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中国沿海地区经济增长与海洋环境污染关系实证研究
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摘要
中国沿海11地区以13%的土地面积,创造了全国60%的财富,取得了令人瞩目的成绩。但是在沿海地区经济快速发展的同时,海洋环境污染越来越严重,海洋的生命活力正因为人类的污染行为而不断减弱。因此,加强中国沿海地区经济增长与海洋环境污染关系的研究,对于合理开发利用海洋资源,保护海洋环境,促进沿海地区经济健康、良性和协调发展具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
     本文以沿海地区经济增长与海洋环境污染之间的关系为研究对象,运用定性分析与定量分析相结合、规范分析与实证分析相结合的研究方法,依据权威机构公开数据,统筹多种计量分析技术,采用多个分析模型,从不同层次、不同纬度、不同角度、不同深度对沿海地区经济增长和海洋环境污染之间的关系进行了全面、系统、科学地分析和研究。试图对沿海地区经济与海洋环境污染的现实状态、相互影响机制以及影响程度有相对精确地把握,进而为各级政府经济发展规划和海洋环境综合治理提供政策建议;同时希望为沿海地区经济增长和海洋环境污染关系的研究开拓一个新的思路,为二者关系更科学、更全面、更深刻、更客观地分析研究提供一个新的视角。
     本文的主要内容由三部分组成。第一部分以VAR计量分析技术为指导,构建了海洋经济与海洋环境四个分析模型。在对数据进行单位根检验和协整检验的基础上,运用统计分析方法确定了所建VAR的滞后阶数,然后进行了模型拟合和稳定性检验,最后使用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法对估计结果进行了方向和程度上的分析。第二部分以面板数据计量分析技术为指导,使用既包含时间序列信息又包含截面信息的数据,分别构建了三个环境库兹涅茨曲线分析模型;在对数据进行单位根和协整分析的基础上,根据数据特性确定模型形式,然后分别进行了模型拟合和估计结果分析。第三部分以联立方程理论为指导,构建了包含三要素生产函数和对数线性三次环境库兹涅茨曲线为主体联立方程组,分别估算了全国地区、渤黄海地区、东海地区和南海地区四个联立方程系数;运用情景分析方法对四个模型进行了动态冲击分析,而后又以实际数据为依据,客观真实地分析了我国海洋经济和环境当前所处的状态。
     通过分析VAR模型得到的主要结论是:赤潮随海洋海洋第二产业增长而增加,其中海洋船舶制造业对赤潮面积的变动影响最明显,海洋环境污染累计污染指数对赤潮的影响作用最大;石油类污染和重金属中镉污染会减少海洋经济总量,疏浚物数值和海水中铜的浓度越高响应地海洋经济总量越大。通过分析面板数据模型得到的主要结论是:沿海11地区的经济和海洋环境污染具有相同的演变途径和趋势,环境库兹涅茨曲线总体呈“N”形,海洋环境污染在经历了一个短暂的改善时期后正不断恶化。通过分析联立方程模型得到的主要结论是:产业结构变动对改善海洋环境污染作用不明显,沿海地区经济增长没能改善海洋环境污染,环保投入总量偏低未起到改善环境污染的作用。
     通过本文的研究发现,沿海地区经济增长与海洋环境污染之间存在复杂关系。不但不同的指标之间影响机制不同,而且同一指标在不同地区的关系也存在差异。因此应当从整体上综合把握沿海地区经济增长与海洋环境之间的关系,根据不同地区不同变量的相互关系,采取不同的措施有针对性地实施管控。
The land of China’s11Coastal Provinces which accounts for13%of the wholearea created60%of the national wealth. The result attracts the world’s attention. Butwith the rapid economic development in coastal areas, the marine environmentalpollution is becoming more and more serious, marine life decreases because of thepollution of human behavior. Therefore, studying on the relationship between theeconomic growth in China's coastal areas and pollution of the marine environment,the rational development and utilization of marine resources, the protection of themarine environment, have important theoretical and practical significance to promotethe healthy and coordinated economy development in coastal areas.
     The paper targets the relationship between the economic growth in coastal areasand the marine environment pollution by using the methods of qualitative analysis andquantitative analysis, normative analysis combined with empirical analysis, based onthe authority of public data, and a variety of econometric techniques, using multiplemodels, from different levels, different latitudes, different angles, Attempts to masterthe real state of the mutual influence mechanism as well as the influence to relativelyaccurately so as to provide policy recommendations for comprehensive managementof economic development planning and the marine environment at all levels ofgovernment. Meanwhile, it tries to explore a new way for the study of economicgrowth in coastal areas and the marine environment pollution relations and provides anew perspective to study more scientifically, comprehensively, more profoundly, andmore objectively.
     This paper consists of three parts. The first part builds marine economy andmarine environment four analysis model by VAR analysis technology. Based on theunit root test and cointegration test for the data, using statistical analysis method to determine the VAR lag order number, and then the model fitting and stability test, itanalyzed the estimation results in the impulse response function and variancedecomposition method. The second part uses the panel data econometric analysistechnology, which contains both time series information and section information, andbuilds three environmental Kunzites curve analysis model. Based on the unit root andcointegration analysis, determined according to the model of data, it implements themodel fitting and estimation analysis. The third part sets up the simultaneous equation,which includes three elements of the production function and the logarithmic linearthree environmental Kunzites curve as the main body of simultaneous equations. Thecoefficients of the equation of four simultaneous national areas, the Yellow Sea area,the East China Sea and South China Sea Area have been estimated. With the scenarioanalysis method for the four model the dynamic impact, based on actual data, itobjectively analyzes the status of the marine economy and environment in ourcountry.
     The main conclusions which are drawn by VAR model analysis are: red tide isincreased with marine second industry growth. The marine shipbuilding industry andthe pollution of the marine environment have greatly changed the red tide area. Theoil pollution and heavy metal pollution of cadmium could reduce the total marineeconomy. The concentration of dredged material numerical and seawater copperhigher response to the total marine economy. The main conclusions of the analysis ofpanel data model are: the economy of11coastal areas and the pollution of the marineenvironment have the same way and trend of development. The environmentalKunzites curve showed "N" shape. The pollution of the marine environment isdeteriorating in experienced a short period of improvement. The main conclusions bythe simultaneous equation model are: the changes in the industrial structure have littleeffect on the pollution of the marine environment. The economic growth can'timprove the marine environment pollution. The environmental protection investmentis not to improve environmental contamination.
     This paper shows that there is a complex relationship between economic growth in coastal areas and the marine environment pollution. Not only different indexeshave different effect mechanism, but also the same indicators in different regions arealso different. So we should grasp the relationship between economic growth incoastal areas and the marine environment as a whole, according to the relationshipbetween different regions and different variables, taking different measures to control.
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