分布式电源和电动汽车对配电系统规划和运行的影响研究
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摘要
随着可用的输电走廊越来越少以及全球气温的逐步变暖，分布式电源正在全世界的电力系统中发挥着越来越重要的角色。分布式电源在结合了新能源技术后，不但能够有效地减少能源损失、污染气体排放和投资风险，而且能够提高电力系统的稳定和安全、改善电能质量和增加能源利用效率，但分布式电源在电力系统中的大量渗透也给电力系统的安全与经济运行带来了挑战。
另一方面，随着化石能源的逐步枯竭和公众对环境保护关注程度的不断提高，电动汽车受到了越来越普遍的重视。然而，电动汽车充电站的选址和定容非常重要，处理不当就有可能影响城市交通网络的规划布局、电动汽车用户的出行便利，进而影响电动汽车的广泛应用，也可能导致电能损耗显著增加、某些节点电压明显下降。
在这些背景下，本论文旨在对分布式电源和电动汽车对配电系统规划和运行的影响问题进行系统而深入的研究，使得分布式电源和电动汽车能够合理和平稳地接入电力系统的实际运行中，同时，能够发挥其本身蕴含的巨大潜力，更好地为系统提供改善电能质量，提高供电可靠性和增加运行灵活性等诸多辅助性服务。
本论文的主要研究内容如下：
（1）采用了配电系统的网损对各节点电压的灵敏度，来确定分布式电源的最优选址。然后，以配电系统中各节点电压质量最优为目标函数，考虑了各种约束条件，构造了分布式电源最优容量的数学模型。最后，采用改进的原对偶内点法来求解出分布式电源的最优容量。算例结果表明，所提出的方法不但确定了最优的分布式电源定址和选容，而且优化了各节点的电压质量，同时大幅度地减少了网损。
（2）基于机会约束规划框架，构造了以分布式电源的总成本（包括投资、运行和维护成本）和网损费用最小为目标函数，以系统安全运行要求为约束，以分布式电源的安装位置和容量为优化变量的数学模型。之后，采用了基于蒙特卡罗模拟嵌入遗传算法的方法来求解所发展的优化问题。最后，用IEEE37节点配电系统说明了所发展的模型与方法是可行和有效的。
（3）提出了能够计及地理因素和服务半径的两步筛选法来确定电动汽车充电站的候选站址。根据地理信息系统中广泛应用的伏罗诺伊图，对充电站的充电服务区域进行划分，从而指导车主根据电池状态选择适当的充电站进行充电。
然后，以规划期内充电站的总成本（包括投资、运行和维护成本）和网损费用最小为目标函数，考虑了相关的约束条件，从而构造了电动汽车充电站最优规划的数学模型。最后，采用改进的原对偶内点法来求解所发展的优化问题。最后，用修改的IEEE123节点配电系统来说明所发展的模型与算法的基本特征。算例结果表明，所提出的方法可以得到合理的充电站规划方案，电压质量和负荷曲线均得到优化，从而提高了系统运行的安全性和可靠性。
（4）提出了一种计及分布式电源和负荷静态特性的最优低频减载策略。以频率及频率变化率为执行依据，并由基本轮和特殊轮组成。在基本轮中，分轮次快速切除负荷，以保证频率摆脱紧急状态。而在特殊轮中，构建了以切负荷成本最小、节点电压质量指标最优和频率波动指标最小这三项指标的组合作为目标函数，考虑了各种约束条件的数学模型。从而，优化分布式电源的出力和调整部分负荷，以保证频率恢复到安全状态并使系统运行参数最优。最后，在MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真环境下以修改的IEEE37节点配电系统为例来验证所提出的最优低频减载策略的有效性。
With the limitation of available transmission corridors and the gradual increase in theglobal temperature, rapid development of Distributed Generators (DGs) has been observedaround the world. DGs combined with distributed energy resource (DER), not only can reduceenergy loss, lessen emission and decrease investment risk, but also can enhance the stabilityand security of power system, improve the power quality and increase energy utilization.However, the extensive penetrations of DGs could lead to some risks to the secure andeconomic operation of power systems
Otherwise, with the progressive exhaustion of fossil energy and the enhanced awarenessof environmental protection, electric vehicles (EVs) have been paid more and more attention.Inappropriate siting and sizing of EV charging stations could affect the development of EVs,the layout of the city traffic network and the convenience of the EV drivers, as well as lead toan increase in network losses and a drop of voltage quality at some buses.
Given these backgrounds, many systematic and in-depth investigations on impacts ofdistributed generators and electric vehicles on distribution system planning and operationhave been done in this dissertation for the reasonable and stable penetrations of them intopower system. Meanwhile, the huge potentials can be explored and a lot of auxiliary services,such as the improvement of power quality, the enhancement of power supply reliability andthe increasement of operation flexibility can be achieved.
Specifically, the contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) A sensitivity based approach is presented to identify the optimal siting of DGs. Onthe other hand, the optimal sizing of DGs is determined by the Modified Primal-Dual InteriorPoint Algorithm with an objective of maintaining the voltage profile at the optimal level.IEEE123-node test feeder is employed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to search for the optimal solutionsquickly. At the same time, the voltage profiles are obviously improved and the network loss isdecreased dramatically
(2) Under the chance constrained programming (CCP) framework, a new method ispresented to handle these uncertainties in the optimal siting and sizing of DGs. First, amathematical model of CCP is developed with the minimization of the DGs’ investment cost,operating cost, maintenance cost, network loss cost as well as the capacity adequacy cost asthe objective, security limitations as constraints, the siting and sizing of DGs as optimization variables. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation embedded genetic algorithm based approach isemployed to solve the developed CCP model. Finally, the IEEE37-node test feeder is used toverify the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed model and method, and the test resultshave demonstrated that the voltage profile and power supply reliability for customers can besignificantly improved and the network loss substantially reduced.
(3) A two-step screening method with the environment factors and the service radius ofEV charging stations considered is first presented to identify the candidate sites of EVcharging stations. The charging service area of each EV charging station is divided in terms ofthe Voronoi diagram (also called Thiessen polygons), which has been extensively applied togeographic information system (GIS). The EVs’ owners can choose the proper EV chargingstations for charging on basis of the SOC in battery packs.
Then, a mathematical model for optimizing the siting and sizing of EV charging stationsis developed and solved by a Modified Primal-Dual Interior Point Algorithm with theminimization of the sum of the EV charging stations’ investment costs, operation costs andmaintenance costs, as well as the network loss costs as the objective function, and someoperating limitations as constraints to be respected. Finally, the IEEE123-node test feeder isemployed to illustrate the essential features of the developed model and method. The testresults demonstrate that the proposed model and method not only can obtain the reasonableplanning schemes of EV charging stations, but also optimize the load curve and voltagequality, as well as enhance the security and reliability of power systems.
(4) An optimal under-frequency load shedding strategy for a distribution system withDGs and load static characteristics taken into consideration is developed. Based on thefrequency and the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), the presented strategy consists ofseveral basic rounds and a special round. In the basic round, the frequency emergency can bealleviated by quickly shedding some loads in a certain orders.
In the special round, a mathematical model is developed with the minimization of threeindexes including the load shedding cost, the total sum of the squared voltage deviations at allnodes, and the total sum of the squared frequency deviations as the multi-objective function,and some constraints considered. As a result, the frequency security can be maintained andthe operating parameters of the distribution system can be optimized by adjusting the outputpowers of DGs and some loads. The modified IEEE37-node test feeder is employed todemonstrate the essential features of the developed optimal UFLS strategy in theMATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
另一方面，随着化石能源的逐步枯竭和公众对环境保护关注程度的不断提高，电动汽车受到了越来越普遍的重视。然而，电动汽车充电站的选址和定容非常重要，处理不当就有可能影响城市交通网络的规划布局、电动汽车用户的出行便利，进而影响电动汽车的广泛应用，也可能导致电能损耗显著增加、某些节点电压明显下降。
在这些背景下，本论文旨在对分布式电源和电动汽车对配电系统规划和运行的影响问题进行系统而深入的研究，使得分布式电源和电动汽车能够合理和平稳地接入电力系统的实际运行中，同时，能够发挥其本身蕴含的巨大潜力，更好地为系统提供改善电能质量，提高供电可靠性和增加运行灵活性等诸多辅助性服务。
本论文的主要研究内容如下：
（1）采用了配电系统的网损对各节点电压的灵敏度，来确定分布式电源的最优选址。然后，以配电系统中各节点电压质量最优为目标函数，考虑了各种约束条件，构造了分布式电源最优容量的数学模型。最后，采用改进的原对偶内点法来求解出分布式电源的最优容量。算例结果表明，所提出的方法不但确定了最优的分布式电源定址和选容，而且优化了各节点的电压质量，同时大幅度地减少了网损。
（2）基于机会约束规划框架，构造了以分布式电源的总成本（包括投资、运行和维护成本）和网损费用最小为目标函数，以系统安全运行要求为约束，以分布式电源的安装位置和容量为优化变量的数学模型。之后，采用了基于蒙特卡罗模拟嵌入遗传算法的方法来求解所发展的优化问题。最后，用IEEE37节点配电系统说明了所发展的模型与方法是可行和有效的。
（3）提出了能够计及地理因素和服务半径的两步筛选法来确定电动汽车充电站的候选站址。根据地理信息系统中广泛应用的伏罗诺伊图，对充电站的充电服务区域进行划分，从而指导车主根据电池状态选择适当的充电站进行充电。
然后，以规划期内充电站的总成本（包括投资、运行和维护成本）和网损费用最小为目标函数，考虑了相关的约束条件，从而构造了电动汽车充电站最优规划的数学模型。最后，采用改进的原对偶内点法来求解所发展的优化问题。最后，用修改的IEEE123节点配电系统来说明所发展的模型与算法的基本特征。算例结果表明，所提出的方法可以得到合理的充电站规划方案，电压质量和负荷曲线均得到优化，从而提高了系统运行的安全性和可靠性。
（4）提出了一种计及分布式电源和负荷静态特性的最优低频减载策略。以频率及频率变化率为执行依据，并由基本轮和特殊轮组成。在基本轮中，分轮次快速切除负荷，以保证频率摆脱紧急状态。而在特殊轮中，构建了以切负荷成本最小、节点电压质量指标最优和频率波动指标最小这三项指标的组合作为目标函数，考虑了各种约束条件的数学模型。从而，优化分布式电源的出力和调整部分负荷，以保证频率恢复到安全状态并使系统运行参数最优。最后，在MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真环境下以修改的IEEE37节点配电系统为例来验证所提出的最优低频减载策略的有效性。
With the limitation of available transmission corridors and the gradual increase in theglobal temperature, rapid development of Distributed Generators (DGs) has been observedaround the world. DGs combined with distributed energy resource (DER), not only can reduceenergy loss, lessen emission and decrease investment risk, but also can enhance the stabilityand security of power system, improve the power quality and increase energy utilization.However, the extensive penetrations of DGs could lead to some risks to the secure andeconomic operation of power systems
Otherwise, with the progressive exhaustion of fossil energy and the enhanced awarenessof environmental protection, electric vehicles (EVs) have been paid more and more attention.Inappropriate siting and sizing of EV charging stations could affect the development of EVs,the layout of the city traffic network and the convenience of the EV drivers, as well as lead toan increase in network losses and a drop of voltage quality at some buses.
Given these backgrounds, many systematic and in-depth investigations on impacts ofdistributed generators and electric vehicles on distribution system planning and operationhave been done in this dissertation for the reasonable and stable penetrations of them intopower system. Meanwhile, the huge potentials can be explored and a lot of auxiliary services,such as the improvement of power quality, the enhancement of power supply reliability andthe increasement of operation flexibility can be achieved.
Specifically, the contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) A sensitivity based approach is presented to identify the optimal siting of DGs. Onthe other hand, the optimal sizing of DGs is determined by the Modified Primal-Dual InteriorPoint Algorithm with an objective of maintaining the voltage profile at the optimal level.IEEE123-node test feeder is employed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to search for the optimal solutionsquickly. At the same time, the voltage profiles are obviously improved and the network loss isdecreased dramatically
(2) Under the chance constrained programming (CCP) framework, a new method ispresented to handle these uncertainties in the optimal siting and sizing of DGs. First, amathematical model of CCP is developed with the minimization of the DGs’ investment cost,operating cost, maintenance cost, network loss cost as well as the capacity adequacy cost asthe objective, security limitations as constraints, the siting and sizing of DGs as optimization variables. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation embedded genetic algorithm based approach isemployed to solve the developed CCP model. Finally, the IEEE37-node test feeder is used toverify the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed model and method, and the test resultshave demonstrated that the voltage profile and power supply reliability for customers can besignificantly improved and the network loss substantially reduced.
(3) A two-step screening method with the environment factors and the service radius ofEV charging stations considered is first presented to identify the candidate sites of EVcharging stations. The charging service area of each EV charging station is divided in terms ofthe Voronoi diagram (also called Thiessen polygons), which has been extensively applied togeographic information system (GIS). The EVs’ owners can choose the proper EV chargingstations for charging on basis of the SOC in battery packs.
Then, a mathematical model for optimizing the siting and sizing of EV charging stationsis developed and solved by a Modified Primal-Dual Interior Point Algorithm with theminimization of the sum of the EV charging stations’ investment costs, operation costs andmaintenance costs, as well as the network loss costs as the objective function, and someoperating limitations as constraints to be respected. Finally, the IEEE123-node test feeder isemployed to illustrate the essential features of the developed model and method. The testresults demonstrate that the proposed model and method not only can obtain the reasonableplanning schemes of EV charging stations, but also optimize the load curve and voltagequality, as well as enhance the security and reliability of power systems.
(4) An optimal under-frequency load shedding strategy for a distribution system withDGs and load static characteristics taken into consideration is developed. Based on thefrequency and the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), the presented strategy consists ofseveral basic rounds and a special round. In the basic round, the frequency emergency can bealleviated by quickly shedding some loads in a certain orders.
In the special round, a mathematical model is developed with the minimization of threeindexes including the load shedding cost, the total sum of the squared voltage deviations at allnodes, and the total sum of the squared frequency deviations as the multi-objective function,and some constraints considered. As a result, the frequency security can be maintained andthe operating parameters of the distribution system can be optimized by adjusting the outputpowers of DGs and some loads. The modified IEEE37-node test feeder is employed todemonstrate the essential features of the developed optimal UFLS strategy in theMATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
引文
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