我国服务贸易国际竞争力研究
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摘要
1994年关税与贸易总协定(GATT)乌拉圭回合谈判通过了《服务贸易总协定》,这标志着世界经济进入了一个新的历史时期—服务经济时期。服务贸易在各国经济发展中日益显示出其重要作用,成为衡量—国国际竞争力的重要标准。改革开放以来,我国服务贸易迅速发展,规模不断扩大,然而,由于我国服务业发展的起点低、起步晚、基数小,整体竞争力相对落后。另外,我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)后,要降低市场准入壁垒,逐步开放服务市场,并允许外资进入我国服务业市场,实行国民待遇,这势必会给我国服务业发展带来挑战。因此,认真分析和评估我国服务贸易国际竞争力,不仅可为政府采取合理的经济政策提供客观依据,同时也有助于指导服务贸易的发展,减小服务贸易逆差,提高我国经济竞争力。
本文首先介绍了服务贸易的基本概念及其特点、国际服务贸易的发展趋势及我国服务贸易发展的现状与特点。
其次将传统的比较优势理论和竞争优势理论分别应用于服务贸易领域进行适用性研究,并将二者进行比较,以此作为服务贸易国际竞争力研究的理论基础,发现基于完全竞争的市场结构和要素不能在国际间流动的假设之上的比较优势是静态优势,而以不完全竞争市场结构和要素流动为前提的竞争优势是动态优势。比较优势是获取竞争优势的条件,竞争优势则将潜在的比较优势转化为现实的优势。要提高竞争力,比较优势和竞争优势缺一不可。
接着,对我国服务贸易的国际竞争力进行了分析。选择贸易竞争力指数、显示性比较优势指数、显示性竞争比较优势指数和净出口显示性比较优势指数四项指标构成以服务进出口数据为基础的指标体系,以八个样本经济体为参照系,对我国服务贸易的总体国际竞争力和各行业上的国际竞争力进行了比较研究。分析结果表明:我国服务贸易整体国际竞争力较低,而且我国服务贸易各行业国际竞争力状况不尽相同,除了旅游和其他商业服务具有较强的出口竞争力外,其余服务项目的出口竞争力都很弱,尤其在金融、保险、专利和信息等高附加值的服务贸易领域。
最后一部分针对我国服务贸易整体竞争力不强,国际竞争力有待提高的紧迫形势,提出了构筑我国服务贸易国际竞争力的政策建议。
In 1994 ,General Agreemento on Tariff and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round negotiation has passed through General Agreement on Trade in Service (CATS),which symbolizes the world economy has entered into a new historical period—service economy. Service trade shows its more and more important standard to measure a country's international competitiveness. Since reform and open, our trade in service develop quickly and Its scale expanded. However, due to our low starting point for the development of the service industry, late start, the small base, the overall competitiveness of the relatively backward.Besides, after the WTO entry, we have to lower market entering barriers, open service market progressively, allow foreign capital entering and implement national treatment,which will bring strong challenge to the development of our service.Therefore, anaiyzing and assessing the competitive force of our service trade will not only provide objective foundation for government taking rational economical policy, but also do good to instruct the government of service trade, reduce deficit of service trade, enhance our economic force.
First,this article recommends the basic conceptions of trade in services and their characteristic、current situation and characteristic that development of international service trade trend and our country service trade develop.
The second, it applies separately the traditional comparative advantage theory and competitive advantage theory into the domain of the trade in service as the basic theory of the studies on international competitiveness of service trade.Comparativea advantage is the precondition to gain the competitive advantage,and the competitive advantage is able to transform the potential comparative advantage into the realistic one.
The third,the paper analyzes the International competitiveness of service trade. It sets up an index system basing on the service data of import and export, which is composed of four indexes such as Trade competitive Power Index, Revealed Comparative Advantage index,Competitive Advantage, Net Export Revealed Comparative Advantage index, makes a close of industrial and worldwide comparative analysis of our service trade competitiveness with eight sample economic zones.The result indicates that the competitiveness of our service trade is comparatively low and the international competitiveness of each industry is different.Except for tourism and other commercial service have strong export competitive force, other items' are weak, especially finance, insurance, patent, information and so on,which is belong to service trade field of high additional value.
At last,the serves to put forward the policy suggestions to improve the international competitiveness on trade in service of our country.
本文首先介绍了服务贸易的基本概念及其特点、国际服务贸易的发展趋势及我国服务贸易发展的现状与特点。
其次将传统的比较优势理论和竞争优势理论分别应用于服务贸易领域进行适用性研究,并将二者进行比较,以此作为服务贸易国际竞争力研究的理论基础,发现基于完全竞争的市场结构和要素不能在国际间流动的假设之上的比较优势是静态优势,而以不完全竞争市场结构和要素流动为前提的竞争优势是动态优势。比较优势是获取竞争优势的条件,竞争优势则将潜在的比较优势转化为现实的优势。要提高竞争力,比较优势和竞争优势缺一不可。
接着,对我国服务贸易的国际竞争力进行了分析。选择贸易竞争力指数、显示性比较优势指数、显示性竞争比较优势指数和净出口显示性比较优势指数四项指标构成以服务进出口数据为基础的指标体系,以八个样本经济体为参照系,对我国服务贸易的总体国际竞争力和各行业上的国际竞争力进行了比较研究。分析结果表明:我国服务贸易整体国际竞争力较低,而且我国服务贸易各行业国际竞争力状况不尽相同,除了旅游和其他商业服务具有较强的出口竞争力外,其余服务项目的出口竞争力都很弱,尤其在金融、保险、专利和信息等高附加值的服务贸易领域。
最后一部分针对我国服务贸易整体竞争力不强,国际竞争力有待提高的紧迫形势,提出了构筑我国服务贸易国际竞争力的政策建议。
In 1994 ,General Agreemento on Tariff and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round negotiation has passed through General Agreement on Trade in Service (CATS),which symbolizes the world economy has entered into a new historical period—service economy. Service trade shows its more and more important standard to measure a country's international competitiveness. Since reform and open, our trade in service develop quickly and Its scale expanded. However, due to our low starting point for the development of the service industry, late start, the small base, the overall competitiveness of the relatively backward.Besides, after the WTO entry, we have to lower market entering barriers, open service market progressively, allow foreign capital entering and implement national treatment,which will bring strong challenge to the development of our service.Therefore, anaiyzing and assessing the competitive force of our service trade will not only provide objective foundation for government taking rational economical policy, but also do good to instruct the government of service trade, reduce deficit of service trade, enhance our economic force.
First,this article recommends the basic conceptions of trade in services and their characteristic、current situation and characteristic that development of international service trade trend and our country service trade develop.
The second, it applies separately the traditional comparative advantage theory and competitive advantage theory into the domain of the trade in service as the basic theory of the studies on international competitiveness of service trade.Comparativea advantage is the precondition to gain the competitive advantage,and the competitive advantage is able to transform the potential comparative advantage into the realistic one.
The third,the paper analyzes the International competitiveness of service trade. It sets up an index system basing on the service data of import and export, which is composed of four indexes such as Trade competitive Power Index, Revealed Comparative Advantage index,Competitive Advantage, Net Export Revealed Comparative Advantage index, makes a close of industrial and worldwide comparative analysis of our service trade competitiveness with eight sample economic zones.The result indicates that the competitiveness of our service trade is comparatively low and the international competitiveness of each industry is different.Except for tourism and other commercial service have strong export competitive force, other items' are weak, especially finance, insurance, patent, information and so on,which is belong to service trade field of high additional value.
At last,the serves to put forward the policy suggestions to improve the international competitiveness on trade in service of our country.
引文
1 B.Hindley and A.Smith.Comparative Advantage and Trade in service.The World Economy,1984,7(4):369-389
2 A.Deardorff.Comparative Advantage and International Trade and Investment in Services.Trade and Investment in Service:Canade/US Perspective,Toronto:Ontario Economic Council,1985
3 K.Tucker and M.Sundberg.lnternational Trade in Services.Rortledge,1988
4 A.Sapir,Trade in Service.Policy Issues for the Eighties.Columbia Journal of World Business,1982:79
5 A.Sapir,Trade in investment-related technological services,World development,1986,1(4):605-622
6 R.J.Langhammer.North-South trade in services:some empirical evidence.In:H.Giersch(ed).Tbingen:Services in World Economics Growth,1989:211-322
7 B.Hockman and G.Karsenty,Protection and Trade in Service:a survey,Open Economic Review,1997:285-308
8 B.Burgress.Gains from global linkages:trade in services and movements of persons.St.Martin's Press,Inc.1997:23-26.
9 B.Hoekman,C.A.Primao.Protection and trade in services:a survey.Open Economic Review,1997(3):285-308.
10 金碚.中国工业国际竞争力—理论、方法与实证研究[M],经济管理出版社,1997
11 程大中.中国服务贸易显性比较优势的定量分析[J],上海经济研究,2003(5):17-24
12 李怀政,我国服务贸易国际竞争力现状及国家竞争优势战略[J],国际贸易问题,2003(2):52-57
13 李晓钟,张小蒂,我国对外服务贸易国际竞争力分析[J],福建论坛 人文社会科学版,2004(7):35-38
14 对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司编:关税与贸易总协定业务手册(续一)[M],北京:经济管理出版社,1993:428
16 王粤.服务贸易—自由化与竞争力[M],北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003:20
17 A.Sapir,Trade in services:policy issues for the eighties,Columbia Journal of World Economy,1982:79
18 B.Hindley and A.Smith,Comparative advantage and trade in services,The World Economy,1984:389
19 杨圣明编,服务贸易—中国与世界[M],北京:民主与建设出版社,1999:377
20 R.Dick and H.Dicke,Patterns of trade in knowledge,In H.Giersch(ed.)International Economics Development and Resources Transfer,Tubingen:J.C.B.Mohr,1979:346
21 G.Feketekuty,International Trade in Service:An Overview and Blueprint for negotiation,Cambridge,Mass:American enterprise Institute and Ballinger,1988
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[3]A.Deardorf,1985:Comparative advantage and international trade and investment in service.In R.B.M.Stern(ed).Trade and Investment in Services:Canada/US perspectives,Toronto:ntario Ecomonics Council,39-71
[4]D.F.Burgess,1990:Services as intermediate goods:the issues of trade liberalization,In R.Jones and A.Krueger(ed),The Political Economy of International Trade,Basil Blackwell,122-139
[5]赵明,常鸣.服务贸易竞争力定量分析及竞争力提升对策[J].财经政法资讯,2006(4):33-36
[6]白英姿.提高我国服务贸易国际竞争力的对策研究[J].经济视角,2008(3):72-74
[7]杨悠悠.提升我国服务贸易国际竞争力策略浅析[J].时代经贸,2008(6):27-28
[9]王涛.我国服务贸易发展问题研究[J].市场周刊 理论研究,2008(6):129-130
[10]王煜.我国服务贸易结构国际化比较及优化[J].财贸研究,2007(5):46-50
[11]赵明亮,何婷婷.我国服务贸易竞争力影响冈素分析[J].北京财贸职业学院学报,2008(4):42-46
[12]陈增明.我国国际服务贸易竞争力的实证分析[J].莆田学院学报,2008(6):23-27
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[14]商务部.《中国服务贸易发展报告》2007.http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/c/2008-05-05/34765.shtml
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[17]程大中.中国服务贸易显示性比较优势的定量分析[J].上海经济研究,2003(5):17-24
[18]陈宪,程大中.服务贸易的发展:上海的经验[J].上海经济研究,2003(10):35-43
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[30]对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司编.关税与贸易总协定业务手册(续一)[M].北京:经济管理出版社,1993:428
[31]江小涓.中国经济运行与政策报告NO 2[M].北京:社会科学出版社,2004
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[33]杨圣明.服务贸易—中国与世界[M].北京:民主与建设出版社,1999:377
[34]赵书华,李辉.中国服务贸易国际竞争力的定量分析[J].北京工商大学学报,2005(1):6-9
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[38] B.Hindley and A.Smith.Comparative Advantage and Trade in service.The World Economy,1984,7(4):369-389
[39] A.Deardorff.Comparative Advantage and International Trade and Investment in Services.Trade and Investment in Service:Canade/US Perspective,Toronto:Ontario Economic Council, 1985
[40] A.Sapir,Trade in Service.Policy Issues for the Eighties.Columbia Journal of World Business,1982:79
[41] A.Sapir,Trade in investment-related technological services,World development, 1986,1(4):605-622
[42] R.J.Langhammer.North-South trade in services:some empirical evidence.In;H.Giersch (ed).Tbingen:Services in World Economics Growth, 1989:211-322
[43] B.Hockman and G.Karsenty,Protection and Trade in Service:a survey,Open Economic Review, 1997:285-308
2 A.Deardorff.Comparative Advantage and International Trade and Investment in Services.Trade and Investment in Service:Canade/US Perspective,Toronto:Ontario Economic Council,1985
3 K.Tucker and M.Sundberg.lnternational Trade in Services.Rortledge,1988
4 A.Sapir,Trade in Service.Policy Issues for the Eighties.Columbia Journal of World Business,1982:79
5 A.Sapir,Trade in investment-related technological services,World development,1986,1(4):605-622
6 R.J.Langhammer.North-South trade in services:some empirical evidence.In:H.Giersch(ed).Tbingen:Services in World Economics Growth,1989:211-322
7 B.Hockman and G.Karsenty,Protection and Trade in Service:a survey,Open Economic Review,1997:285-308
8 B.Burgress.Gains from global linkages:trade in services and movements of persons.St.Martin's Press,Inc.1997:23-26.
9 B.Hoekman,C.A.Primao.Protection and trade in services:a survey.Open Economic Review,1997(3):285-308.
10 金碚.中国工业国际竞争力—理论、方法与实证研究[M],经济管理出版社,1997
11 程大中.中国服务贸易显性比较优势的定量分析[J],上海经济研究,2003(5):17-24
12 李怀政,我国服务贸易国际竞争力现状及国家竞争优势战略[J],国际贸易问题,2003(2):52-57
13 李晓钟,张小蒂,我国对外服务贸易国际竞争力分析[J],福建论坛 人文社会科学版,2004(7):35-38
14 对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司编:关税与贸易总协定业务手册(续一)[M],北京:经济管理出版社,1993:428
16 王粤.服务贸易—自由化与竞争力[M],北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003:20
17 A.Sapir,Trade in services:policy issues for the eighties,Columbia Journal of World Economy,1982:79
18 B.Hindley and A.Smith,Comparative advantage and trade in services,The World Economy,1984:389
19 杨圣明编,服务贸易—中国与世界[M],北京:民主与建设出版社,1999:377
20 R.Dick and H.Dicke,Patterns of trade in knowledge,In H.Giersch(ed.)International Economics Development and Resources Transfer,Tubingen:J.C.B.Mohr,1979:346
21 G.Feketekuty,International Trade in Service:An Overview and Blueprint for negotiation,Cambridge,Mass:American enterprise Institute and Ballinger,1988
[1]S.Lall,1986,The third world and comparative advantage in trade services,in theory and reality in development,London:Macmillan,122-138
[2]G.Sampson and R.Snape,1985,Identifying the issues in trade in services,The World Economy,8,171-182
[3]A.Deardorf,1985:Comparative advantage and international trade and investment in service.In R.B.M.Stern(ed).Trade and Investment in Services:Canada/US perspectives,Toronto:ntario Ecomonics Council,39-71
[4]D.F.Burgess,1990:Services as intermediate goods:the issues of trade liberalization,In R.Jones and A.Krueger(ed),The Political Economy of International Trade,Basil Blackwell,122-139
[5]赵明,常鸣.服务贸易竞争力定量分析及竞争力提升对策[J].财经政法资讯,2006(4):33-36
[6]白英姿.提高我国服务贸易国际竞争力的对策研究[J].经济视角,2008(3):72-74
[7]杨悠悠.提升我国服务贸易国际竞争力策略浅析[J].时代经贸,2008(6):27-28
[9]王涛.我国服务贸易发展问题研究[J].市场周刊 理论研究,2008(6):129-130
[10]王煜.我国服务贸易结构国际化比较及优化[J].财贸研究,2007(5):46-50
[11]赵明亮,何婷婷.我国服务贸易竞争力影响冈素分析[J].北京财贸职业学院学报,2008(4):42-46
[12]陈增明.我国国际服务贸易竞争力的实证分析[J].莆田学院学报,2008(6):23-27
[13]李杨,蔡春林.中国服务贸易发展影响因素的实证分析[J].国际贸易问题,2008(5):75-77
[14]商务部.《中国服务贸易发展报告》2007.http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/c/2008-05-05/34765.shtml
[15]商务部.《中国服务贸易发展报告》2006.http://fwmys.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ag/200701/20070104325830.html
[16]王绍媛.中国服务贸易竞争力分析.基于进出口数据的指标分析[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2005(1):25-26
[17]程大中.中国服务贸易显示性比较优势的定量分析[J].上海经济研究,2003(5):17-24
[18]陈宪,程大中.服务贸易的发展:上海的经验[J].上海经济研究,2003(10):35-43
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