了理论基础。
Power grid theoretical line loss calculation is one of the technical means adopted bypower grid corporation analyzing and making a strategic decision in power system. It canprovide theoretical basis for saving energy and reducing loss by finding currentshortcoming in power grid structure and system operation. With the development of smartgrid and electric power automation in our country, power grid theoretical line losscalculation trends to online calculation in power grid corporation. Basic data in onlinecalculation is from Common Information Mode(CIM) of61970standard(IEC61970standard) drawn up by International Electrotechnical Commission(ICE), to be late forimplementation of IEC61970standard in our country, model and data of CIM need to beimproved, hence, power grid theoretical line loss calculation which is going to be online insome power grid corporation is in the mode of quasi-online. Power grid theoretical lineloss quasi-online calculation faces many problems to solve urgently now because of thelack of online calculation condition. Moreover, energy-saving and emission-reducing putforward in national “12th five-year” plan also make analysis of power grid theoretical lineloss facing new challenges. Hence, at the basis of delving into the existing problems inpower grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation， this paper provides thecorresponding methods and analyses the effection of energy-saving and emission-reducingon theoretical line loss. At the same time, illustrative numerical results are presented toprove the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The major contents of this paper arepresented as follows：
Firstly, a scavenging grid computing platform fitting for power grid theoretical lineloss quasi-online calculation is offered. Adopting the Internet CommunicationsEngine(ICE) technology, a power grid theoretical line loss scavenging grid computingplatform making full use of idle processor resources and idle multi-core CPU isestablished to enhance parallel computing ability and lighten the burden of server.Centralized computing and distributed computing are compatible by standby grid.Combining ant colony algorithm and2-opt optimization, job scheduling allocating the taskaccording to load condition is researched.
Secondly, a selection method of slack bus for power flow calculation is provided torealize the automation of power flow calculation and improve the accuracy of power flowcalculation. On the basis of research of slack bus selection condition, a node importantdegree model including node cohesion degree, injection power and node degree is offeredto select a slack bus according to the complex network theory. The actual power systemsimulation results show that a slack bus can be selected more accurately by the offerednode important degree model in conventional power flow calculation.
Thirdly, in the light of the lack of Scalable Vector Graphics(SVG) or theinconsistency between SVG and CIM, an automatic plating method of single-linediagrams for power transmission networks is offered. The plating of single-line diagramstransformed into quadratic assignment problem adopts ant colony algorithm whose localoptimum is solved by3-opt optimization. Graphic block fixing substation position makespower grid layout more close to the actual. Simulation results show that clear layout andshort solving-time of the plating of single-line diagrams meet the demands of power gridcorporation.
Fourthly, the frame of power grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation isestablished. Mapping relation between power grid theoretical line loss calculation andCIM is provided through studying the CIM carefully; the frame of power grid theoreticalline loss quasi-online calculation based on CIM is offered by researching computingplatform and selection method of slack bus and plating method of single-line diagrams intheoretical line loss calculation and IEC61970standard; in the light of the lack some dataof CIM applied to power grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation, model of CIMis extended to meet power grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation.
Finally, under carbon emission reduction day index constraints, carbon captureemission reduction model is established, and the effection of power plants and power gridcoordination(plant-grid coordination) emission reduction on line loss is analysed.Considering the carbon emission reduction day index constraints, model of power plantsand plant-grid emission reduction with carbon capture is created, and Multi-Agent Systemis applied to dispatch strategy. The effection of various carbon emission reduction on lineloss and the effection of position of carbon capture device in power grid on line loss are researched in plant-grid coordination. It provides theoretical basis for analysis of powergrid theoretical line loss on carbon capture emission reduction.
首先，提出了一种适合电网理论线损准在线计算的拾遗网格平台。采用InternetCommunications Engine(ICE)技术建立电网理论线损网格计算平台，充分利用电网公司的空闲计算资源和计算机CPU的多核计算能力，使计算的并行能力大大提高并减轻服务器的负担；充分考虑了集中计算和分布式计算的特点，通过备用网格，实现了两种计算方式的兼容；采用蚁群算法和2-opt优化相结合，研究了根据负载状况进行任务分配的作业调度问题。
其次，为实现输电网潮流计算的自动计算、提高结果准确度，给出了一种潮流计算的平衡节点选取方法。在分析平衡节点选取条件的基础上，根据复杂网络理论建立了适合常规潮流计算平衡节点选取的节点重要度模型，通过节点凝聚度、注入功率和节点度数综合判断节点重要度。仿真表明，根据节点重要度选取的平衡节点能够得到较准确的计算结果。
接着，针对IEC61970中可缩放矢量图形(Scalable Vector Graphics，SVG)与CIM信息不一致或者SVG文件缺失的情况，提出一种输电网单线图自动布局的方法。将电网布局转化为二次分配问题并采用蚁群算法求解，实现了输电网单线图自动布局，同时结合3-opt优化克服蚁群算法易陷入局部最优的问题。通过图形分块固定变电站位置，使生成的电网结构布局更接近实际结构。仿真表明生成的单线图布局清晰、求解时间短，能够满足实际要求。
然后，建立电网理论线损准在线计算框架。通过对CIM标准的详细研究，确定电网理论线损计算与CIM的映射关系；在研究电网理论线损的计算平台、平衡节点选取、单线图布局和IEC61970标准的基础上，提出了基于CIM的电网理论线损准在线计算框架；针对CIM应用于电网理论线损准在线计算存在部分数据缺失的情况，对CIM进行了模型扩展。
最后，在碳减排日指标约束下，建立了碳捕集减排模型，分析了电厂和电网协调(厂网协调)减排对网损的影响。考虑碳减排日指标，建立具有碳捕集设备的厂内减排模型和厂网协调减排模型，并将多代理应用于调度策略。在厂网协调减排中，分析了不同碳减排量以及碳捕集装置在电网中的位置对网损的影响，为电网理论线损在碳捕集减排方面的分析提供了理论基础。
Power grid theoretical line loss calculation is one of the technical means adopted bypower grid corporation analyzing and making a strategic decision in power system. It canprovide theoretical basis for saving energy and reducing loss by finding currentshortcoming in power grid structure and system operation. With the development of smartgrid and electric power automation in our country, power grid theoretical line losscalculation trends to online calculation in power grid corporation. Basic data in onlinecalculation is from Common Information Mode(CIM) of61970standard(IEC61970standard) drawn up by International Electrotechnical Commission(ICE), to be late forimplementation of IEC61970standard in our country, model and data of CIM need to beimproved, hence, power grid theoretical line loss calculation which is going to be online insome power grid corporation is in the mode of quasi-online. Power grid theoretical lineloss quasi-online calculation faces many problems to solve urgently now because of thelack of online calculation condition. Moreover, energy-saving and emission-reducing putforward in national “12th five-year” plan also make analysis of power grid theoretical lineloss facing new challenges. Hence, at the basis of delving into the existing problems inpower grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation， this paper provides thecorresponding methods and analyses the effection of energy-saving and emission-reducingon theoretical line loss. At the same time, illustrative numerical results are presented toprove the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The major contents of this paper arepresented as follows：
Firstly, a scavenging grid computing platform fitting for power grid theoretical lineloss quasi-online calculation is offered. Adopting the Internet CommunicationsEngine(ICE) technology, a power grid theoretical line loss scavenging grid computingplatform making full use of idle processor resources and idle multi-core CPU isestablished to enhance parallel computing ability and lighten the burden of server.Centralized computing and distributed computing are compatible by standby grid.Combining ant colony algorithm and2-opt optimization, job scheduling allocating the taskaccording to load condition is researched.
Secondly, a selection method of slack bus for power flow calculation is provided torealize the automation of power flow calculation and improve the accuracy of power flowcalculation. On the basis of research of slack bus selection condition, a node importantdegree model including node cohesion degree, injection power and node degree is offeredto select a slack bus according to the complex network theory. The actual power systemsimulation results show that a slack bus can be selected more accurately by the offerednode important degree model in conventional power flow calculation.
Thirdly, in the light of the lack of Scalable Vector Graphics(SVG) or theinconsistency between SVG and CIM, an automatic plating method of single-linediagrams for power transmission networks is offered. The plating of single-line diagramstransformed into quadratic assignment problem adopts ant colony algorithm whose localoptimum is solved by3-opt optimization. Graphic block fixing substation position makespower grid layout more close to the actual. Simulation results show that clear layout andshort solving-time of the plating of single-line diagrams meet the demands of power gridcorporation.
Fourthly, the frame of power grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation isestablished. Mapping relation between power grid theoretical line loss calculation andCIM is provided through studying the CIM carefully; the frame of power grid theoreticalline loss quasi-online calculation based on CIM is offered by researching computingplatform and selection method of slack bus and plating method of single-line diagrams intheoretical line loss calculation and IEC61970standard; in the light of the lack some dataof CIM applied to power grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation, model of CIMis extended to meet power grid theoretical line loss quasi-online calculation.
Finally, under carbon emission reduction day index constraints, carbon captureemission reduction model is established, and the effection of power plants and power gridcoordination(plant-grid coordination) emission reduction on line loss is analysed.Considering the carbon emission reduction day index constraints, model of power plantsand plant-grid emission reduction with carbon capture is created, and Multi-Agent Systemis applied to dispatch strategy. The effection of various carbon emission reduction on lineloss and the effection of position of carbon capture device in power grid on line loss are researched in plant-grid coordination. It provides theoretical basis for analysis of powergrid theoretical line loss on carbon capture emission reduction.
引文
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