欧盟温室气体排放交易机制的立法研究
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摘要
本论文以欧盟温室气体排放交易机制的立法作为研究对象,对欧盟温室气体排放交易机制的立法背景、立法框架和立法内容进行全面地、系统地分析与论述,并在此基础之上,对中国温室气体排放交易的立法提供可行性建议。
本论文的研究视角是将法律视为政府进行环境管理的一种手段,在环境治理或改善目标设定之后,政府可应用政策、法律,经济、技术等诸多手段为实现所设定的环境目标服务。在应对气候变化领域,适用排放交易的根本目的在于以尽可能低的成本减排温室气体的排放量,法律所规定的排放交易机制的规则应最大限度地保证这一根本目的的实现。本论文即是从立法角度研究应如何设计温室气体排放交易机制的主要规则。
本论文所采用的研究方法包括历史研究方法、分析研究方法和比较研究方法。在论述欧盟温室气体排放交易机制的立法背景,及分析排放交易机制规则的立法发展变化方面,主要采用的是历史研究的方法；在研究欧盟排放交易机制的法律条文方面,主要采用的是分析研究的方法；而在借鉴欧盟的经验与教训,力求为中国的相关立法提供建议方面,主要采用的是比较研究的方法。
本论文的研究结论是：首先,为推动中国温室气体排放交易机制的立法,中国可在立法模式和立法研究方面参考欧盟的有益经验。就立法模式而言,欧盟温室气体排放交易机制的立法采取了渐进式的立法模式,这不仅帮助欧盟在较短的时间内赢得了成员国政府、企业和环保团体等各利益方的支持,在短时间内建立了温室气体排放交易机制。而且欧盟通过机制实施过程中积累的经验和教训,不断地进行立法修订,使得该机制日益完善。中国也应采取渐进式的立法模式,可以先建立简单的、小范围内的机制作为试点,通过试点模式,慢慢摸索建立大范围的温室气体排放交易机制的可行性。
在立法研究方面,中国应参考欧盟的经验,建立可供多部门、多行业等温室气体排放链条上各利益方充分参与的研究平台,针对温室气体排放交易展开科学地、系统地研究,准确定位排放交易机制在中国应当气候变化问题中应发挥的作用。
其次,从排放交易的立法设计角度,中国在设计温室气体排放交易试点机制的规则时应思考以下问题：
一是,应考虑采取总量与交易的绝对控制的管理模式,以保证温室气体减排指标实现的确定性。二是,鉴于中国工业部门的二氧化碳排放量在全国二氧化碳排放总量中占有较大比重,以及“千家企业节能行动规划”的成功证明大型工业排放源具备节能潜力,因此可以将二氧化碳作为试点交易机制的首选温室气体种类,将工业部门作为试点交易机制的首选行业种类。在工业部门内部,应选择“下游”企业,避免选择“上游”企业可能引起的能源价格上升,进而对整体社会经济造成负面影响。
三是,在排放指标的分配方面,应在排放交易机制的建立初期,本着以效率为先的原则,尽量采用利于企业和管理能够者接受的无偿分配的方法,以排除机制建立中可能遇到的阻力。待机制运行成熟之后,应以公平原则为优,研究实行指标拍卖的可行性,从而确保行业之间、企业之间的公平竞争。
四是,正确定位政府管理部门应在二氧化碳排放交易机制中扮演的角色,以尽量降低交易费用,更好地发挥排放交易降低减排成本的应有作用。应在欧盟完全自由的交易模式和中国现行的以政府为主导的交易模式之间,如何找到一个更能发挥市场作用、又符合中国市场条件的模式,这对政府管理部门将是一个挑战。
最后,在刺激低碳技术进步方面,可沿用现行二氧化硫和化学需氧量的排放交易的地方立法所规定的两种方式刺激低碳技术的发展,即直接鼓励或限制相关行业取得排放指标,以及通过回购企业关闭时剩余的排放指标的方式鼓励落后企业退出市场。同时,通过制定合理的碳交易指导价格和适当的交易阶段时间段确保形成稳定的碳指标价格,进而刺激低碳技术的投资。
The thesis chooses the legislation of the EU greenhouse gases emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) as the research object, analyzes and discusses the legislative background, framework and content of the EU ETS, and further puts forwards suggestions on the greenhouse gases emissions trading legislation in China.
The research angle of the thesis is to consider law as one of approaches that government could employ for environmental management. After the environmental objectives have been set, government could use such tools as policy, law, economics and technology to achieve the environmental objectives already set. In the field of fighting against climate change, the ultimate objective of applying emissions trading is to reduce greenhouse gases emissions at a cost-effective way, and law should promulgate the emissions trading rules to help government achieve the objective at the most. Therefore, the thesis takes the legislative perspective to study how the emissions trading rules should be set.
The research methods employed in the thesis includes history analysis, analysis of legal provisions and comparative study. History analysis is used when discussing the legal background as well as the evolution of the legal rules of the EU ETS; While discussing the legal design of main components of the EU ETS, provisions of the related legal instruments are analyzed in detail; In order to learn the experiences and lessons of the EU ETS and put forward the suggestions for the China, a comparative study of the relevant scenarios between EU and China is conducted.
The conclusions of the thesis are as follows:first of all, China could learn the experiences from EU ETS with regards to legislation approach and research. EU has adopted a "learning by doing" approach during the EU ETS legislative process, which not only helped EU win the support from Member States, private sector and NGOs to establish the EU ETS in a short timeframe, but also consistently improve the ETS through accumulating experiences and lessons of the ETS implementation and amending the legal instruments accordingly. China should take this approach as well, by first establishing a simple demonstration scheme in a certain administrative area, and gradually exploring the feasibility of the establishment of a bigger emissions trading scheme.
As for legislation research, China should consider taking the EU approach as well. It means to build a research platform, which could get all the stakeholders including various government agencies and private sectors involved in the research process, to conduct scientific and systematic research on greenhouse gases emissions trading, and to figure out what a role emissions trading should play in China in terms of fighting against climate change among all the measures.
Next, with respect to legal design of the greenhouse gases emissions trading scheme rules in China, the following points should be considered:
Firstly, a cap-and-trade management model should be applied to ensure more certainty of the achievement of environmental objectives compared to under the baseline-and-credit model. Secondly, taking into consideration of the absolute big proportion of CO2 emissions of the industrial sector in the total greenhouse gas emissions in China, and the energy conservation potential of the industrial sector as demonstrated by the "1000 Enterprises Energy Conservation Action Plan", China could select CO2 and industrial sector as the priority greenhouse gas and activities to participate in the demonstration scheme. And for industrial sector, "downstream" activities should be selected instead of "upper stream" activities in order to avoid the negative impact on the entire economy, which would be caused by the higher energy cost should "upper stream" companies join the emissions trading.
Thirdly, as for allowances allocation, efficiency should be the principle to follow when the scheme starts off, and thus free allocation should be taken to reduce the opposition from the private sector. After the scheme runs mature, equality should become the priority principle, so auction should be used to allocate the allowances to protect the fair competition between sectors and companies.
Fourthly, government role should be rightly positioned in the emissions trading, in order to reduce trading cost. A balance need to be found between a totally free trading of the EU ETS, and the government-supervision-oriented trading currently existing in China for SO2 and COD emissions trading. It would be a challenge for the China government to figure out an appropriate way to supervise the Chinese companies with a bad record of their credibility, and in the meantime without jeopardizing the original meaning of applying emissions trading-a market-based approach.
Finally, to stimulate low-carbon technology advancement, China could keep using the 2 approaches that have already been implemented in the SO2 and COD emissions trading in China, which are respectively, to directly encourage or restrict certain sectors to get allowances by legislation, and to buy back the left allowances upon companies closure to make laggard companies be willing to leave the market. In the meantime, government should set reasonable guidance carbon price, and appropriate trading period, so that a stable carbon price could be formed and kepted.
本论文的研究视角是将法律视为政府进行环境管理的一种手段,在环境治理或改善目标设定之后,政府可应用政策、法律,经济、技术等诸多手段为实现所设定的环境目标服务。在应对气候变化领域,适用排放交易的根本目的在于以尽可能低的成本减排温室气体的排放量,法律所规定的排放交易机制的规则应最大限度地保证这一根本目的的实现。本论文即是从立法角度研究应如何设计温室气体排放交易机制的主要规则。
本论文所采用的研究方法包括历史研究方法、分析研究方法和比较研究方法。在论述欧盟温室气体排放交易机制的立法背景,及分析排放交易机制规则的立法发展变化方面,主要采用的是历史研究的方法；在研究欧盟排放交易机制的法律条文方面,主要采用的是分析研究的方法；而在借鉴欧盟的经验与教训,力求为中国的相关立法提供建议方面,主要采用的是比较研究的方法。
本论文的研究结论是：首先,为推动中国温室气体排放交易机制的立法,中国可在立法模式和立法研究方面参考欧盟的有益经验。就立法模式而言,欧盟温室气体排放交易机制的立法采取了渐进式的立法模式,这不仅帮助欧盟在较短的时间内赢得了成员国政府、企业和环保团体等各利益方的支持,在短时间内建立了温室气体排放交易机制。而且欧盟通过机制实施过程中积累的经验和教训,不断地进行立法修订,使得该机制日益完善。中国也应采取渐进式的立法模式,可以先建立简单的、小范围内的机制作为试点,通过试点模式,慢慢摸索建立大范围的温室气体排放交易机制的可行性。
在立法研究方面,中国应参考欧盟的经验,建立可供多部门、多行业等温室气体排放链条上各利益方充分参与的研究平台,针对温室气体排放交易展开科学地、系统地研究,准确定位排放交易机制在中国应当气候变化问题中应发挥的作用。
其次,从排放交易的立法设计角度,中国在设计温室气体排放交易试点机制的规则时应思考以下问题：
一是,应考虑采取总量与交易的绝对控制的管理模式,以保证温室气体减排指标实现的确定性。二是,鉴于中国工业部门的二氧化碳排放量在全国二氧化碳排放总量中占有较大比重,以及“千家企业节能行动规划”的成功证明大型工业排放源具备节能潜力,因此可以将二氧化碳作为试点交易机制的首选温室气体种类,将工业部门作为试点交易机制的首选行业种类。在工业部门内部,应选择“下游”企业,避免选择“上游”企业可能引起的能源价格上升,进而对整体社会经济造成负面影响。
三是,在排放指标的分配方面,应在排放交易机制的建立初期,本着以效率为先的原则,尽量采用利于企业和管理能够者接受的无偿分配的方法,以排除机制建立中可能遇到的阻力。待机制运行成熟之后,应以公平原则为优,研究实行指标拍卖的可行性,从而确保行业之间、企业之间的公平竞争。
四是,正确定位政府管理部门应在二氧化碳排放交易机制中扮演的角色,以尽量降低交易费用,更好地发挥排放交易降低减排成本的应有作用。应在欧盟完全自由的交易模式和中国现行的以政府为主导的交易模式之间,如何找到一个更能发挥市场作用、又符合中国市场条件的模式,这对政府管理部门将是一个挑战。
最后,在刺激低碳技术进步方面,可沿用现行二氧化硫和化学需氧量的排放交易的地方立法所规定的两种方式刺激低碳技术的发展,即直接鼓励或限制相关行业取得排放指标,以及通过回购企业关闭时剩余的排放指标的方式鼓励落后企业退出市场。同时,通过制定合理的碳交易指导价格和适当的交易阶段时间段确保形成稳定的碳指标价格,进而刺激低碳技术的投资。
The thesis chooses the legislation of the EU greenhouse gases emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) as the research object, analyzes and discusses the legislative background, framework and content of the EU ETS, and further puts forwards suggestions on the greenhouse gases emissions trading legislation in China.
The research angle of the thesis is to consider law as one of approaches that government could employ for environmental management. After the environmental objectives have been set, government could use such tools as policy, law, economics and technology to achieve the environmental objectives already set. In the field of fighting against climate change, the ultimate objective of applying emissions trading is to reduce greenhouse gases emissions at a cost-effective way, and law should promulgate the emissions trading rules to help government achieve the objective at the most. Therefore, the thesis takes the legislative perspective to study how the emissions trading rules should be set.
The research methods employed in the thesis includes history analysis, analysis of legal provisions and comparative study. History analysis is used when discussing the legal background as well as the evolution of the legal rules of the EU ETS; While discussing the legal design of main components of the EU ETS, provisions of the related legal instruments are analyzed in detail; In order to learn the experiences and lessons of the EU ETS and put forward the suggestions for the China, a comparative study of the relevant scenarios between EU and China is conducted.
The conclusions of the thesis are as follows:first of all, China could learn the experiences from EU ETS with regards to legislation approach and research. EU has adopted a "learning by doing" approach during the EU ETS legislative process, which not only helped EU win the support from Member States, private sector and NGOs to establish the EU ETS in a short timeframe, but also consistently improve the ETS through accumulating experiences and lessons of the ETS implementation and amending the legal instruments accordingly. China should take this approach as well, by first establishing a simple demonstration scheme in a certain administrative area, and gradually exploring the feasibility of the establishment of a bigger emissions trading scheme.
As for legislation research, China should consider taking the EU approach as well. It means to build a research platform, which could get all the stakeholders including various government agencies and private sectors involved in the research process, to conduct scientific and systematic research on greenhouse gases emissions trading, and to figure out what a role emissions trading should play in China in terms of fighting against climate change among all the measures.
Next, with respect to legal design of the greenhouse gases emissions trading scheme rules in China, the following points should be considered:
Firstly, a cap-and-trade management model should be applied to ensure more certainty of the achievement of environmental objectives compared to under the baseline-and-credit model. Secondly, taking into consideration of the absolute big proportion of CO2 emissions of the industrial sector in the total greenhouse gas emissions in China, and the energy conservation potential of the industrial sector as demonstrated by the "1000 Enterprises Energy Conservation Action Plan", China could select CO2 and industrial sector as the priority greenhouse gas and activities to participate in the demonstration scheme. And for industrial sector, "downstream" activities should be selected instead of "upper stream" activities in order to avoid the negative impact on the entire economy, which would be caused by the higher energy cost should "upper stream" companies join the emissions trading.
Thirdly, as for allowances allocation, efficiency should be the principle to follow when the scheme starts off, and thus free allocation should be taken to reduce the opposition from the private sector. After the scheme runs mature, equality should become the priority principle, so auction should be used to allocate the allowances to protect the fair competition between sectors and companies.
Fourthly, government role should be rightly positioned in the emissions trading, in order to reduce trading cost. A balance need to be found between a totally free trading of the EU ETS, and the government-supervision-oriented trading currently existing in China for SO2 and COD emissions trading. It would be a challenge for the China government to figure out an appropriate way to supervise the Chinese companies with a bad record of their credibility, and in the meantime without jeopardizing the original meaning of applying emissions trading-a market-based approach.
Finally, to stimulate low-carbon technology advancement, China could keep using the 2 approaches that have already been implemented in the SO2 and COD emissions trading in China, which are respectively, to directly encourage or restrict certain sectors to get allowances by legislation, and to buy back the left allowances upon companies closure to make laggard companies be willing to leave the market. In the meantime, government should set reasonable guidance carbon price, and appropriate trading period, so that a stable carbon price could be formed and kepted.
引文
①陈赵杰,《欧盟排放交易机制及其对中国的启示》,国际法专业,09年硕士论文,广东外语外贸大学。
①王轩,《欧美碳交易对我国气候变化应对能力建设的启示》,环境资源法学,07年硕士论文,上海交通大学。
②例如,黄颖深,《排放交易法律模式的探讨》,环境与资源保护法学,09年硕士论文,上海复旦大学；王宁,《温室气体排放权交易的法律问题研究》,环境与资源保护法学,09年硕士论文,中国地质大学。
① Neil Gunningham, Environment Law, Regulation and Governance:Shifting Architectures,21 J. Envtl. L. 179-185.
② Tom Tietenberg, Tradable Permits in Principle and Practice,14 Penn St. Envtl. L. Rev,251.
①周珂主编,《环境与资源保护法学》,法律出版社,2009年,第62页。
②钱水苗主编,《环境资源法》,浙江大学出版社,2007年,第92-93页。
③例如,《杭州市主要污染物排放交易实施细则(试行)》规定“主要污染物排放交易是指市场主体将经市环保局确认拥有的可交易排污配额,以及经环保部门审批同意的建设项目(包括新建、改建、扩建项目)需要获取向环境排放的排污配额,通过杭州市主要污染物排放交易平台实行有偿交易的行为”。《湖北省主要污染物排污权交易试行办法》规定“主要污染物排污权交易是指在满足环境质量要求和主要污染物排放总量控制的前提下,排污单位在交易机构对依法取得的主要污染物年度许可排放量进行公开买卖的行为。”《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》规定二氧化硫排污权交易是指在总量控制前提下排污单位之间进行的二氧化硫排放配额的买卖活动。《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排污权交易管理暂行办法》规定高架源之间进行的二氧化硫排污权交易,是指经省环保部门认定和批准,在排污单位之间,或者在排污单位与建设单位之间,由出让方将其因采取减排措施而富余的二氧化硫排放配额出卖给受让方的活动。”
④《湖北省主要污染物排污权交易试行办法》规定“主要污染物排污权交易是指在满足环境质量要求和主要污染物排放总量控制的前提下,排污单位在交易机构对依法取得的主要污染物年度许可排放量进行公开买卖的行为。”；《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》规定二氧化硫排污权交易是指在总量控制前提下排污单位之间进行的二氧化硫排放配额的买卖活动。
⑤《杭州市主要污染物排放交易实施细则(试行)》规定“主要污染物排放交易是指市场主体将经市环保局确认拥有的可交易排污配额,以及经环保部门审批同意的建设项目(包括新建、改建、扩建项目)需要获取向环境排放的排污配额,通过杭州市主要污染物排放交易平台实行有偿交易的行为”。
⑥《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排污权交易管理暂行办法》规定高架源之间进行的二氧化硫排污权交易,是指经省环保部门认定和批准,在排污单位之间,或者在排污单位与建设单位之间,由出让方将其因采取减排措施而富余的二氧化硫排放配额出卖给受让方的活动。”
⑦汪劲著,《环境法学》,北京大学出版社,2006年,第251页。
①王小龙著,《排污权交易研究：一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社,2008年,第117页。
①吕忠梅,“论环境使用权交易制度”,载《政法论坛》(中国政法大学学报),2000年第4期,第128页。
②吕忠梅主编,《环境法原理》,复旦大学出版社,2007年,第372-373页。
③蔡守秋,“论排污权交易的法律问题”,载《中国环境资源法学研讨会2002年论文集》,中国环境科学出版社2002年第1版,第7页。
④曹明德,“排污权交易制度探析”,载《中国环境法治》(2009年卷上),曾晓东、常纪文主编,法律出版社,2010年,第41页。
⑤王明远,“市场经济下的环境法制初探”,载《可持续发展之路--北京大学首次可持续发展科学讨论会论文集》,北京大学出版社1994年第1版,第246页。
①42 U.S.C. § 7651b (f) (2005).
②Tom Tietenberg, Tradable Permits in Principle and Practice,14 Penn St. Envtl. L. Rev.256-257.
①只有在论述传统污染物排放交易时,为引用既有研究成果和立法文本的方便,使用现在被普遍接受的“排污权交易”,特此说明。
②Frank J.Convery, Origins and Development of the EUETS, Environ Resource Econ (2009)43:396-397.
①沈满洪主编,《资源与环境经济学》,中国环境科学出版社,2007年,第39-40页。
②曹明德,“排污权交易制度探析”,载《中国环境法治》(2009年卷上),曾晓东、常纪文主编,法律出版社,2010年,第40页。
③沈满洪主编,《资源与环境经济学》,中国环境科学出版社,2007年,第47-49页。
①负外部性又称外部不经济性,就是一些人的生产或消费使另外一些人受损而前者无法弥补后者的现象。沈满洪主编,《资源与环境经济学》,中国环境科学出版社,2007年,第41页。
②吴建著,《排污权交易——环境容量管理制度创新》,中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第138-142页。
①[美]保罗-R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特-N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第48页。
②[美]保罗·R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特·N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第43-44页。
①[美]保罗·R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特·N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第48页。
①Green Paper on Market-based Instruments for Environment and Related Policy Purposes, SEC (2007) 388.
①[美]保罗·R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特·N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第76-77页。
①《联合国气候变化框架公约》第2条。
②王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第158页。
①《联合国气候变化框架公约》,第4条第2款。
②《京都议定书》,第3条第1款。
③《京都议定书》第17条。
④《京都议定书》第6条。
⑤《京都议定书》第12条。
⑥《马拉喀什协议》,第18/C P.7号决定,“《京都议定书》第十七条规定的排放量交易的方式、规则和指南”。
①杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第176页。
②《马拉喀什协议》,第16/CP.7号决定,“执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南”。
③《马拉喀什协议》,第17/CP.7号决定,“《京都议定书》第十二条确定的清洁发展机制的方式和程序”。
④杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第170页。
①王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第165页。
②附件一国家在履行其减排或限排承诺时,除减少温室气体排放之外,还应计算因土地利用变化和林业活动所清除的温室气体排放量,每个清除单位被称作RMU,相当于一公吨的二氧化碳当量。
③王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第165页。
④杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第178-179页。
①The EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme, edited by Jos Delbeke, Claeys & Casteels,2006, p.7.
① Suzanne Goldenberg, "Big firms drop support for US climate bill", Business Green,2010-02-17, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1805242/big-firms-drop-support-us-climate.
① James Murray, "Senator Graham:US cap-and-trade plan is'dead'", Business Green,2010-03-03, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1801453/senator-graham-us-cap-trade-plan-dead.
② Hartley, Simon, "Forests carbon credit sale world's biggest". Otago Daily Times,2009-09-10, http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/73407/forests-carbon-credit-sale-world039s-biggest.
① Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, "New bill'weakens ETS'says Environment Commissioner", 2009-10-15, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0910/S00231.htm. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, "ETS amendments bill should not pass-Commissioner", 2009-11-16, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0911/S00146.htm. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. "ETS bill won't help environment-Commissioner", 2009-11-25, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0911/S00277.htm.
① James Murray, "Concerns mount over vague Japaneses climate bill", Business Green,2010-03-08, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1803714/concerns-mount-vague-japanese-climate.
①欧洲委员会是欧盟的行政权力机构,拥有在欧盟立法领域唯一的提案权,负责提出欧盟的政策,起草法律议案,拟议中的法律一旦被委员会采纳,就被送到理事会和议会进行讨论和通过。蔡守秋主编,《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社,2002年,第10-17。
② Communication to the Council the Greenhouse Effect and the Community Commission Work Programme Concerning the Evaluation of Policy Options to Deal With the Greenhouse Effect, COM(1988)656
③欧盟部长理事会代表欧盟各成员国的政府,由各成员国授权代表其政府的一名部长级代表组成,是欧盟的立法与决策机构。蔡守秋主编,《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社,2002年,第6-10页。
④ Proposal for a Council Directive Introducing a Tax on Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy, COM (92) 226 final
⑤ Withdrawal of obsolete Commission proposals, OJ C 5,9.1.2004, p.2-33. This proposal was later amended by amended proposal for a Council Directive introducing a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and energy (COM/95/172 FINAL), which was again never adopted (Withdrawal of Commission Proposals which are no longer topical, COM/2001/0763 final).
① Council Directive 93/76/EEC of 13 September 1993 to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency (SAVE), OJ L 237,22.9.1993, p.28-30.
② 91/565/EEC:Council Decision of 29 October 1991 concerning the promotion of energy efficiency in the Community (SAVE programme), OJ L 307,8.11.1991, p.34-36.
③ 93/500/EEC:Council Decision of 13 September 1993 concerning the promotion of renewable energy sources i the Community (Altener programme), OJ L235,18.9.1993, OJ L235,18.9.1993, p.41-44
④ Commission Recommendation of 5 February 1999 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars, OJ L 40,13.2.1999P.49-50.
⑤ Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (JAMA), OJ L 100,20.4.2000, p.57-58.
⑥ Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (KAMA), OJ L 100,20.04.2000 P.55-56.
①《京都议定书》附件B。签署《京都议定书》时为欧洲共同休,代表现在欧盟的15个国家,即比利时、丹麦、德国、希腊、西班牙、法国、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、奥地利、葡萄牙、芬兰、瑞典、英国。
②“政策和措施”(policies and measures)是《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》使用的名词,指一国政府公共部门所决定的关于限制或者减少温室气体排放量的政策和采取的措施。
③ European Climate Change Programme, Report-June 2001, p.53.
④ Communication from the Commission on the implementation of the first phase of the European Climate Change Programme, COM(2001)580 final.
⑤ Proposal for a Council Decision concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfillment of commitments, COM(2001)579 final.
⑥ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for green house gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM(2001) 581 final, OJ C 75 E,26.03.2002, p.33.
① Decision No 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 242,10.9.2002, p.1.
② Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of biofuels for transport, COM(2001)547 final.
③ Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport.
④ Council Decision 2002/358/EC of 25 April 2002 concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder, OJ L 130,15.5.2002, p.1.
⑤ EU Energy Policy and Legislation under Pressure since the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol? Veronique Bruggeman and Bram Delvaux, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere, Edward Elgar,2006, p.226.
⑥ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market, COM(2002)0415 final.
⑦ Proposal for a Framework Directive for Minimum Efficiency Requirements for End-Use Equipment;关于能源终端效率和能源服务的指令提案(Proposal for a Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services)于2003年12月11日提交,按照计划应于2002年完成。2006年4月5日《关于能源终端效率和能源服务的指令》得以通过(Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services);关于管制氟化气体的指令提案(Proposal for a Framework Directive on Fluorinated Gases, COM(2003)0492 final)于2003年8月12日提交,按照计划应于2002年完成。2006年5月17日关于管制氟化温室气体的条例(Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases)得以通过。
⑧关于改进基础设施使用和收费的指令提案(Proposal for a Framework Directive on the Principles and Structure of an Infrastructure Charging System and a Common Methodology for Setting Charging Levels and Cross Financing)。
① Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, COM(2006)818 final.
② Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles, COM(2007)19final.
③ Green Paper from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions-Adapting to climate change in Europe - options for EU action, COM(2007) 354 final.
④ Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar, p.284.
① Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM/2007/0002 final.
② Proposal for amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community, COM(2008)0016 final.
③ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, COM(2008)0019 final
④ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, COM(2008)0018 final
⑤ Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles, COM(2007)0856 final.
①王曦,“论欧盟温室气体控制法律和政策的方法论意义”,载《西南政法大学学报》,2008年10月,第10卷,第5期,第42页。
② Ved P. Nanda, The European Union's Multinational Carbon Trading Program, Denver University Law Review 2008,997.
③ COM/92/226Final, OJ C 196,3.8.1992, p.1 COM 1992,226 final,2 June 1992.
④ Withdrawal of obsolete Commission proposals, OJ C 5,9.1.2004, p.2-33. This proposal was later amended by amended proposal for a Council Directive introducing a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and energy (COM/95/172 FINAL), which was again never adopted (Withdrawal of Commission Proposals which are no longer topical, COM/2001/0763 final).
⑤ Frank J.Convery, Origins and Development of the EUETS, Environ Resource Econ(2009)43:392-393
⑥ IMF Working Paper, WP/00/13, Taxes and Tradable Permits as Instruments for Controlling Pollution:Theory and Practice, John Norregaard and Valerie Reppelin-Hill,2000, P.31-32
① Christiansen, A.C.'The Role of Flexibility Mechanisms in EU Climate Strategy:Lessons Learned and Future Challenges', International Environmental Agreements:Politics, Law and Economics,4, pp.27-46.
①直到2010年2月17日,欧洲委员会成立了新的气候行动部门(Directorate-General for Climate Action)负责与气候变化有关的政策法律的制定与协调。
② Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar, p.281.
③ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for green house gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM(2001) 581 final, OJ C 75 E,26.03.2002, p.33.
① Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance),OJ L 275,25.10.2003, p.32-46.
② Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM(2007)0002 final.
① Legislative Choices and Legal Values, Marjan Peeters, in the Climate Change and European Emissions Trading: Lessons for Theory and Practice, edited by Michal Faure and Marjan Peeters, Edward Elgar,2008, p.18.
② The EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Scheme, Jurgen Lefevere, in the Climate Change and Carbon Markets ---A Handbook of Emission Reduction Mechanisms, edited by F. Yamin, Earthscan,2005, p.139.
③ Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance) OJ L275,25.10.2003, p.32-46.
④《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(7)项。
①《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(19)项。
②《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(20)项。
③《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(18)项。
④《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(22)项。
⑤《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(5)项。
①Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union, COM(2000)0087 final.
① Directive 2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol's project mechanisms, OJ L 338,13.11.2004, p.18-23.
②《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第22项。
①《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第1.3项。
② Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 8,13.1.2009, p.3-21.
① EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.53.
②《2008排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(11)项。
③欧洲议会由欧洲共同体成员国的人民代表组成,参与欧盟环境立法程序。蔡守秋主编,《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社,2002年,第17-25页。
④《2008排放交易修改指令》,第30条(4)款。
③ Decision No 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 242,10.9.2002, p.1.
⑥ Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions, Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation, COM(2005) 459 final.
⑦ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, COM(2006)818 final.
① Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community, OJ L 140,5.6.2009, p.63-87.
② Building a global carbon market-Report pursuant to Article 30 of Directive 2003/87/EC, COM(2006)676 final.
① Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community, COM(2008)00I6 final.
① Legislative Choices and Legal Values, Marjan Peeters, in the Climate Change and European Emissions Trading: Lessons for Theory and Practice, edited by Michal Faure and Marjan Peeters, Edward Elgar,2008, p.17-18.
①《连接指令》,解释性备忘录,第(10)项。
② Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
③ Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases.
④ Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
① Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control, OJ L 257,10.10.1996, p. 26.
② Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第8条。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第2部分,注释8。
① EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.16-17.
② EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.22.
③ Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(3)项。
② Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
③ Amended proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM(2002) 680 final, p.7.
④ Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 251(2) of the EC Treaty concerning the Common Position of the Council on the adoption of a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, SEC(2003) 364 final, p.8.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}, SEC/2007/0052 final, Annex I ECCP Report.
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第24条。
①(2009排放交易修改指令》,第5条。
②《排放交易指令》第3条(f)项将“操作者”(operator)定义为操作或控制一个装置的自然人或法人,或根据国内立法的规定享有关于装置技术运行的决定性经济权力的自然人或法人。实践中,一般对此定义做宽泛的解释,将控制财务或做出投资决定的人视为装置的操作者,这种宽泛的解释符合指令的目的,即将减排义务附加于对装置享有最大控制权的人。
③《2003排放交易指令》,第6条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第6条(2)款。
⑤《2009排放交易修改指令》,第6条(1)款。
⑥《2003排放交易指令》,第8条。
⑦ Non-paper on Synergies between the EC Emissions Trading Proposal (COM(2001)581) and the IPPC Directive, D(02)610019.
⑧ EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.82-83.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p74.
② A level playing field? Initial allocation of allowances in MSs', Bettina Schmitt-Rady, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere, Edward Elgar,2006,P.84-85
③ Communication from the Commission "Further guidance on allocation plans for the 2008 to 2012 trading period of the EU Emission Trading Scheme", COM(2005)703 final.
④ Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants, OJL 309,27.11.2001, p.1.
⑤ Directive 1999/32/EC relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels, OJ L 121,11.05.1999, p.13.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}, SEC/2007/0052 final, Annex I ECCP Report.
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第24条。
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.30.
① Communication from the Commission on guidance to assist Member States in the implementation of the criteria listed in Annex Ⅲ to Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, and on the circumstances under which force majeure is demonstrated, COM(2003)830 final.
② Communication from the Commission on further guidance on allocation plans for the 2008 to 2012 trading period of the EU Emission Trading Scheme, COM(2005)703 final.
① Council Decision 2002/358/EC2 on the joint fulfillment of commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, OJ L 130, 15.5.2002, p.1.
① Decision 93/389/EEC establishing a monitoring mechanism of Community carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions, OJ L 167,9.7.1993, p.31. Decision as amended by Decision 1999/296/EC (OJ L 117, 5.5.1999, p,35).
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p116.
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007,p11
④该决定第3条(2)款(b)项。
①《连接指令》,第30条(3)款。
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.140.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007,p141.
②第10条规定了第一和第二交易阶段的配额分配方法,即在第一交易阶段,至少95%的配额应无偿发放；在第二交易阶段,至少90%的配额应无偿发放。
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.144.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.138-140.
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.146.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.155.
②同上。
③同上。
④ EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008.
①同上。
② EU Emissions Trading --- Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation, Birger Skjaerseth and J(?)rgen Wettestad, Ashgate Publishing Company,2008, p.159.
③《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3c条。
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.157.
①《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第1.2部分。
①《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.3.1项,第29条。
②《2005国家分配方案的指导意见》,第3.8项,第31条。
③《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3e条(3)款。
①《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3e条(4)、(5)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(1)款。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(2)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(3)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言(19)。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(4)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第12条(3a)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10b条(1)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(12)款。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第lOb条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(2)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(3)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(22)项。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(4)款。
⑤《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3d条(1)、(2)、(3)款。
①《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3d条。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言(16)。
②《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.6.2项,第55条。
③《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.6.2项,第64条。
④《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.6.2项,第56和59条。
①《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》规定,若成员国决定建立储备库,成员国需在其国家分配方案中说明在排放配额总量中为储备库预留的配额量,并证明储备库的大小与被告知的在该交易阶段新准入者的数量相当,以及无偿向新准入者发放配额的规则和程序。委员会建议应本着“先来者先得”的原则向新准入者发放配额。①为尊重平等待遇的原则,欧洲委员会规定向新准入者发放配额的方法应尽可能与现有装置的配额分配方法一致；成员国不应针对不同的活动、技术或为特别目的建立几个不同的储备库。成员国还应在国家分配方案中说明在一个交易期间结束时,储备库里剩余的配额将如何利用,例如,可将其拍卖：以及说明储备库里的配额不足时的应对措施。
② Climate Change Law: Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.139.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(7)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(8)款。
①《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(1)款。
②《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(4)、(5)、(7)款。
③《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(2)款。
④《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(8)款。
⑤《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(20)款。
①《马拉喀什协议》,执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南。
①《京都议定书》,第12条(10)款。
②王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第165页。
③杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第178-179页。
④《连接指令》,第11a条(1)、(2)款。
①《连接指令》,第11a条(3)款(a)项。
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007,p179.
③《连接指令》,第11a条(3)款(b)项。
④《连接指令》,第11b条(6)款。
⑤《连接指令》,第11a条(2)款。
⑥《连接指令》,第l1a条(1)款。
①《连接指令》,第30条(3)款。
②2005国家分配方案的指导意见,3.5,(24)。
③2005国家分配方案的指导意见,3.5,(25)。
④EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.91.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第1la条(7)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言第(28)项,第28条(3)款。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(2)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第l1a条(2)款。
⑤《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(3)款。
⑥《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(4)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(5)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(30)项。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(8)款。
④《连接指令》,第11a条(9)款。
①《连接指令》第11a条(1)款和(2)款。
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.183.
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.184.
①《连接指令》,第11(b)条(3)款。
②《连接指令》,第11(b)条(4)款。
③ Green Paper on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading within the European Union, COM/2000/0087 final.
④ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton Cameron May,2007, p.187.
①同上。
②《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第(20)项。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第25条(1a)、(1b)款。
①《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(1)款。
②《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(2)款。
③《连接指令》,第15条。
①欧盟15国包括奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英国。
②2004年之后加入欧盟的12个成员国及其《京都议定书》下的减排指标分别是保加利亚(8%)、捷克共和国(8%)、塞浦路斯(不承担减排义务)、爱沙尼亚(8%)、匈牙利(6%)、拉脱维亚(8%)、马耳他(不承担减排义务)、波兰(6%)、罗马尼亚(8%)、斯洛伐克共和国(8%)、斯洛文尼亚(8%)、立陶宛(8%)。
③《连接指令》,第12条(2a)、(3)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第12条(3a)款。
②《2003排放交易指令》,第16条(4)款。
③《连接指令》,第16条(3)款。
④((2009排放交易修改指令》,第16条(4)款。
⑤《连接指令》,第16条(2)款。
⑥《连接指令》,第16条(3)款。
⑦周剑、何建坤,“欧盟气候变化政策及其经济影响”,载《现代国际关系》,2009年第2期。
⑧《2003排放交易指令》,第19条(2)款。
①《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(4)款。
②《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(2)款；《2009排放交易修改指令》,第12条(2)款,第13条(2)款。
①《2003排放权交易指令》,第20条(1)款。
② Commission Regulation (EC) No 2216/2004 of 21 December 2004 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilText with EEA relevance, OJ L 386,29.12.2004.
③ Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 of 8 October 2008 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 271,11.10.2008, p.3-40.
④ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.164.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第19条(1)款。
② Council Decision 93/389/EEC of 24 June 1993 for a monitoring mechanism of Community CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, OJ L 167,9.7.1993, p.31. Decision as amended by Decision 1999/296/EC (OJ L 117, 5.5.1999, p.35).
③ Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol, OJ L 49,19.2.2004, p.1-8.
④《2003排放交易指令》,第6条(1)款。
①《2003排放交易指令》,第6条(2)款(c)项。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第6条(2)款(c)项。
③《2003排放交易指令》,第14条。
④ Commission Decision of 29 January 2004 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 130), OJ L 59,26.2.2004, p.1-74.
⑤ 2007/589/EC:Commission Decision of 18 July 2007 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2007) 3416) (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 229,31.8.2007, p.1-85.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言(35)。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第22条。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第14条。
④《连接指令》,第15条。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第15条。
①殷培红、赵毅红、裴晓菲,“温室气体减排监管政策的国际经验”,载《环境保护》2009年第6期。
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第6页。
①《中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报》,中国计划出版社,2004年,第16-17页。
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第6页。
③《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第19页。
④ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.10.
⑤同上。
⑥时裴丽、李俊峰,“《可再生能源法》制定的背景和基本思路”,载《上海电力》,2005年第6期,第551页。
①《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第9页。
② Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.10.
③《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第16页。
④ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.11.
⑤《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第20页。
⑥《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,,第20页。
①孙钰,“从冰冻雪灾反思应对气候变化措施”,载《环境保护》,2008年第5期,
②《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》,国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月。
③时裴丽、李俊峰,“《可再生能源法》制定的背景和基本思路”,载《上海电力》,2005年第6期,第551页。
④ Saich 2001:295,转引自Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.39.
⑤ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.39-40.
①时裴丽、李俊峰,《可再生能源法》制定的背景和基本思路,载《上海电力》,2005年第6期,第551页。
① Economy 1994:18-19.转引自 Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.26.
② Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.26-27.
① ENB 1997a:13,转引自Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.29.
② ENB 1998.
③ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.30.
①翟勇,“应对气候变化的理性思考”,载《河海大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),第10卷第3期,2008年9月,第4页。
②注：G8+5气候变化立法者论坛是2005年在英国作为八国峰会轮值主席国期间,由英国前首相布莱尔倡导的旨在G8成员国家与其它国家之间培育更广泛的联系和理解。
③翟勇,“应对气候变化的理性思考”,载《河海大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),第10卷第3期,2008年9月,第5页。
④ Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Towards a Comprehensive Climate Change Agreement in Copenhagen, COM (2009)39.
①“解振华详述哥本哈根会议历程“,新浪网2010年01月09日报道,访问地址http://finance.sina.com.cn/hy/ 20100109/12307218870.shtml.
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第26页。
①张炳淳,“论‘节能减排’的法律手段”,载《企业与法治》,2009年第1期,第54页。
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第26页。
①《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第7页。
②《应对气候变化的政策与行动》,“四、减缓气候变化的政策与行动”国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月,北京。
③张梓太,“我国《节约能源法》修订的新思维——在理念与制度层面的生成与展开”,载《法学》,2007年第2期,第116页。
①Alternatives to Traditional Regulation, OECD Report, p.6.
②《节约能源法》,第13条。
③《节约能源法》,第13、14和46条。
④《节约能源法》,第15条。
⑤《节约能源法》,第16条。
⑥孙仁宏,“修订后节能法确立的几项基本制度”,载《中国经贸导刊》,2008年第10期,第25页。
⑦《节约能源法》,第17条。
⑧《节约能源法》,第69,70条。
⑨《节约能源法》,第17条。
①《节约能源法》,第71条。
②《应对气候变化的政策和行动》,“四、减缓气候变化的政策与行动”国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月,北京。
③《节约能源法》,第52条。
④《节能中长期专项规划》,“一、我国能源利用现状：(一)能源消费特点”,第5自然段。
①1997《节约能源法》第47条规定,未在产品说明书和产品标识上注明能耗指标的,由县级以上人民政府管理产品质量监督工作的部门责令限期改正,可以处5万元以下的罚款。在产品说明书和产品标识上注明的能耗指标不符合产品的实际情况的,除依照前款规定处罚外,依照有关法律的规定承担民事责任。
②李克荣、刘武朝,“对完善中国能效标识管理立法的几点思考”,《河北学刊》,第29卷第3期,2009年5月,第207页。
③《节约能源法》,第73条。
④孙仁宏,“修订后节能法确立的几项基本制度”,载《中国经贸导刊》,2008年第10期,第25页。
⑤《节约能源法》,第6条。
⑥孙仁宏,“修订后节能法确立的几项基本制度”,载《中国经贸导刊》,2008年第10期,第24页。
①李芳,“我国排放交易市场的组建与运作问题探讨”,载《上海管理科学》,2005年第5期,第58-60页。
②王金南、董战峰、杨金田、李云生、严刚,“排污交易制度的最新实践和展望”,载《环境经济》,2008年第10期,第38-39页。
①同上。
②李晓绩,《排放交易制度研究》,人口、资源与环境经济学,09吉大博士论文,第66页。
③刘建辉,“排放交易的中国困境”,载《决策》,2006年第1期,第30页。
①李晓绩,《排放交易制度研究》,人口、资源与环境经济学,09吉大博士论文,第67页。
②王金南、董战峰、杨金田、李云生、严刚,“排污交易制度的最新实践和展望”,载《环境经济》,2008年第10期,第38-39页。
③2007年3月国家科技支持的项目《电力行业二氧化硫排污交易技术研究》课题启动。
①王金南、董战峰、杨金田、李云生、严刚,“排污交易制度的最新实践和展望”,载《环境经济》,2008年第10期,第38-39页。
②李晓绩,《排放交易制度研究》,人口、资源与环境经济学,09吉大博士论文,第71页。
③张道生、傅丕毅,“中国首个排污权交易平台成立“,新华网2007年11月14日报道,访问地址：http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200711/14/t20071114_13597399.shtml。
①《水污染防治法》,第20条。
②《水污染防治法》,第18条。
③关于征求对《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿)意见的函,环办函[2008]16号。
④《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿),第2条。
⑤《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿),第4条。
①《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿),第5条。
②关于征求对《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿)意见的函,环办函[2008]16号。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易管理办法》,第一部分,第(一)项。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》,第一部分,第(一)项。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第3条。
④《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第2条。
⑤《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第2条。
⑥《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第(四)部分。
①《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第7条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第8条。
②《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》、《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》、《关于印发江苏省太湖流域主要水污染物排污权有偿使用和交易试点方案细则的通知》、《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》和《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第7条。
④《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第四条。
⑤《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第四条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第三条。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第一部分,第(一)项。
②《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第十七条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第八条和第二十一条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第十五条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第8条。
④《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第4条。
⑤《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第18条。
⑥《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第16条,《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第13条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第10条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(五)项,《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》第8条。
⑦《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第五部分,第(一)项。
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第十一条,《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第十条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第十三条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第八条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第七条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(五)项。
②《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》第7条和11条。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第10条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第24条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第9条。
④《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第9条,《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》第9条。
⑤《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第12条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(二)项,
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第8条。
②《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第8条,
③《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第25、26条。
④《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第六部分,第(一)项。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(四)项。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(七)项。
③《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,第(二)项。
④《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第12、14和18条。
⑤《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第六部分规定：市环保局可以根据总量控制的需要和不参加排放权交易的其他污染源的预计排放量,以及限期回购的排放量,结合环境质量现状,将一部分排污配额进行公开挂牌交易。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第五部分。
③《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第六条规定：“主要污染物排放交易机构由省环境保护行政主管部门审查确定。”
④《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》,第7,8,14和15条。
⑤《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第20条。
①《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第26条。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》,第七部分。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第19条,《关于印发江苏省太湖流域主要水污染物排污权有偿使用和交易试点方案细则的通知》第四部分,第(七)项,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易管理办法》第五部分,第(二十三)项。
④《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第25条。
⑤《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第18条。
⑥《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》和《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》。
⑦《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第6条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第五部分,第(十三)项。
①《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第22条。
②《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第29条。
③《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(六)项。
④《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第14条。
⑤《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第27条。
⑥《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第23条,
①《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第28条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,
②《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第19条,
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第24条,
④《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第28条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,
⑤《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第28条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,
⑥《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第26条,《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第20条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易管理办法》第28条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》,第17条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第28条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第29条。
⑦《京都议定书》,第12条(2)款。
①《马拉喀什协议》,决定草案-/CMP.1(第十二条)“《京都议定书》第十二条所规定的清洁发展机制的方式和程序”,附件：清洁发展机制的方式和程序,F.参与要求,第28、29和30条。
②《京都议定书》第12条。
③《马拉喀什协议》,决定草案-/CMP.1(第十二条)“《京都议定书》第十二条所规定的清洁发展机制的方式和程序”,附件：清洁发展机制的方式和程序,G.审议和登记,第43条。
④庄贵阳,“清洁发展机制与中日合作前景：中国的视角”,载《世界经济》,2002年第2期,第69页。
⑤ International Institute for Sustainable Development(IISD),"A Daily Report on the Eleventh Session of the Framework Convention on Climate Change", Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol·12, No·5,1995, http:ca/download/asc/enbl 205e.txt.
①《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》,国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月。
②《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第4条。
③《应对气候变化国家方案》,第32页。
④《应对气候变化国家方案》,第41页。
⑤《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第24条。
①《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第16条。
②《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第14条。
③《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第15条。
①朱谦,“清洁发展机制国内立法中的法律问题探讨”,载《中国地质大学学报(社会科学版)》,2007年第2期。
②黄勇,“中国碳交易量居世界第一”,中国环境报,2008年2月22日,第005版。
③《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》,国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月。
①王小龙著,《排放交易研究—一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社2008年,第162页。
②曹滢、吴挺,“中国成为清洁发展机制最具潜力市场”,经济参考报2006年10月30日报道,访问地址：http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20061030/09031007999.shtml。
③王小龙著,《排放交易研究——一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社2008年,第163页。
④谷雨、丁丁,“我国温室气体排放交易机构的现状研究”,载《中国科技投资》,2009年第12期。
James Murray, "Economists hail EU emissions trading success", Business Green,2010-02-15, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1802660/economists-hail-eu-emissions-trading-success.
② EEA Report, No 7/2010, Tracking Progress Towards Kyoto and 2020 Targets in Europe, p.6.
① The EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Scheme, Jiirgen Lefevere, in the Climate Change and Carbon Markets --- A Handbook of Emission Reduction Mechanisms, edited by F. Yamin, Earthscan,2005, p.81.
①直到2010年2月17日,欧洲委员会成立了新的气候行动部门(Directorate-General for Climate Action)负责与气候变化有关的政策法律的制定与协调。
② The Treaty Establishing the European Community, OJ C 325,24.12.2002, p.33-184.
③《欧共体条约》,第3(1.u)条规定仅允许欧盟在能源领域采取“措施”。
④ Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar,p.281.
①“王金南：碳排放强度本质是一种总量控制”,21世纪经济报道2010年4月16日报道,访问地址：http://www.21 cbh.com/HTML/2010-4-19/zOMDAwMDE3MzIzOQ.html.
①EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.22.
① Commission Recommendation of 5 February 1999 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars, OJ L 40.13.2.1999 P.49-50.
② Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (JAMA), OJ L 100,20.4.2000, p.57-58.
③ Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (KAMA), OJ L 100,20.04.2000 P.55-56.
①EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.81.
②《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第7条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第8条。
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第8条。
②《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第8条,
①杨华、沈灏,“碳交易的法律问题初探”,载《上海政法学院学报》,2008年第2期,第99-100页。
①幸红,“排污权交易及其法律规范”,载《学术研究》,2006年第8期,第77页。
①EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe 2008, p.85-88.
① James Murray, "Carbon price close to record low as European sell-off continues", Business Green,2009-02-09, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1803352/carbon-price-close-record-low-european-sell-continues.
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(四)项。
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第8条。
① Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar, p.294.
② Pollution, Property and Prices, J.H. Dales, The University of Toronto Press,1968.
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①王轩,《欧美碳交易对我国气候变化应对能力建设的启示》,环境资源法学,07年硕士论文,上海交通大学。
②例如,黄颖深,《排放交易法律模式的探讨》,环境与资源保护法学,09年硕士论文,上海复旦大学；王宁,《温室气体排放权交易的法律问题研究》,环境与资源保护法学,09年硕士论文,中国地质大学。
① Neil Gunningham, Environment Law, Regulation and Governance:Shifting Architectures,21 J. Envtl. L. 179-185.
② Tom Tietenberg, Tradable Permits in Principle and Practice,14 Penn St. Envtl. L. Rev,251.
①周珂主编,《环境与资源保护法学》,法律出版社,2009年,第62页。
②钱水苗主编,《环境资源法》,浙江大学出版社,2007年,第92-93页。
③例如,《杭州市主要污染物排放交易实施细则(试行)》规定“主要污染物排放交易是指市场主体将经市环保局确认拥有的可交易排污配额,以及经环保部门审批同意的建设项目(包括新建、改建、扩建项目)需要获取向环境排放的排污配额,通过杭州市主要污染物排放交易平台实行有偿交易的行为”。《湖北省主要污染物排污权交易试行办法》规定“主要污染物排污权交易是指在满足环境质量要求和主要污染物排放总量控制的前提下,排污单位在交易机构对依法取得的主要污染物年度许可排放量进行公开买卖的行为。”《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》规定二氧化硫排污权交易是指在总量控制前提下排污单位之间进行的二氧化硫排放配额的买卖活动。《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排污权交易管理暂行办法》规定高架源之间进行的二氧化硫排污权交易,是指经省环保部门认定和批准,在排污单位之间,或者在排污单位与建设单位之间,由出让方将其因采取减排措施而富余的二氧化硫排放配额出卖给受让方的活动。”
④《湖北省主要污染物排污权交易试行办法》规定“主要污染物排污权交易是指在满足环境质量要求和主要污染物排放总量控制的前提下,排污单位在交易机构对依法取得的主要污染物年度许可排放量进行公开买卖的行为。”；《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》规定二氧化硫排污权交易是指在总量控制前提下排污单位之间进行的二氧化硫排放配额的买卖活动。
⑤《杭州市主要污染物排放交易实施细则(试行)》规定“主要污染物排放交易是指市场主体将经市环保局确认拥有的可交易排污配额,以及经环保部门审批同意的建设项目(包括新建、改建、扩建项目)需要获取向环境排放的排污配额,通过杭州市主要污染物排放交易平台实行有偿交易的行为”。
⑥《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排污权交易管理暂行办法》规定高架源之间进行的二氧化硫排污权交易,是指经省环保部门认定和批准,在排污单位之间,或者在排污单位与建设单位之间,由出让方将其因采取减排措施而富余的二氧化硫排放配额出卖给受让方的活动。”
⑦汪劲著,《环境法学》,北京大学出版社,2006年,第251页。
①王小龙著,《排污权交易研究：一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社,2008年,第117页。
①吕忠梅,“论环境使用权交易制度”,载《政法论坛》(中国政法大学学报),2000年第4期,第128页。
②吕忠梅主编,《环境法原理》,复旦大学出版社,2007年,第372-373页。
③蔡守秋,“论排污权交易的法律问题”,载《中国环境资源法学研讨会2002年论文集》,中国环境科学出版社2002年第1版,第7页。
④曹明德,“排污权交易制度探析”,载《中国环境法治》(2009年卷上),曾晓东、常纪文主编,法律出版社,2010年,第41页。
⑤王明远,“市场经济下的环境法制初探”,载《可持续发展之路--北京大学首次可持续发展科学讨论会论文集》,北京大学出版社1994年第1版,第246页。
①42 U.S.C. § 7651b (f) (2005).
②Tom Tietenberg, Tradable Permits in Principle and Practice,14 Penn St. Envtl. L. Rev.256-257.
①只有在论述传统污染物排放交易时,为引用既有研究成果和立法文本的方便,使用现在被普遍接受的“排污权交易”,特此说明。
②Frank J.Convery, Origins and Development of the EUETS, Environ Resource Econ (2009)43:396-397.
①沈满洪主编,《资源与环境经济学》,中国环境科学出版社,2007年,第39-40页。
②曹明德,“排污权交易制度探析”,载《中国环境法治》(2009年卷上),曾晓东、常纪文主编,法律出版社,2010年,第40页。
③沈满洪主编,《资源与环境经济学》,中国环境科学出版社,2007年,第47-49页。
①负外部性又称外部不经济性,就是一些人的生产或消费使另外一些人受损而前者无法弥补后者的现象。沈满洪主编,《资源与环境经济学》,中国环境科学出版社,2007年,第41页。
②吴建著,《排污权交易——环境容量管理制度创新》,中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第138-142页。
①[美]保罗-R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特-N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第48页。
②[美]保罗·R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特·N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第43-44页。
①[美]保罗·R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特·N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第48页。
①Green Paper on Market-based Instruments for Environment and Related Policy Purposes, SEC (2007) 388.
①[美]保罗·R.伯尼特,[美]罗伯特·N.史蒂文斯主编,《环境保护的公共政策》(第2版),穆贤清,方志伟译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第76-77页。
①《联合国气候变化框架公约》第2条。
②王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第158页。
①《联合国气候变化框架公约》,第4条第2款。
②《京都议定书》,第3条第1款。
③《京都议定书》第17条。
④《京都议定书》第6条。
⑤《京都议定书》第12条。
⑥《马拉喀什协议》,第18/C P.7号决定,“《京都议定书》第十七条规定的排放量交易的方式、规则和指南”。
①杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第176页。
②《马拉喀什协议》,第16/CP.7号决定,“执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南”。
③《马拉喀什协议》,第17/CP.7号决定,“《京都议定书》第十二条确定的清洁发展机制的方式和程序”。
④杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第170页。
①王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第165页。
②附件一国家在履行其减排或限排承诺时,除减少温室气体排放之外,还应计算因土地利用变化和林业活动所清除的温室气体排放量,每个清除单位被称作RMU,相当于一公吨的二氧化碳当量。
③王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第165页。
④杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第178-179页。
①The EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme, edited by Jos Delbeke, Claeys & Casteels,2006, p.7.
① Suzanne Goldenberg, "Big firms drop support for US climate bill", Business Green,2010-02-17, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1805242/big-firms-drop-support-us-climate.
① James Murray, "Senator Graham:US cap-and-trade plan is'dead'", Business Green,2010-03-03, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1801453/senator-graham-us-cap-trade-plan-dead.
② Hartley, Simon, "Forests carbon credit sale world's biggest". Otago Daily Times,2009-09-10, http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/73407/forests-carbon-credit-sale-world039s-biggest.
① Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, "New bill'weakens ETS'says Environment Commissioner", 2009-10-15, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0910/S00231.htm. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, "ETS amendments bill should not pass-Commissioner", 2009-11-16, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0911/S00146.htm. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. "ETS bill won't help environment-Commissioner", 2009-11-25, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0911/S00277.htm.
① James Murray, "Concerns mount over vague Japaneses climate bill", Business Green,2010-03-08, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1803714/concerns-mount-vague-japanese-climate.
①欧洲委员会是欧盟的行政权力机构,拥有在欧盟立法领域唯一的提案权,负责提出欧盟的政策,起草法律议案,拟议中的法律一旦被委员会采纳,就被送到理事会和议会进行讨论和通过。蔡守秋主编,《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社,2002年,第10-17。
② Communication to the Council the Greenhouse Effect and the Community Commission Work Programme Concerning the Evaluation of Policy Options to Deal With the Greenhouse Effect, COM(1988)656
③欧盟部长理事会代表欧盟各成员国的政府,由各成员国授权代表其政府的一名部长级代表组成,是欧盟的立法与决策机构。蔡守秋主编,《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社,2002年,第6-10页。
④ Proposal for a Council Directive Introducing a Tax on Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy, COM (92) 226 final
⑤ Withdrawal of obsolete Commission proposals, OJ C 5,9.1.2004, p.2-33. This proposal was later amended by amended proposal for a Council Directive introducing a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and energy (COM/95/172 FINAL), which was again never adopted (Withdrawal of Commission Proposals which are no longer topical, COM/2001/0763 final).
① Council Directive 93/76/EEC of 13 September 1993 to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency (SAVE), OJ L 237,22.9.1993, p.28-30.
② 91/565/EEC:Council Decision of 29 October 1991 concerning the promotion of energy efficiency in the Community (SAVE programme), OJ L 307,8.11.1991, p.34-36.
③ 93/500/EEC:Council Decision of 13 September 1993 concerning the promotion of renewable energy sources i the Community (Altener programme), OJ L235,18.9.1993, OJ L235,18.9.1993, p.41-44
④ Commission Recommendation of 5 February 1999 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars, OJ L 40,13.2.1999P.49-50.
⑤ Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (JAMA), OJ L 100,20.4.2000, p.57-58.
⑥ Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (KAMA), OJ L 100,20.04.2000 P.55-56.
①《京都议定书》附件B。签署《京都议定书》时为欧洲共同休,代表现在欧盟的15个国家,即比利时、丹麦、德国、希腊、西班牙、法国、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、奥地利、葡萄牙、芬兰、瑞典、英国。
②“政策和措施”(policies and measures)是《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》使用的名词,指一国政府公共部门所决定的关于限制或者减少温室气体排放量的政策和采取的措施。
③ European Climate Change Programme, Report-June 2001, p.53.
④ Communication from the Commission on the implementation of the first phase of the European Climate Change Programme, COM(2001)580 final.
⑤ Proposal for a Council Decision concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfillment of commitments, COM(2001)579 final.
⑥ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for green house gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM(2001) 581 final, OJ C 75 E,26.03.2002, p.33.
① Decision No 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 242,10.9.2002, p.1.
② Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of biofuels for transport, COM(2001)547 final.
③ Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport.
④ Council Decision 2002/358/EC of 25 April 2002 concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder, OJ L 130,15.5.2002, p.1.
⑤ EU Energy Policy and Legislation under Pressure since the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol? Veronique Bruggeman and Bram Delvaux, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere, Edward Elgar,2006, p.226.
⑥ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market, COM(2002)0415 final.
⑦ Proposal for a Framework Directive for Minimum Efficiency Requirements for End-Use Equipment;关于能源终端效率和能源服务的指令提案(Proposal for a Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services)于2003年12月11日提交,按照计划应于2002年完成。2006年4月5日《关于能源终端效率和能源服务的指令》得以通过(Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services);关于管制氟化气体的指令提案(Proposal for a Framework Directive on Fluorinated Gases, COM(2003)0492 final)于2003年8月12日提交,按照计划应于2002年完成。2006年5月17日关于管制氟化温室气体的条例(Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases)得以通过。
⑧关于改进基础设施使用和收费的指令提案(Proposal for a Framework Directive on the Principles and Structure of an Infrastructure Charging System and a Common Methodology for Setting Charging Levels and Cross Financing)。
① Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, COM(2006)818 final.
② Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles, COM(2007)19final.
③ Green Paper from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions-Adapting to climate change in Europe - options for EU action, COM(2007) 354 final.
④ Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar, p.284.
① Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM/2007/0002 final.
② Proposal for amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community, COM(2008)0016 final.
③ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, COM(2008)0019 final
④ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, COM(2008)0018 final
⑤ Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles, COM(2007)0856 final.
①王曦,“论欧盟温室气体控制法律和政策的方法论意义”,载《西南政法大学学报》,2008年10月,第10卷,第5期,第42页。
② Ved P. Nanda, The European Union's Multinational Carbon Trading Program, Denver University Law Review 2008,997.
③ COM/92/226Final, OJ C 196,3.8.1992, p.1 COM 1992,226 final,2 June 1992.
④ Withdrawal of obsolete Commission proposals, OJ C 5,9.1.2004, p.2-33. This proposal was later amended by amended proposal for a Council Directive introducing a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and energy (COM/95/172 FINAL), which was again never adopted (Withdrawal of Commission Proposals which are no longer topical, COM/2001/0763 final).
⑤ Frank J.Convery, Origins and Development of the EUETS, Environ Resource Econ(2009)43:392-393
⑥ IMF Working Paper, WP/00/13, Taxes and Tradable Permits as Instruments for Controlling Pollution:Theory and Practice, John Norregaard and Valerie Reppelin-Hill,2000, P.31-32
① Christiansen, A.C.'The Role of Flexibility Mechanisms in EU Climate Strategy:Lessons Learned and Future Challenges', International Environmental Agreements:Politics, Law and Economics,4, pp.27-46.
①直到2010年2月17日,欧洲委员会成立了新的气候行动部门(Directorate-General for Climate Action)负责与气候变化有关的政策法律的制定与协调。
② Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar, p.281.
③ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for green house gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM(2001) 581 final, OJ C 75 E,26.03.2002, p.33.
① Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance),OJ L 275,25.10.2003, p.32-46.
② Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM(2007)0002 final.
① Legislative Choices and Legal Values, Marjan Peeters, in the Climate Change and European Emissions Trading: Lessons for Theory and Practice, edited by Michal Faure and Marjan Peeters, Edward Elgar,2008, p.18.
② The EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Scheme, Jurgen Lefevere, in the Climate Change and Carbon Markets ---A Handbook of Emission Reduction Mechanisms, edited by F. Yamin, Earthscan,2005, p.139.
③ Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance) OJ L275,25.10.2003, p.32-46.
④《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(7)项。
①《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(19)项。
②《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(20)项。
③《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(18)项。
④《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(22)项。
⑤《2003排放交易指令》,前言,第(5)项。
①Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union, COM(2000)0087 final.
① Directive 2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol's project mechanisms, OJ L 338,13.11.2004, p.18-23.
②《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第22项。
①《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第1.3项。
② Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 8,13.1.2009, p.3-21.
① EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.53.
②《2008排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(11)项。
③欧洲议会由欧洲共同体成员国的人民代表组成,参与欧盟环境立法程序。蔡守秋主编,《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社,2002年,第17-25页。
④《2008排放交易修改指令》,第30条(4)款。
③ Decision No 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 242,10.9.2002, p.1.
⑥ Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions, Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation, COM(2005) 459 final.
⑦ Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, COM(2006)818 final.
① Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community, OJ L 140,5.6.2009, p.63-87.
② Building a global carbon market-Report pursuant to Article 30 of Directive 2003/87/EC, COM(2006)676 final.
① Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community, COM(2008)00I6 final.
① Legislative Choices and Legal Values, Marjan Peeters, in the Climate Change and European Emissions Trading: Lessons for Theory and Practice, edited by Michal Faure and Marjan Peeters, Edward Elgar,2008, p.17-18.
①《连接指令》,解释性备忘录,第(10)项。
② Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
③ Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases.
④ Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
① Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control, OJ L 257,10.10.1996, p. 26.
② Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第8条。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第2部分,注释8。
① EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.16-17.
② EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.22.
③ Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(3)项。
② Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
③ Amended proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM(2002) 680 final, p.7.
④ Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 251(2) of the EC Treaty concerning the Common Position of the Council on the adoption of a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, SEC(2003) 364 final, p.8.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}, SEC/2007/0052 final, Annex I ECCP Report.
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第24条。
①(2009排放交易修改指令》,第5条。
②《排放交易指令》第3条(f)项将“操作者”(operator)定义为操作或控制一个装置的自然人或法人,或根据国内立法的规定享有关于装置技术运行的决定性经济权力的自然人或法人。实践中,一般对此定义做宽泛的解释,将控制财务或做出投资决定的人视为装置的操作者,这种宽泛的解释符合指令的目的,即将减排义务附加于对装置享有最大控制权的人。
③《2003排放交易指令》,第6条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第6条(2)款。
⑤《2009排放交易修改指令》,第6条(1)款。
⑥《2003排放交易指令》,第8条。
⑦ Non-paper on Synergies between the EC Emissions Trading Proposal (COM(2001)581) and the IPPC Directive, D(02)610019.
⑧ EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.82-83.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p74.
② A level playing field? Initial allocation of allowances in MSs', Bettina Schmitt-Rady, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere, Edward Elgar,2006,P.84-85
③ Communication from the Commission "Further guidance on allocation plans for the 2008 to 2012 trading period of the EU Emission Trading Scheme", COM(2005)703 final.
④ Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants, OJL 309,27.11.2001, p.1.
⑤ Directive 1999/32/EC relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels, OJ L 121,11.05.1999, p.13.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}.
① Commission staff working document-Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system-Impact assessment{COM(2008) 16 final}{SEC(2008) 53}, SEC/2007/0052 final, Annex I ECCP Report.
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第24条。
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.30.
① Communication from the Commission on guidance to assist Member States in the implementation of the criteria listed in Annex Ⅲ to Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, and on the circumstances under which force majeure is demonstrated, COM(2003)830 final.
② Communication from the Commission on further guidance on allocation plans for the 2008 to 2012 trading period of the EU Emission Trading Scheme, COM(2005)703 final.
① Council Decision 2002/358/EC2 on the joint fulfillment of commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, OJ L 130, 15.5.2002, p.1.
① Decision 93/389/EEC establishing a monitoring mechanism of Community carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions, OJ L 167,9.7.1993, p.31. Decision as amended by Decision 1999/296/EC (OJ L 117, 5.5.1999, p,35).
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p116.
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007,p11
④该决定第3条(2)款(b)项。
①《连接指令》,第30条(3)款。
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.140.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007,p141.
②第10条规定了第一和第二交易阶段的配额分配方法,即在第一交易阶段,至少95%的配额应无偿发放；在第二交易阶段,至少90%的配额应无偿发放。
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.144.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.138-140.
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.146.
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.155.
②同上。
③同上。
④ EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008.
①同上。
② EU Emissions Trading --- Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation, Birger Skjaerseth and J(?)rgen Wettestad, Ashgate Publishing Company,2008, p.159.
③《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3c条。
① Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.157.
①《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第1.2部分。
①《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.3.1项,第29条。
②《2005国家分配方案的指导意见》,第3.8项,第31条。
③《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3e条(3)款。
①《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3e条(4)、(5)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(1)款。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(2)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(3)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言(19)。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(4)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第12条(3a)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10b条(1)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(12)款。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第lOb条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(2)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(3)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(22)项。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(1)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10条(4)款。
⑤《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3d条(1)、(2)、(3)款。
①《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3d条。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言(16)。
②《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.6.2项,第55条。
③《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.6.2项,第64条。
④《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》,第2.1.6.2项,第56和59条。
①《2003国家分配方案的指导意见》规定,若成员国决定建立储备库,成员国需在其国家分配方案中说明在排放配额总量中为储备库预留的配额量,并证明储备库的大小与被告知的在该交易阶段新准入者的数量相当,以及无偿向新准入者发放配额的规则和程序。委员会建议应本着“先来者先得”的原则向新准入者发放配额。①为尊重平等待遇的原则,欧洲委员会规定向新准入者发放配额的方法应尽可能与现有装置的配额分配方法一致；成员国不应针对不同的活动、技术或为特别目的建立几个不同的储备库。成员国还应在国家分配方案中说明在一个交易期间结束时,储备库里剩余的配额将如何利用,例如,可将其拍卖：以及说明储备库里的配额不足时的应对措施。
② Climate Change Law: Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.139.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(7)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(8)款。
①《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(1)款。
②《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(4)、(5)、(7)款。
③《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(2)款。
④《2008排放交易修改指令》,第3f条(8)款。
⑤《2009排放交易修改指令》,第10a条(20)款。
①《马拉喀什协议》,执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南。
①《京都议定书》,第12条(10)款。
②王曦编著,《国际环境法》(第二版),法律出版社,2005年,第165页。
③杨兴著,《气候变化框架公约研究——国际法与比较法的视角》,中国法制出版社,2007年,第178-179页。
④《连接指令》,第11a条(1)、(2)款。
①《连接指令》,第11a条(3)款(a)项。
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007,p179.
③《连接指令》,第11a条(3)款(b)项。
④《连接指令》,第11b条(6)款。
⑤《连接指令》,第11a条(2)款。
⑥《连接指令》,第l1a条(1)款。
①《连接指令》,第30条(3)款。
②2005国家分配方案的指导意见,3.5,(24)。
③2005国家分配方案的指导意见,3.5,(25)。
④EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.91.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第1la条(7)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言第(28)项,第28条(3)款。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(2)款。
④《2009排放交易修改指令》,第l1a条(2)款。
⑤《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(3)款。
⑥《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(4)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(5)款。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言,第(30)项。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第11a条(8)款。
④《连接指令》,第11a条(9)款。
①《连接指令》第11a条(1)款和(2)款。
② Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.183.
③ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.184.
①《连接指令》,第11(b)条(3)款。
②《连接指令》,第11(b)条(4)款。
③ Green Paper on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading within the European Union, COM/2000/0087 final.
④ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton Cameron May,2007, p.187.
①同上。
②《2003排放交易指令》的立法提案,解释性备忘录,第(20)项。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第25条(1a)、(1b)款。
①《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(1)款。
②《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(2)款。
③《连接指令》,第15条。
①欧盟15国包括奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英国。
②2004年之后加入欧盟的12个成员国及其《京都议定书》下的减排指标分别是保加利亚(8%)、捷克共和国(8%)、塞浦路斯(不承担减排义务)、爱沙尼亚(8%)、匈牙利(6%)、拉脱维亚(8%)、马耳他(不承担减排义务)、波兰(6%)、罗马尼亚(8%)、斯洛伐克共和国(8%)、斯洛文尼亚(8%)、立陶宛(8%)。
③《连接指令》,第12条(2a)、(3)款。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第12条(3a)款。
②《2003排放交易指令》,第16条(4)款。
③《连接指令》,第16条(3)款。
④((2009排放交易修改指令》,第16条(4)款。
⑤《连接指令》,第16条(2)款。
⑥《连接指令》,第16条(3)款。
⑦周剑、何建坤,“欧盟气候变化政策及其经济影响”,载《现代国际关系》,2009年第2期。
⑧《2003排放交易指令》,第19条(2)款。
①《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(4)款。
②《2003排放交易指令》,第12条(2)款；《2009排放交易修改指令》,第12条(2)款,第13条(2)款。
①《2003排放权交易指令》,第20条(1)款。
② Commission Regulation (EC) No 2216/2004 of 21 December 2004 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilText with EEA relevance, OJ L 386,29.12.2004.
③ Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 of 8 October 2008 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 271,11.10.2008, p.3-40.
④ Climate Change Law:Emissions Trading in the EU and the UK, Robinson, Barton, Dodwel, Heydon, and Miton, Cameron May,2007, p.164.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第19条(1)款。
② Council Decision 93/389/EEC of 24 June 1993 for a monitoring mechanism of Community CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, OJ L 167,9.7.1993, p.31. Decision as amended by Decision 1999/296/EC (OJ L 117, 5.5.1999, p.35).
③ Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol, OJ L 49,19.2.2004, p.1-8.
④《2003排放交易指令》,第6条(1)款。
①《2003排放交易指令》,第6条(2)款(c)项。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第6条(2)款(c)项。
③《2003排放交易指令》,第14条。
④ Commission Decision of 29 January 2004 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 130), OJ L 59,26.2.2004, p.1-74.
⑤ 2007/589/EC:Commission Decision of 18 July 2007 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2007) 3416) (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 229,31.8.2007, p.1-85.
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,前言(35)。
②《2009排放交易修改指令》,第22条。
③《2009排放交易修改指令》,第14条。
④《连接指令》,第15条。
①《2009排放交易修改指令》,第15条。
①殷培红、赵毅红、裴晓菲,“温室气体减排监管政策的国际经验”,载《环境保护》2009年第6期。
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第6页。
①《中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报》,中国计划出版社,2004年,第16-17页。
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第6页。
③《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第19页。
④ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.10.
⑤同上。
⑥时裴丽、李俊峰,“《可再生能源法》制定的背景和基本思路”,载《上海电力》,2005年第6期,第551页。
①《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第9页。
② Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.10.
③《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第16页。
④ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.11.
⑤《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第20页。
⑥《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,,第20页。
①孙钰,“从冰冻雪灾反思应对气候变化措施”,载《环境保护》,2008年第5期,
②《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》,国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月。
③时裴丽、李俊峰,“《可再生能源法》制定的背景和基本思路”,载《上海电力》,2005年第6期,第551页。
④ Saich 2001:295,转引自Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.39.
⑤ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.39-40.
①时裴丽、李俊峰,《可再生能源法》制定的背景和基本思路,载《上海电力》,2005年第6期,第551页。
① Economy 1994:18-19.转引自 Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.26.
② Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.26-27.
① ENB 1997a:13,转引自Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.29.
② ENB 1998.
③ Ida Bj(?)rkum, China in the International Politics of Climate Change:A Foreign Policy Analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, December 2005, p.30.
①翟勇,“应对气候变化的理性思考”,载《河海大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),第10卷第3期,2008年9月,第4页。
②注：G8+5气候变化立法者论坛是2005年在英国作为八国峰会轮值主席国期间,由英国前首相布莱尔倡导的旨在G8成员国家与其它国家之间培育更广泛的联系和理解。
③翟勇,“应对气候变化的理性思考”,载《河海大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),第10卷第3期,2008年9月,第5页。
④ Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Towards a Comprehensive Climate Change Agreement in Copenhagen, COM (2009)39.
①“解振华详述哥本哈根会议历程“,新浪网2010年01月09日报道,访问地址http://finance.sina.com.cn/hy/ 20100109/12307218870.shtml.
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第26页。
①张炳淳,“论‘节能减排’的法律手段”,载《企业与法治》,2009年第1期,第54页。
②《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第26页。
①《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,中国国家发展与改革委员会组织编制,2007年6月,第7页。
②《应对气候变化的政策与行动》,“四、减缓气候变化的政策与行动”国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月,北京。
③张梓太,“我国《节约能源法》修订的新思维——在理念与制度层面的生成与展开”,载《法学》,2007年第2期,第116页。
①Alternatives to Traditional Regulation, OECD Report, p.6.
②《节约能源法》,第13条。
③《节约能源法》,第13、14和46条。
④《节约能源法》,第15条。
⑤《节约能源法》,第16条。
⑥孙仁宏,“修订后节能法确立的几项基本制度”,载《中国经贸导刊》,2008年第10期,第25页。
⑦《节约能源法》,第17条。
⑧《节约能源法》,第69,70条。
⑨《节约能源法》,第17条。
①《节约能源法》,第71条。
②《应对气候变化的政策和行动》,“四、减缓气候变化的政策与行动”国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月,北京。
③《节约能源法》,第52条。
④《节能中长期专项规划》,“一、我国能源利用现状：(一)能源消费特点”,第5自然段。
①1997《节约能源法》第47条规定,未在产品说明书和产品标识上注明能耗指标的,由县级以上人民政府管理产品质量监督工作的部门责令限期改正,可以处5万元以下的罚款。在产品说明书和产品标识上注明的能耗指标不符合产品的实际情况的,除依照前款规定处罚外,依照有关法律的规定承担民事责任。
②李克荣、刘武朝,“对完善中国能效标识管理立法的几点思考”,《河北学刊》,第29卷第3期,2009年5月,第207页。
③《节约能源法》,第73条。
④孙仁宏,“修订后节能法确立的几项基本制度”,载《中国经贸导刊》,2008年第10期,第25页。
⑤《节约能源法》,第6条。
⑥孙仁宏,“修订后节能法确立的几项基本制度”,载《中国经贸导刊》,2008年第10期,第24页。
①李芳,“我国排放交易市场的组建与运作问题探讨”,载《上海管理科学》,2005年第5期,第58-60页。
②王金南、董战峰、杨金田、李云生、严刚,“排污交易制度的最新实践和展望”,载《环境经济》,2008年第10期,第38-39页。
①同上。
②李晓绩,《排放交易制度研究》,人口、资源与环境经济学,09吉大博士论文,第66页。
③刘建辉,“排放交易的中国困境”,载《决策》,2006年第1期,第30页。
①李晓绩,《排放交易制度研究》,人口、资源与环境经济学,09吉大博士论文,第67页。
②王金南、董战峰、杨金田、李云生、严刚,“排污交易制度的最新实践和展望”,载《环境经济》,2008年第10期,第38-39页。
③2007年3月国家科技支持的项目《电力行业二氧化硫排污交易技术研究》课题启动。
①王金南、董战峰、杨金田、李云生、严刚,“排污交易制度的最新实践和展望”,载《环境经济》,2008年第10期,第38-39页。
②李晓绩,《排放交易制度研究》,人口、资源与环境经济学,09吉大博士论文,第71页。
③张道生、傅丕毅,“中国首个排污权交易平台成立“,新华网2007年11月14日报道,访问地址：http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200711/14/t20071114_13597399.shtml。
①《水污染防治法》,第20条。
②《水污染防治法》,第18条。
③关于征求对《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿)意见的函,环办函[2008]16号。
④《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿),第2条。
⑤《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿),第4条。
①《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿),第5条。
②关于征求对《排污许可证管理条例》(征求意见稿)意见的函,环办函[2008]16号。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易管理办法》,第一部分,第(一)项。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》,第一部分,第(一)项。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第3条。
④《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第2条。
⑤《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第2条。
⑥《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第(四)部分。
①《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第7条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第8条。
②《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》、《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》、《关于印发江苏省太湖流域主要水污染物排污权有偿使用和交易试点方案细则的通知》、《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》和《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第7条。
④《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第四条。
⑤《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第四条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第三条。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第一部分,第(一)项。
②《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第十七条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第八条和第二十一条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第十五条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第8条。
④《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第4条。
⑤《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第18条。
⑥《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第16条,《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第13条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第10条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(五)项,《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》第8条。
⑦《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第五部分,第(一)项。
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第十一条,《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第十条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》第十三条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第八条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第七条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(五)项。
②《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》第7条和11条。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》第10条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第24条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第9条。
④《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》第9条,《江苏省二氧化硫排放指标有偿使用收费管理办法(试行)》第9条。
⑤《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第12条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(二)项,
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第8条。
②《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第8条,
③《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第25、26条。
④《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第六部分,第(一)项。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(四)项。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(七)项。
③《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,第(二)项。
④《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第12、14和18条。
⑤《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第六部分规定：市环保局可以根据总量控制的需要和不参加排放权交易的其他污染源的预计排放量,以及限期回购的排放量,结合环境质量现状,将一部分排污配额进行公开挂牌交易。
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第五部分。
③《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第六条规定：“主要污染物排放交易机构由省环境保护行政主管部门审查确定。”
④《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》,第7,8,14和15条。
⑤《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第20条。
①《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第26条。
②《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》,第七部分。
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第19条,《关于印发江苏省太湖流域主要水污染物排污权有偿使用和交易试点方案细则的通知》第四部分,第(七)项,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易管理办法》第五部分,第(二十三)项。
④《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第25条。
⑤《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第18条。
⑥《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》和《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》。
⑦《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第6条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第五部分,第(十三)项。
①《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第22条。
②《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第29条。
③《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(六)项。
④《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第14条。
⑤《嘉兴市主要污染物排污权交易办法(试行)》第27条。
⑥《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第23条,
①《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第28条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,
②《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第19条,
③《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第24条,
④《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第28条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,
⑤《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第28条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第七部分,
⑥《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第26条,《山东省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易暂行管理办法》,第20条,《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易管理办法》第28条,《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》,第17条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第28条,《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第29条。
⑦《京都议定书》,第12条(2)款。
①《马拉喀什协议》,决定草案-/CMP.1(第十二条)“《京都议定书》第十二条所规定的清洁发展机制的方式和程序”,附件：清洁发展机制的方式和程序,F.参与要求,第28、29和30条。
②《京都议定书》第12条。
③《马拉喀什协议》,决定草案-/CMP.1(第十二条)“《京都议定书》第十二条所规定的清洁发展机制的方式和程序”,附件：清洁发展机制的方式和程序,G.审议和登记,第43条。
④庄贵阳,“清洁发展机制与中日合作前景：中国的视角”,载《世界经济》,2002年第2期,第69页。
⑤ International Institute for Sustainable Development(IISD),"A Daily Report on the Eleventh Session of the Framework Convention on Climate Change", Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol·12, No·5,1995, http:ca/download/asc/enbl 205e.txt.
①《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》,国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月。
②《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第4条。
③《应对气候变化国家方案》,第32页。
④《应对气候变化国家方案》,第41页。
⑤《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第24条。
①《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第16条。
②《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第14条。
③《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》第15条。
①朱谦,“清洁发展机制国内立法中的法律问题探讨”,载《中国地质大学学报(社会科学版)》,2007年第2期。
②黄勇,“中国碳交易量居世界第一”,中国环境报,2008年2月22日,第005版。
③《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》,国务院新闻办公室,2008年10月。
①王小龙著,《排放交易研究—一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社2008年,第162页。
②曹滢、吴挺,“中国成为清洁发展机制最具潜力市场”,经济参考报2006年10月30日报道,访问地址：http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20061030/09031007999.shtml。
③王小龙著,《排放交易研究——一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社2008年,第163页。
④谷雨、丁丁,“我国温室气体排放交易机构的现状研究”,载《中国科技投资》,2009年第12期。
James Murray, "Economists hail EU emissions trading success", Business Green,2010-02-15, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1802660/economists-hail-eu-emissions-trading-success.
② EEA Report, No 7/2010, Tracking Progress Towards Kyoto and 2020 Targets in Europe, p.6.
① The EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Scheme, Jiirgen Lefevere, in the Climate Change and Carbon Markets --- A Handbook of Emission Reduction Mechanisms, edited by F. Yamin, Earthscan,2005, p.81.
①直到2010年2月17日,欧洲委员会成立了新的气候行动部门(Directorate-General for Climate Action)负责与气候变化有关的政策法律的制定与协调。
② The Treaty Establishing the European Community, OJ C 325,24.12.2002, p.33-184.
③《欧共体条约》,第3(1.u)条规定仅允许欧盟在能源领域采取“措施”。
④ Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar,p.281.
①“王金南：碳排放强度本质是一种总量控制”,21世纪经济报道2010年4月16日报道,访问地址：http://www.21 cbh.com/HTML/2010-4-19/zOMDAwMDE3MzIzOQ.html.
①EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.22.
① Commission Recommendation of 5 February 1999 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars, OJ L 40.13.2.1999 P.49-50.
② Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (JAMA), OJ L 100,20.4.2000, p.57-58.
③ Commission Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (KAMA), OJ L 100,20.04.2000 P.55-56.
①EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe,2008, p.81.
②《湖北省主要污染物排放交易试行办法》第7条,《嘉兴市主要污染物排放交易办法(试行)》第8条。
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第8条。
②《江苏省电力行业二氧化硫排放交易管理暂行办法》,第8条,
①杨华、沈灏,“碳交易的法律问题初探”,载《上海政法学院学报》,2008年第2期,第99-100页。
①幸红,“排污权交易及其法律规范”,载《学术研究》,2006年第8期,第77页。
①EEA Report, No 5/2008, Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe 2008, p.85-88.
① James Murray, "Carbon price close to record low as European sell-off continues", Business Green,2009-02-09, http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/1803352/carbon-price-close-record-low-european-sell-continues.
①《杭州市主要污染物排放权交易实施细则(试行)》第四部分,第(四)项。
①《太原市二氧化硫排污交易管理办法》,第8条。
① Some reflections on the EU mix of instruments on climate change, Ludwig Kramer, in the EU Climate Change Policy:The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, edited by Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere,2006, Edward Elgar, p.294.
② Pollution, Property and Prices, J.H. Dales, The University of Toronto Press,1968.
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82. Communication from the Commission on further guidance on allocation plans for the 2008 to 2012 trading period of the EU Emission Trading Scheme, COM(2005)703 final
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87. Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol
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91. The Treaty Establishing the European Community
92. California Global Warming Solutions Act, AB 32
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