论《合同法》对海上货物运输合同若干方面的影响
摘要
本文围绕着《合同法》与《海商法》对货物运输合同的相关规定，结合本人在《合同法》自颁布实施已近一年来的司法实践，从民商法的基本理论、国际海运习惯和海事司法实践等方面对两法在海上货物运输合同中的不同规定及在实践中的冲突适用作一全面、系统的论述。通过对海上货物运输合同中托运人、承运人及收货人等各方的利益冲突及其平衡问题的分析，对有关的理论和实践提出自己的看法，并对相冲突处提出修改建议。
全文共五章。引言部分提出了在《合同法》颁布后，对《海商法》调整的海上货物运输合同提出新的命题，并提出两法在适用上需要解决的问题，本课题研究的构架和期望达到的目的。
第一章从《合同法》中关于合同订立过程(即要约与承诺)对海上货物运输合同订立的启示，主要论述船期公告的性质是要约还是要约邀请，订舱是承诺还是要约，通过对班轮运输合同和航次租船合同订立过程的分析，试图找出海上货物运输合同的订立规则，为更好地理解海上货物运输合同成立的效力提供理论和法律依据。通过对海上货物运输合同解除和中止的分析，来确定海上货物运输合同中合同双方的契约权利和义务。
第二章简述了《合同法》颁布施行后对托运人的部分权利和义务带来的新内容，从托运人的识别开始重点分析了托运人的中途停运权，并对该权利的性质、在行使此权利时应注意的问题进行了论述，澄清了中途停运权在行使过程中托运人、承运人与收货人之间的权利义务问题。
第三章重点论述了《合同法》和《海商法》对有关承运人责任的不同调整，分十节探讨了承运人的权利和义务，分析了海上货物运输合同各方的利益，提出了承运人在实现自己权利和履行自己义务时应注意的事项，以及两法在此问题适用上的冲突，并通过对两法的平衡，作出了对法律适用问题的解答。
第四章、简述了两法对损害后果的确认和赔偿中不同的地方，论述了对货物损害赔偿额的认定和对绕航所产生的法律后果赔偿原则。
结束语部分，在研究基础上扼要归纳了笔者的主要观点。
Surrounding relevant stipulations in the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Contracts (Law on Contracts)" and the "Maritime Law of the People's Republic of China (Maritime Law)", and combining my own judicial practice for nearly one year since the "Law on Contracts" was promulgated and enforced, this dissertation entirely and systematically formulates the different stipulations on marine goods transportation in the two laws, and conflicts and adaptability existing in practice from point of view of the basic theory of civil and commercial law, international marine custom, maritime judicial practice etc. Through analyzing the benefit conflict and balance between the parties in marine goods transportation contract, such as shipper, carrier and consignee etc., own views on relevant theory and practice are raised out, modification proposals on conflicts are raised out as well.
There are five chapters in the whole dissertation. The preamble puts forward new questions on marine goods transportation contract that is adjusted by the "Maritime Law" since the "Law on Contracts" was promulgated, raises out issues to be settled for the application of the two laws, the structure studied by this research topic and the target to be reached.
Chapter One mainly formulates whether the nature of sailing date notice is quotation or invitation to quotation, whether booking is confirmation or quotation based on that the process of concluding a contract in the "Law on Contracts", i.e., quotation and confirmation enlightens the marine transportation contract conclusion; through analyzing the process of concluding liner transportation contract and voyage chartering contract, tries to find out the concluding rules to marine goods transportation contract so as to supply theoretical and legal evidences to better understand the effect of concluding marine transportation contract; determines the contractual rights and obligations of both parties in the marine goods transportation contract through analyzing the rescission and suspension of marine goods transportation contract.
Chapter Two briefs new contents brought up to partial rights and obligations of the shipper since the "Law on Contracts" was promulgated and enforced, concentrates on analyzing the right of stoppage-in-transit to the shipper
beginning with identification of shipper, as well as formulates the nature of such right and attentions to be paid during performing such right, clarifies the rights and obligation between the shipper, carrier and consignee during performing the right of stoppage-in-transit.
Chapter Three mainly formulates different adjustments on the duties of carrier by the "Law on Contract" and the "Maritime Law", inquires in the rights and obligations of the carrier in ten Sections, analyzes the benefits of each party in marine goods transportation contract, raises out attentions to the carrier when the carrier achieves its own rights and performs its own obligations and the conflicts on the application of the two laws, as well as gives answers to the issues of legal application through balancing the two laws.
Chapter Four briefs the determination of harmful consequences and differences in compensation by the two laws, formulates the determination of goods damage compensation amount and the compensation rule to legal consequences caused by diversion.
The End briefly summarizes the main views of the author based on the researching achievements.
HUSHIXIN (Science of international law) Directed by YAC+IONGXIU
全文共五章。引言部分提出了在《合同法》颁布后，对《海商法》调整的海上货物运输合同提出新的命题，并提出两法在适用上需要解决的问题，本课题研究的构架和期望达到的目的。
第一章从《合同法》中关于合同订立过程(即要约与承诺)对海上货物运输合同订立的启示，主要论述船期公告的性质是要约还是要约邀请，订舱是承诺还是要约，通过对班轮运输合同和航次租船合同订立过程的分析，试图找出海上货物运输合同的订立规则，为更好地理解海上货物运输合同成立的效力提供理论和法律依据。通过对海上货物运输合同解除和中止的分析，来确定海上货物运输合同中合同双方的契约权利和义务。
第二章简述了《合同法》颁布施行后对托运人的部分权利和义务带来的新内容，从托运人的识别开始重点分析了托运人的中途停运权，并对该权利的性质、在行使此权利时应注意的问题进行了论述，澄清了中途停运权在行使过程中托运人、承运人与收货人之间的权利义务问题。
第三章重点论述了《合同法》和《海商法》对有关承运人责任的不同调整，分十节探讨了承运人的权利和义务，分析了海上货物运输合同各方的利益，提出了承运人在实现自己权利和履行自己义务时应注意的事项，以及两法在此问题适用上的冲突，并通过对两法的平衡，作出了对法律适用问题的解答。
第四章、简述了两法对损害后果的确认和赔偿中不同的地方，论述了对货物损害赔偿额的认定和对绕航所产生的法律后果赔偿原则。
结束语部分，在研究基础上扼要归纳了笔者的主要观点。
Surrounding relevant stipulations in the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Contracts (Law on Contracts)" and the "Maritime Law of the People's Republic of China (Maritime Law)", and combining my own judicial practice for nearly one year since the "Law on Contracts" was promulgated and enforced, this dissertation entirely and systematically formulates the different stipulations on marine goods transportation in the two laws, and conflicts and adaptability existing in practice from point of view of the basic theory of civil and commercial law, international marine custom, maritime judicial practice etc. Through analyzing the benefit conflict and balance between the parties in marine goods transportation contract, such as shipper, carrier and consignee etc., own views on relevant theory and practice are raised out, modification proposals on conflicts are raised out as well.
There are five chapters in the whole dissertation. The preamble puts forward new questions on marine goods transportation contract that is adjusted by the "Maritime Law" since the "Law on Contracts" was promulgated, raises out issues to be settled for the application of the two laws, the structure studied by this research topic and the target to be reached.
Chapter One mainly formulates whether the nature of sailing date notice is quotation or invitation to quotation, whether booking is confirmation or quotation based on that the process of concluding a contract in the "Law on Contracts", i.e., quotation and confirmation enlightens the marine transportation contract conclusion; through analyzing the process of concluding liner transportation contract and voyage chartering contract, tries to find out the concluding rules to marine goods transportation contract so as to supply theoretical and legal evidences to better understand the effect of concluding marine transportation contract; determines the contractual rights and obligations of both parties in the marine goods transportation contract through analyzing the rescission and suspension of marine goods transportation contract.
Chapter Two briefs new contents brought up to partial rights and obligations of the shipper since the "Law on Contracts" was promulgated and enforced, concentrates on analyzing the right of stoppage-in-transit to the shipper
beginning with identification of shipper, as well as formulates the nature of such right and attentions to be paid during performing such right, clarifies the rights and obligation between the shipper, carrier and consignee during performing the right of stoppage-in-transit.
Chapter Three mainly formulates different adjustments on the duties of carrier by the "Law on Contract" and the "Maritime Law", inquires in the rights and obligations of the carrier in ten Sections, analyzes the benefits of each party in marine goods transportation contract, raises out attentions to the carrier when the carrier achieves its own rights and performs its own obligations and the conflicts on the application of the two laws, as well as gives answers to the issues of legal application through balancing the two laws.
Chapter Four briefs the determination of harmful consequences and differences in compensation by the two laws, formulates the determination of goods damage compensation amount and the compensation rule to legal consequences caused by diversion.
The End briefly summarizes the main views of the author based on the researching achievements.
HUSHIXIN (Science of international law) Directed by YAC+IONGXIU
引文
1全国人在常委会法制工作委员会民法室编．中华人民共和国合同法实用问答．北京：中国商业出版社，1999
2李国光主编．合同法释解与适用．北京：新华出版社，1999
3傅旭梅主编．中华人民共和国海商法诠释．北京：人民法院出版社，1995
4胡康生主编．中华人民共和国合同法释义．北京：法律出版社，1999
5交通部政策法规司，交通法律事务中心编．海商法条文释义．北京：人民交通出版社，1993
6司玉琢等编著．海商法详论．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1995
7孔祥俊．合同法教程．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1999
8孔祥俊．民商法热点、难点及前沿问题．北京：人民法院出版社，1996
9王利明，崔建远．合同法新论·总则．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1996
10王利明，崔建远．合同法新论·分则．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1997
11张忠晔．各国和地区海商法比较．北京：人民交通出版社，1994
12张广兴．债法总论．北京：法律出版社，1994
13王家福主编．中国民法学·民法债权．北京：法律出版社，1991
14[英]A．G．盖斯特．英国合同法与案例(张文镇，孙蕴珠等，译者)．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1998
15杨志刚．国际集装箱多式联运实务与法规．上海：上海科技出版社，1995
16杨良宜，姚洪秀．航次租船合同与租船实务．上海：百家出版社，1994
17叶红军，翁笑冰．国内水路货物运输规则港口货物作业规则条文释义．北京：人民交通出版社，2001
18尹东年．当代海商法的理论与实践．北京：人民交通出版社，1997
19金正佳主编．中国典型海事案例．北京：法律出版社，1998
20郭瑜．提单法律制度研究．北京，北京大学出版社，1997
21[加拿大]WILLAM TETLEY．海上货物索赔．第三版(张永坚、胡正良、傅廷忠等，译者)．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1993
22杨良宜．提单．第2版．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1994
23杨良宜．外贸及海运诈骗货物索赔新发展．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1994
24杨良宜．滞期费．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1995
25杨良宜．租约．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1994
26杨良宜．国际商务与海事仲裁．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1994
27杨良宜．期租合约．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1997
28杨良宜．程租合约．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1998
29杨良宜．国际货物买卖．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999
30杨良宜．提单及其及其付运单证．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001
31杨良宜、杨大明．禁令．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000
32杨良宜．信用证．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1998
33杨良宜．国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1998
34邢海宝．海商提单法．北京：法律出版社，1999
35金正佳，翁子明．海事请求保全专论．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996
36郭国汀．国际海商法律实务．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996
37高言，康军．海商法理解适用与实例评价．北京：人民法院大学出版社，1996
38王恩韶，许履刚．共同海损．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996
1司玉琢主编．中国海商法年刊．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996，1997，1998，1999，2000
2金正佳主编．中国海事审判年刊．北京：人民交通出版社，1999，2000
3中国海商法协会通讯．1999，3、2000，4
4法学家．1998，3
5法学杂志．1999，3
6航运交易公报．1999年3月29日
7宁波海事法院．海事司法论坛．2000，4
2李国光主编．合同法释解与适用．北京：新华出版社，1999
3傅旭梅主编．中华人民共和国海商法诠释．北京：人民法院出版社，1995
4胡康生主编．中华人民共和国合同法释义．北京：法律出版社，1999
5交通部政策法规司，交通法律事务中心编．海商法条文释义．北京：人民交通出版社，1993
6司玉琢等编著．海商法详论．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1995
7孔祥俊．合同法教程．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1999
8孔祥俊．民商法热点、难点及前沿问题．北京：人民法院出版社，1996
9王利明，崔建远．合同法新论·总则．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1996
10王利明，崔建远．合同法新论·分则．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1997
11张忠晔．各国和地区海商法比较．北京：人民交通出版社，1994
12张广兴．债法总论．北京：法律出版社，1994
13王家福主编．中国民法学·民法债权．北京：法律出版社，1991
14[英]A．G．盖斯特．英国合同法与案例(张文镇，孙蕴珠等，译者)．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1998
15杨志刚．国际集装箱多式联运实务与法规．上海：上海科技出版社，1995
16杨良宜，姚洪秀．航次租船合同与租船实务．上海：百家出版社，1994
17叶红军，翁笑冰．国内水路货物运输规则港口货物作业规则条文释义．北京：人民交通出版社，2001
18尹东年．当代海商法的理论与实践．北京：人民交通出版社，1997
19金正佳主编．中国典型海事案例．北京：法律出版社，1998
20郭瑜．提单法律制度研究．北京，北京大学出版社，1997
21[加拿大]WILLAM TETLEY．海上货物索赔．第三版(张永坚、胡正良、傅廷忠等，译者)．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1993
22杨良宜．提单．第2版．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1994
23杨良宜．外贸及海运诈骗货物索赔新发展．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1994
24杨良宜．滞期费．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1995
25杨良宜．租约．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1994
26杨良宜．国际商务与海事仲裁．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1994
27杨良宜．期租合约．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1997
28杨良宜．程租合约．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1998
29杨良宜．国际货物买卖．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999
30杨良宜．提单及其及其付运单证．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001
31杨良宜、杨大明．禁令．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000
32杨良宜．信用证．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1998
33杨良宜．国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1998
34邢海宝．海商提单法．北京：法律出版社，1999
35金正佳，翁子明．海事请求保全专论．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996
36郭国汀．国际海商法律实务．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996
37高言，康军．海商法理解适用与实例评价．北京：人民法院大学出版社，1996
38王恩韶，许履刚．共同海损．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996
1司玉琢主编．中国海商法年刊．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996，1997，1998，1999，2000
2金正佳主编．中国海事审判年刊．北京：人民交通出版社，1999，2000
3中国海商法协会通讯．1999，3、2000，4
4法学家．1998，3
5法学杂志．1999，3
6航运交易公报．1999年3月29日
7宁波海事法院．海事司法论坛．2000，4