苦马豆素—BSA的合成及其免疫原性研究
|
摘要
疯草是豆科黄芪属和棘豆属有毒植物的总称，也是世界范围内危害草原畜
牧业最严重的一类毒草。在我国，疯草广泛分布于西北、华北和西南的广大草
原，危害面积达400万ha。疯草所含主要有毒成分吲跺兹定生物碱—苦马豆素，
能导致大批家畜中毒死亡，更为严重的是引起母畜流产、不孕、胎儿畸形和公
畜不育，造成了巨大经济损失。尽管近20多年国内外在疯草有毒成分、毒理机
制、化学防除和脱毒利用等的研究方面取得了重要进展，但迄今还没有快速检
测分析苦马豆素的方法和特效的控制疯草蔓延的方法，致使疯草中毒问题日趋
严重，成为草原畜牧业的大患。因此，探索苦马豆素（SW）—BSA合成及其
免疫原性研究对用免疫的方法预防动物疯草中毒具有十分重要的科学意义。本
试验系统地研究了苦马豆素（半抗原）纯品的制备，在化学模型（倒千里光裂
碱—BSA合成）研究基础上，进行了SW—BSA的合成及其免疫原性研究。结
果如下：
1 甘肃棘豆中苦马豆素的分离、鉴定 本试验是为苦马豆素免疫原合成提供
原料。用甲醇浸泡甘肃棘豆粉，回收甲醇浸泡液至侵膏，1MHCl溶解后上732
型强酸性阳离子交换柱，1MNH_4OH洗脱并挥发至干，得到总生物碱。总生物
碱经氨性氯仿提取后，通过两个途径分离苦马豆素。一个途径是氨性氯仿提取
物上硅胶（180μ）柱，氯仿∶甲醇∶氨水∶水（70∶26∶2∶，V/V）混合溶
液洗脱，每10mL收集一份，共收集160管，薄层层析和抑制α-甘露糖甙酶活
性监测，合并同类部分，挥干后在90℃，-0.094Pa真空条件下升华。另一个途
径是用高效液相色谱柱分离，色谱条件是：反相（C18硅胶）柱，用水和甲醇
的混和液洗脱，在25min内用5％～100％甲醇线性梯度洗脱，苦马豆素一般出
现在80％～100％的范围内，表现为一个宽峰。升华Ⅱ部分得到一种白色细针状
结晶70mg，植物中的提取率为0.0014％。高效液相色谱柱分离后回收溶液也得
到一种白色细针状结晶1.04mg，植物中的提取率为0.0052％。经TLC、MP、IR、
MS鉴定分析，确定所分离到的结晶为苦马豆素。
2 豆类丝核菌总生物碱的提取及苦马豆素含量测定 用PAD、三叶草汁糖琼
脂培养基和豆芽汁糖琼脂培养基培养7-1、7-3、3-1三株豆类丝核菌，结果只
有菌株7-1和菌株7-3在PAD和三叶草汁糖琼脂培养基上生长良好。将复活的
菌株接种于改良Czapek's培养基，置25～27℃培养箱培养14d。结果表明液体
2000届 西北农林科技大学攻读博士学位研究生学位（毕业）论文
培养时菌种7－3菌丝体产量高于菌株7l。收集菌株7·l和7－3菌丝体，自然干
燥后乙醇索氏提取，回收乙醇至糖浆状，H。O：CH。CI。u：l，V／V）革取，水
层调pH10 后，再用H＊O：CH。CI。（3：l，VfV）革取，水层调pH7，浓缩后上732
型强酸性阳离子交换树脂，用 IM NHOH洗脱，收集氨洗液，调 pH7，浓缩
后冻干，得到一种浅黄色粉末。取苦马豆素标准品 100 p g及浅黄色粉末提取
物 10mg，分别用 lmL毗唆溶解，取 0＊mL加 BSTFAO．ltnL，50℃水浴 30min。
取反应液二poe，直接进样作气相色谱（co）。结果表明在相同的气相色谱条件
下，在相同出峰时间＊．2～smin内，标准样品的峰形与总生物碱的峰形完全一
致，可以判定总生物碱中含有苦马豆素。7－l 菌株总生物碱平均峰高为
116．75tnmtheloX7习茵株总生物碱平均峰高为138．56mln加司X标准品平均
峰高为 197．78mm…叫卜根据计算得出总生物碱中苦马豆素含量分别为
5．903mg／g和7刀06mg／g。试验结果证实，豆类丝核菌能够生物合成苦马豆素，
而且含量比已报道的疯草中含量高，这就为大量生产苦马豆素以利于批量主产
苦马豆素一BSA疫苗摸索了条件。
3 倒千里光裂碱－－SA的合成研究 单猪屎豆碱扣 加入带八结晶水的氢氧化
钡39．sg，加水200mL，加热回流3hr，溶液冷却，通二氧化碳气体使碳酸钡沉
淀完全，过滤，用 IM HCI酸化滤液至刚果红试纸变蓝，用乙醚连续荤取，水
溶液通过强碱性阴离子交换树脂柱，用蒸馏水淋洗，直至洗脱液呈中性，减压
抽干，用适量丙酮回流提取3次，过滤，回收丙酮，残留物用丙酮重结晶，得
到柱状结晶7二Zg，产率为72％。经TLC、MP、MS鉴定结晶物就是倒千里光
裂碱。倒千里光裂碱与用滨乙酸制备的活性酯反应，得到一种白色粉末状物
32．06mg，产率为82％，根据MP测定、IR鉴定结果判定，白色粉末状物为所
要制备的倒千里光裂碱一活性酯结合的季铰盐。季铰盐再与BSA反应，产物透
析、冻干后呈白色针状结晶 97．15mg，按 BSA计算，产率为 87％，UV鉴定结
果与正常的BSA相比，其空间构象发生明显改变，280urn处光吸收值显著下降，
表明季铰盐己与BSA结合。这一试验结果为苦马豆素一BSA的合成提供了理
想的化学模?
Oxytropis and Astragalu.s species known as Locoweeds are responsible for Locoism and
other problems. Locoweeds in china are mainly distributed on the vast rangeland, exceeding 4
million hectares, in northwest, north and southwest China. Locoweeds contain the indolizidine
alkaloid, swainsonine (SW). which has most serious toxicity, resulting neurological damage.
abortion. fetal abnormality and male infertility. Besides containing toxin, Locoweeds are excellent
herbage for animals. However, there is not the effective method to control Locoism. Locoism has
become an important disease on the vast rangeland. In this paper. Attempt to protectively
immunize animals against Locoism with SW-BSA was fulfilled. The results are as follows.
I The isolation and identification of swainsonine from O.kansuensis Bunge The
raw material for synthesis of SW-BSA was supplied by this test. O.kansuensis Bunge powder was
dipped in methanol. The residue following evaporated of the methanol was dissolved in I N4 HCI
and applied to a strong cation-exchange resin and eluted with I M NH4OH. The eluted solution
was collected and concentrated to afford the crude alkaloid. Further isolation was conducted by
two ways. One was extracting the crude alkaloid with ammoniated chloroform, applied the
residue to a silica gel column, Eluted with chloroform: methanol: ammonia: water
(70:26:2:2,V/V), each lOmL to collect, monitored by TLC and the activity of a -mannosidase,
incorporated and evaporated the same fraction. The other was preparation by HPLC, using reverse
phase (C-I 8 silica) and water/methanol, starting at 5% methanol and a linear gradient to 100% in
25 minutes. TLC plates sprayed with Ehrlich’s reagent showed three single fraction, 65 -79 tube
(H)and 106 120 (III) tube became visible as pink spots, Rr value were 0.44 and 0.12
respectively, fraction II was the sante as standard sample. 25 3 tube (I) became visible as
purple spots, R value was 0.60. fraction I and II retained strong a -mannosidase inhibiting
activity, III inhibiting effect was poor. Sublimed II under vacuum (-0.094pa) at 90t to obtain
70mg crystal of white needles, the yield of approximately 0.0014% based on dry plant weight.
1.04mg crystal was obtained by HPLC too, but the yield was 0.0052%. The crystal was
swainsonine identified by TLC, MP, IR and MS.
2 Extraction of alkaloid from Rliizoctonia leguminicola and determination of
swainsonine concentration Cultured the strains of 7-1, 7-3 and 3-1 R. leguminicola on
the medium of PAD, bean sprout juice-sugar-agar, clover juice-sugar-agar. Strains 7-I and 7-3
were reviviscent and cultured on Czapek’s medium at 25-27XD for 14d. The mold mycelium yield
of strain 7-3 is more than 7-1. Collected mycelium, air dried, and extracted with ethanol (Soxhlet,
24hr) .The extract was concentrated to a syrup, shaken ( 3X ) with H20 CH2CI, (V/V) ,the
water extract was brought to pHIO and again extracted ( 3X ) with H.,O CH.,Cl, ( V/V). The
water layer was brought to pH7 and absorbed (30 mm) on a strong cation-exchange resin (H),
eluted with I M NH4OH, and the filtrate was dried. The residue was brought pH7 and lyophilized
to obtain a light brown powder. After dissolved 100 t g standard sample and 10mg powder in
lmL pyridine, 0.ImL of the pyridine was applied to GC. The powder contains swainsonine, for
the peak of the powder is consistent with the standard sample at the same GC condition. The peak
of strain 7-I was 116.75mm(n10), strain 7-3 was 138.56mm(n10), the standard sample was
I97.78mm(nI0) The concentration of swainsonine in powder of 7-1 and 7-3 were 5.9O3mgI
牧业最严重的一类毒草。在我国，疯草广泛分布于西北、华北和西南的广大草
原，危害面积达400万ha。疯草所含主要有毒成分吲跺兹定生物碱—苦马豆素，
能导致大批家畜中毒死亡，更为严重的是引起母畜流产、不孕、胎儿畸形和公
畜不育，造成了巨大经济损失。尽管近20多年国内外在疯草有毒成分、毒理机
制、化学防除和脱毒利用等的研究方面取得了重要进展，但迄今还没有快速检
测分析苦马豆素的方法和特效的控制疯草蔓延的方法，致使疯草中毒问题日趋
严重，成为草原畜牧业的大患。因此，探索苦马豆素（SW）—BSA合成及其
免疫原性研究对用免疫的方法预防动物疯草中毒具有十分重要的科学意义。本
试验系统地研究了苦马豆素（半抗原）纯品的制备，在化学模型（倒千里光裂
碱—BSA合成）研究基础上，进行了SW—BSA的合成及其免疫原性研究。结
果如下：
1 甘肃棘豆中苦马豆素的分离、鉴定 本试验是为苦马豆素免疫原合成提供
原料。用甲醇浸泡甘肃棘豆粉，回收甲醇浸泡液至侵膏，1MHCl溶解后上732
型强酸性阳离子交换柱，1MNH_4OH洗脱并挥发至干，得到总生物碱。总生物
碱经氨性氯仿提取后，通过两个途径分离苦马豆素。一个途径是氨性氯仿提取
物上硅胶（180μ）柱，氯仿∶甲醇∶氨水∶水（70∶26∶2∶，V/V）混合溶
液洗脱，每10mL收集一份，共收集160管，薄层层析和抑制α-甘露糖甙酶活
性监测，合并同类部分，挥干后在90℃，-0.094Pa真空条件下升华。另一个途
径是用高效液相色谱柱分离，色谱条件是：反相（C18硅胶）柱，用水和甲醇
的混和液洗脱，在25min内用5％～100％甲醇线性梯度洗脱，苦马豆素一般出
现在80％～100％的范围内，表现为一个宽峰。升华Ⅱ部分得到一种白色细针状
结晶70mg，植物中的提取率为0.0014％。高效液相色谱柱分离后回收溶液也得
到一种白色细针状结晶1.04mg，植物中的提取率为0.0052％。经TLC、MP、IR、
MS鉴定分析，确定所分离到的结晶为苦马豆素。
2 豆类丝核菌总生物碱的提取及苦马豆素含量测定 用PAD、三叶草汁糖琼
脂培养基和豆芽汁糖琼脂培养基培养7-1、7-3、3-1三株豆类丝核菌，结果只
有菌株7-1和菌株7-3在PAD和三叶草汁糖琼脂培养基上生长良好。将复活的
菌株接种于改良Czapek's培养基，置25～27℃培养箱培养14d。结果表明液体
2000届 西北农林科技大学攻读博士学位研究生学位（毕业）论文
培养时菌种7－3菌丝体产量高于菌株7l。收集菌株7·l和7－3菌丝体，自然干
燥后乙醇索氏提取，回收乙醇至糖浆状，H。O：CH。CI。u：l，V／V）革取，水
层调pH10 后，再用H＊O：CH。CI。（3：l，VfV）革取，水层调pH7，浓缩后上732
型强酸性阳离子交换树脂，用 IM NHOH洗脱，收集氨洗液，调 pH7，浓缩
后冻干，得到一种浅黄色粉末。取苦马豆素标准品 100 p g及浅黄色粉末提取
物 10mg，分别用 lmL毗唆溶解，取 0＊mL加 BSTFAO．ltnL，50℃水浴 30min。
取反应液二poe，直接进样作气相色谱（co）。结果表明在相同的气相色谱条件
下，在相同出峰时间＊．2～smin内，标准样品的峰形与总生物碱的峰形完全一
致，可以判定总生物碱中含有苦马豆素。7－l 菌株总生物碱平均峰高为
116．75tnmtheloX7习茵株总生物碱平均峰高为138．56mln加司X标准品平均
峰高为 197．78mm…叫卜根据计算得出总生物碱中苦马豆素含量分别为
5．903mg／g和7刀06mg／g。试验结果证实，豆类丝核菌能够生物合成苦马豆素，
而且含量比已报道的疯草中含量高，这就为大量生产苦马豆素以利于批量主产
苦马豆素一BSA疫苗摸索了条件。
3 倒千里光裂碱－－SA的合成研究 单猪屎豆碱扣 加入带八结晶水的氢氧化
钡39．sg，加水200mL，加热回流3hr，溶液冷却，通二氧化碳气体使碳酸钡沉
淀完全，过滤，用 IM HCI酸化滤液至刚果红试纸变蓝，用乙醚连续荤取，水
溶液通过强碱性阴离子交换树脂柱，用蒸馏水淋洗，直至洗脱液呈中性，减压
抽干，用适量丙酮回流提取3次，过滤，回收丙酮，残留物用丙酮重结晶，得
到柱状结晶7二Zg，产率为72％。经TLC、MP、MS鉴定结晶物就是倒千里光
裂碱。倒千里光裂碱与用滨乙酸制备的活性酯反应，得到一种白色粉末状物
32．06mg，产率为82％，根据MP测定、IR鉴定结果判定，白色粉末状物为所
要制备的倒千里光裂碱一活性酯结合的季铰盐。季铰盐再与BSA反应，产物透
析、冻干后呈白色针状结晶 97．15mg，按 BSA计算，产率为 87％，UV鉴定结
果与正常的BSA相比，其空间构象发生明显改变，280urn处光吸收值显著下降，
表明季铰盐己与BSA结合。这一试验结果为苦马豆素一BSA的合成提供了理
想的化学模?
Oxytropis and Astragalu.s species known as Locoweeds are responsible for Locoism and
other problems. Locoweeds in china are mainly distributed on the vast rangeland, exceeding 4
million hectares, in northwest, north and southwest China. Locoweeds contain the indolizidine
alkaloid, swainsonine (SW). which has most serious toxicity, resulting neurological damage.
abortion. fetal abnormality and male infertility. Besides containing toxin, Locoweeds are excellent
herbage for animals. However, there is not the effective method to control Locoism. Locoism has
become an important disease on the vast rangeland. In this paper. Attempt to protectively
immunize animals against Locoism with SW-BSA was fulfilled. The results are as follows.
I The isolation and identification of swainsonine from O.kansuensis Bunge The
raw material for synthesis of SW-BSA was supplied by this test. O.kansuensis Bunge powder was
dipped in methanol. The residue following evaporated of the methanol was dissolved in I N4 HCI
and applied to a strong cation-exchange resin and eluted with I M NH4OH. The eluted solution
was collected and concentrated to afford the crude alkaloid. Further isolation was conducted by
two ways. One was extracting the crude alkaloid with ammoniated chloroform, applied the
residue to a silica gel column, Eluted with chloroform: methanol: ammonia: water
(70:26:2:2,V/V), each lOmL to collect, monitored by TLC and the activity of a -mannosidase,
incorporated and evaporated the same fraction. The other was preparation by HPLC, using reverse
phase (C-I 8 silica) and water/methanol, starting at 5% methanol and a linear gradient to 100% in
25 minutes. TLC plates sprayed with Ehrlich’s reagent showed three single fraction, 65 -79 tube
(H)and 106 120 (III) tube became visible as pink spots, Rr value were 0.44 and 0.12
respectively, fraction II was the sante as standard sample. 25 3 tube (I) became visible as
purple spots, R value was 0.60. fraction I and II retained strong a -mannosidase inhibiting
activity, III inhibiting effect was poor. Sublimed II under vacuum (-0.094pa) at 90t to obtain
70mg crystal of white needles, the yield of approximately 0.0014% based on dry plant weight.
1.04mg crystal was obtained by HPLC too, but the yield was 0.0052%. The crystal was
swainsonine identified by TLC, MP, IR and MS.
2 Extraction of alkaloid from Rliizoctonia leguminicola and determination of
swainsonine concentration Cultured the strains of 7-1, 7-3 and 3-1 R. leguminicola on
the medium of PAD, bean sprout juice-sugar-agar, clover juice-sugar-agar. Strains 7-I and 7-3
were reviviscent and cultured on Czapek’s medium at 25-27XD for 14d. The mold mycelium yield
of strain 7-3 is more than 7-1. Collected mycelium, air dried, and extracted with ethanol (Soxhlet,
24hr) .The extract was concentrated to a syrup, shaken ( 3X ) with H20 CH2CI, (V/V) ,the
water extract was brought to pHIO and again extracted ( 3X ) with H.,O CH.,Cl, ( V/V). The
water layer was brought to pH7 and absorbed (30 mm) on a strong cation-exchange resin (H),
eluted with I M NH4OH, and the filtrate was dried. The residue was brought pH7 and lyophilized
to obtain a light brown powder. After dissolved 100 t g standard sample and 10mg powder in
lmL pyridine, 0.ImL of the pyridine was applied to GC. The powder contains swainsonine, for
the peak of the powder is consistent with the standard sample at the same GC condition. The peak
of strain 7-I was 116.75mm(n10), strain 7-3 was 138.56mm(n10), the standard sample was
I97.78mm(nI0) The concentration of swainsonine in powder of 7-1 and 7-3 were 5.9O3mgI
引文
1 Marsh CD. The locoweed disease of the plains. Bull. NO.112. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., 1909,1～130
2 Cox RI. Immunophysiological control of phyto-oestrogen toxicity. Plant toxicology, edited by Seawright AA, 1985, 98～108
3 Stewart C, Larmberton JA, Fairclough RJ et al. Vaccination as a possible means of preventing lantana poisoning. Aust. Vet. J., 1988, 65: 349～352
4 Pass MA, Stewart C. Immunisation against lantana toxins. Plant toxicology, edited by James LF et al, 1992, 443～447
5 Payne AL, Than KA, Stewart PL et al. Vaccination against lupinosis. Plant toxicology, edited by James LF et al, 1992, 234～238
6 Renshaw B. Chemical warfare agents and related chemical problems. 1946, (PB, 158508(12))
7 韦耀鹏，陆善新，顾旭平等．黄曲霉毒素B1抗原制备的新方法及抗体特性的初步研究．肿瘤防治研究，1992，19(2)：78～79
8 Chu FS. Preparation and characterization of aflatoxinB1 (ocarboxymethyloxime). J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 1977, 60:791
9 Chu FS. Priduction of antibody against aflatoxinB1. Appl. Environ. microbiol, 1977. 33(5): 1125
10 Sizaret P. Detection of aflatoxins and related metabolites by radioimmunoassay. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 1982, 69(6): 1375
11 Culvenor CCJ. Prevention of prrotizidine alkaloid poisoning animal adaptation or plant control? Effects of Poisoning Plants on livestock, Academic Press, New Yock, edited by Keeler RF. 1978, 180～199
12 Molyneux, RJ, James LF, Panter KE et al. Analysis and distribution of swainsonine and related polyhydroxyindolizidine alkaoids by thin layer chromatography. Phytochemical Analysis, 1991, 2, 125～129
13 EL-Hamidi M, Leipold HW. Poisoning of sheep by Astralus lusitanicus in Moroco: Field and experimental studies. J. Vet. Med., 1989, 36, 115～121
14 Kirkpatrick JG. Locoism in hores. Vet. Hum. Toxicology, 1990, 32(2): 168～169
15 Van Kampen KR, Rhees RW. James LF. Locoweed poisoning in the Unites States. Effects of Poisonous on Livestock, edited by Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, Academic Press, 1978, 465～471
16 Oehme FW, Bailie WE, Hulbert LC. Astragalus mollissimus toxicosis in Western Kansas. JAVMA, 1968, 152, 271～278
17 James LF, Van Kampen KR, Staker G. Locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) poisoning in cattle and horses. JAVMA, 1969, 155, 525～530
18 James LF, Van Kampen KR. Acute and residual lesion of locoweed poisoning in cattle and horses. 1971, JAVMA, 158, 614～618
19 Harries WN. An outbreak of locoweed poisoning in horses in Southwestern Alberta. Can. Vet.J., 1972, 13, 141～145
20 Crawford AC. Barium, a cause of the locoweed disease. USDA, Bureau of Plant Industry Bull, 1908, 129
21 Mathews FP. Locoism in domestic animals. Texa Agile. Exp. Sta. Sta., 1932, 456
22 Molyneux RJ, James LF, Panter KE. Chemistry of toxic constituents of locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis) species. Symposium, Plant Toxicology, Queensland, Austalia, The Queensland Poisnous Plants Committee, 1984, 266～278
23 James LF, Shupe JL, Binns W. Abortive and teratogenic effects of locoweed on sheep and cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1967, 28(126): 1379～1388
24 Nielsen FP. The economic impact of poisnous plants on the range livestock induetry in the 17 western states. J. Range Management, 1978, 31, 5
25 James LF, Hartley WJ, Van Kampen KR. Syndromes of Astragalus poisoning in livestock. JAVMA, 1981, 146～150
26 富象乾，常秉文．中国北部天然草场有毒植物综述．中国草场与牧草，1985，3，18～24
27 王宏杰，郭延平．宁夏天然草场常见的几种毒草．中国草原，1983，1，65～66
28 李建科．中国家畜棘豆属植物中毒病研究进展．动物毒物学，1990，5(1-2)：17～20
29 曹光荣，张守信，张琼瑶等．陕西榆林地区和宁夏海原县绵羊疯草病．动物毒物学，1986，1(1)：18～21
30 陈善科，萨仁．阿拉善盟荒漠草场毒草分布及其危害现状的调查．中国草地，1992，3，60～62
31 曹光荣，李绍君，段得贤等．黄花棘豆有毒成分的分离与鉴定．西北农业大学学报，1989，17(3)：1～7
32 张生民，高其栋，侯得惠等．甘肃棘豆中毒．畜牧兽医学报，1981，3，145～149
33 李祚煌．醉马草(小花棘豆)中毒的调查和有毒成分研究．内蒙古畜牧兽医，1987，1，1～13
34 鲁西科．西藏家畜的棘豆、茎直黄芪中毒．动物毒物学，1986，1，32～33
35 黄荣福，沈颂东．西藏草原豆科毒害植物(疯草)的种类与分布．动物毒物学，1998，13(1-2)：13～17
36 Marsh CD. Stock-poisoning plants of the range. Bull. NO. 1245. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., 1925, 1～36
37 Sampson AW, Malmsten HE. Stock-poisoning plants of California. Bull. NO. 593. University of California college of Agriculture, Berkeley, 1935, 1～90
38 Bameby RC. A revision of North American species of oxytropis DC. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser. 1952, 27, 177～312
39 Barneby RC. Atlas of North American Astragalus: Part Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 1964, 13
40 肖志国．家畜的疯草中毒．中国兽医科技，1986，增刊，200～202
41 张志恒，高巨星，沈颂东．关于对西藏阿里地区“醉马草”调查情况的报告．动物毒物学，1998，13(1～2)：11～13
42 黄荣福，张志恒，高巨星等．西藏阿里地区高寒草原毒害植物冰川棘豆的危害及防除．动物毒物学，1998，13(1～2)：17～21
43 王建华，张志恒，高巨星．西藏阿里地区动物“醉马草”中毒病调查报告．动物毒物学，1998，13(1～2)：22～27
44 王凯，何宝祥，羊秀措．家兔实验性黄花棘豆中毒的临床及病理学观察．中国兽医科技，1995，25(2)：26～27
45 陆元彪，周翰信，殷显智．海北藏族自治州草原毒草棘豆、狼毒调查报告．四川草原，1995，4，29
46 李祚煌．小花棘豆有毒成分分析及利用．全国第二次家畜内科学研究会交流资料，1985
47 李祚煌．醉马草(小花棘豆)中毒的调查和有毒成分的研究．内蒙古畜牧兽医，1978，1，1～13
48 Balls LD, James LF. Effects of locoweed (Astragalus spp.) on reproductive performance of ewes. JAVMA, 1973, 162(4): 291
49 Mcilwraith CW, James LF. Limb deformities in foals associated with ingestion of locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res., 46(9): 1903～1907
50 武宝成．西藏的黄芪属有毒植物及其防除．中国草地，1988，5，22～23
51 李春涛，王鸿炳．天祝草原上的棘豆属植物及其防治效果．中国草地，1994，670～671
52 周翰信．马鹿棘豆中毒．青海畜牧兽医杂志，1991，2，41
53 赵宝玉，曹光荣，段得贤等．西藏茎直黄芪对山羊的毒性研究．畜牧兽医学报，1992，23(3)：276～281
54 Stermitz FR. Aliphatic nitro compound from Astragalus species. Phytochemistry, 1972, 11, 1117～1124
55 Williams MC. Nitro compounds in foreign species of Astragalus. Weed science, 1981, 29(3): 261～269
56 曹光荣，赵宝玉，李绍君．我国黄芪属主要有毒植物．动物毒物学，1994，9(1)：5～6
57 曹光荣，李绍君，段得贤等．黄花棘豆有毒成分研究．中国兽医科技，1988，3，41～43
58 程静毅，于兆英，杨金祥．牧场毒草-醉马草的初步研究．中国草原，1979，2，40～41
59 李建科．家畜黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆的调查研究．中国兽医科技，1987,5,22～23
60 李祚煌，关亚农，杨桂云等．小花棘豆中毒与硒关系的研究．动物毒物学，1991，6(1)：8～9
61 李建科．山羊黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆中毒与亚硒酸钠比较中毒试验研究．动物毒物学，1988，3(1)：15～17
62 Fraps GS. Locoine, the poisnous principle in locoweed, Astragalus earlei. Texas Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull., 1936, 537
63 1975, 260
64 Colegate SM, Dorling PR, Huxtable CR. A spctroscopic investigation of swainsonine: an α-mannosidase inhibitor isolated from Swainsina canecens. Aust. J. Chem., 1979, 32, 2257～2264
65 Maiden GH. Plants reputed to the poisnous to livestock in Australia. Dept. Agric., NSW, Misc. Publi., 1901, 10, 447
66 Hartley WJ. A comparative study of Swainsona spp. Poisoning in Australia with locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) poisoning in North American. In Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock, Keeler RF, Van Kampen, and James LF (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, 1978, 363
67 Molyneux RJ, James LF. Loco intoxication: Indolizidine alkaloids of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). Science, 1982, 216(6): 190～191
68 王凯．黄花棘豆对山羊的毒性研究．畜牧兽医学报，1990，21(1)：80～86
69 顾佰群，段得贤，崔中林等．山羊甘肃棘豆中毒临床病理学研究．西北农业大学学报，1990，18(3)：62～68
70 赵宝玉，曹光荣，李绍君．劲直黄芪有毒成分的分离与鉴定．中国兽医科技，1993，23(9)：9～12
71 丁伯良．甘肃棘豆引起母羊流产和公羊不育的机理研究．西北农业大学博士论文，1993
72 黄有德，肖志国，孟聚诚等．变异黄芪有毒成分的分离与分析．中兽医医药杂志，1992，4，3～6
73 Schneider MJ, Ungemach FS, Broquist HP et al. (1S,2R,SR,8aR)-1,2,8-Trihydroxyoctahydroindolizidine (swainsonine), an α-mannosidase inhibitor from Rhizoctonia leguminicola. Tetrahedron. 1983,39,29
74 Broquist HP, Mason PS, Wickwire B et al. Swainsonine production in the Rhizoctonia legurninicola Plant Toxicology, Seawright AA, Hegarty MP, James LF et al (Eds.), 1985, 301～308
75 Yasuda N, Tsutsumi H, Takaya T. Total Synthesis of swainsonine. Chem. Lett., 1984, 3, 1201～1204
76 Bennett RB, Choi JR, Montgomery WD et al. A short, enantioselective synthesis of (-)-swainsonine. J. Am. Chem., 1989, 111, 2580～2582
77 Doffing PF, Warren CD, Vogel P. Lysosomal storage in Swaisona spp. Toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 1978, 4, 285～295
78 Dorling PR, Huxtable CR, Colegate SM. Inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase by swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloide isolated from Swainsona canescens. Biochem. J., 1980, 191, 649～651
79 Tulsiani DRP, Harris TM, Touster O. Swainsonine inhibits the biosythesis of complex glycoproteins by inhibition of Golgi mannosidase Ⅱ. J. Biol. Chem., 1982, 257, 7936～7939
80 Kang MS, Elbein AD. Mechanism of inhibition of jack bean α-mannosidase by swainsonine. Plant Physiol., 1983, 7, 551～554
81 Saul R, Chambers JP, Molyneux RJ et al. Castanospermine, a tetrahydroxylated
alkaloid that inhibits β-glucocerebrosidase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1983,221,593-597
82 Saul R, Molyneux RJ, Elbein AD. Studies on the mechanism of castanospermine inhibition of a-and P-glucosidases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1984,230,668--675
83 Molyneux RJ, Roitman JN, Dunnheim G. 6-Epicastanospermine, a novel indolizidine alkaloid that inhibits a-glucosidases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1986,251,450-457
84 Tropea JE, Molyneux RJ, Kaushal GP et al. Australine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that inhibits amyloglucosidases and glycoprotein processing. Biochemistry, 1989,28,2027--2034
85 Tulsiani DRP, Broquist HP, James LF et al. The similar effects of swainsonine and locoweed on tissue giycosidases and oligosaccharides of the pig indicate that the alkaloid is the pricipal toxin responsible for the induction of locoism. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1984,232,76--85
86 Novikoff PM, Touster O, Novikoff AB et al. Effects of swainsonine on rat liver and kidney: Biochemical and morphological studies. J. of Cell Biology, 1985． 101(8) :339-349
87 Warrant CD, Daniel PF, Bugge B et al. The structure of oligosaccharides excreated by sheep with swainsonine toxicosis. J. of Biol. Chem., 1988,263(29) :15041-15049
88 Abraham D, Blakemore WF. Jolly RD et al. The catabolism of mammalian glycoproteins. Biochem. J., 1983． 215． 573-579
89 Stegemeier BL. James LF. Panter K.E et al. Serum swainsonine concentration and a-mannosidase activity in cattle and sheep ingesting Oxytropis sericea and Astragalus lentiginosus (locoweeds). Am. J. Vet. Res.. 56(2) : 149-154
90 Stegemeier BL, James LF, Panter KE et al. Tissue swainsonine clearance in sheep chronically poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis sericea). J. Anim. Sci.. 1998． 76(4) : 1140
91 Molyneux RJ, Roitman PN. Specific detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on thin layer chromatograms. J. Chromatogr., 11980, 195． 412-415
92 Molyneux RJ, James LF, Panter KE et al. Chemistry of toxic constituents of locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis) species. Plant Toxicology, Seawright AA, Hegarty MP, James LF et al (Eds.), 1985, 266-278
93 Molyneux RJ, James LF. Swainsonine, the Locoweed Toxin:Analysis and Distribution. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds,Keeler RF, Tu AT(Eds.)., 1988,191-210
94 Karlsson SE, Wiesler D. 7-( chlorocarbonyl ) methoxy-4-methycoumarin: a novel fluorscent reagent for the precolumn derivatization of hydroxy compounds in liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem., 1985,57． 229-234
95 Baker DC. Keeler RF. Myopathy associated with Thermopsis montana ingestion
in cattle. Plant toxicology, edited by James LF et al, 1992, 264～269
96 Pastuzak I, Molyneux RJ, James LF et al. Lentiginosine, a dihydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that inhibits amyloglucosidase. Biochemstry, 1990, 29, 1886～1891
97 于学敏，李铣，朱延儒．小花棘豆毒性生物碱的研究．沈阳药学院学报，1989，6(1)：65～66
98 杨桂云，杨保收，李祚煌等．小花棘豆有毒成分及毒性测定．动物毒物学，1989，2，8～10
99 董云发，丁云海，宇健．黄花棘豆的喹喏里西定生物碱．植物资源与环境，1993，2(1)：58～59
100 孟协中，胡向群，张如明等．宁夏两种有毒棘豆有毒成分的研究．宁夏农林科技，1994，2，37～41
101 谭远友等．冰川棘豆的主要毒性成分与营养成分的研究．2000届西北农林科技大学博士论文，2000，7
102 西北植物研究所植物分类室，陕西农业科学院兽医研究所兽医室．毒草-醉马草的初步研究．植物研究，1976，1，10～12
103 邓传鸿，许祥树．马匹棘豆中毒的调查与实验室诊断报告．中国兽医杂志，1980，10，17～18
104 王学春．马匹黄花棘豆的中毒与防治．草与畜杂志，1983，3，3～5
105 James LF, Panter KE. Swainsonine-induced high mountain disease in calves. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1991, 33(30: 217～219
106 BunchTD, Panter K, James LF. Ultrasound studies of the effects of certain poisonous plants on uterine function and fetal development in livestock. J. Anim. Sci., 1992, 70(5): 1639～1642
107 Ralphs MH. Control of white locoweed. Weed Science, 1988, 36, 353～356
108 Ralphs MH, Ueckert DN. Herbicide control of locoweed: a review. Weed Technol., 1988, 2(4): 460～465
109 陈怀涛，肖志国，黄有德等．绵羊实验性黄花棘豆中毒的病理观察．畜牧兽医学报，1992，23(2)：135～140
110 张洁，刘绪川，张国伟等．牦牛实验性棘豆中毒病理学研究．中兽医医药杂志，1994，1，10～12
111 王建华，谭远友，李勤凡．冰川棘豆的成分及毒性研究初报．动物毒物学，1998，13(12)：27～30
112 汤承，段得贤，曹光荣等．黄花棘豆引起山羊流产的研究．西北农业大学学报，1989，17(4)：52～56
113 Ellis LC, James LF, McMullen RW et al. Reduced progesterone and altered cotyledonary prostaglandin values induced by locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1985, 46(9): 1903～1907
114 Freebum JW, Whitson TD. Control of silky crazyweed (Oxytropis sericea) on rangeland. Research progress report Western Society of Weed Science, 1989, 44
115 Whitson TD, Myers DC, Swearingen RJ. Control of silky crazyweed (Oxytropis sericea) with various herbicides applied at two growth stages. Research progress report Western Society of Weed Science, 1992, 1, 69～70
116 Sterling TM, Jochem HS. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of picloram and metsulfuron methyl by two locoweed species. Weed science, 1995, 43(1): 13～17
117 Ralphs MH, Cronin EH. Locoweed seeds in soil: density, longevity, germination and viability. Weed Science, 1987, 35(6): 792～795
118 Ralphs MH, Benson B, Loerch JC. Soil-site relationships of white locoweed on the Ralf River Mountains. Great Basin Nat., 1989, 49(3): 419～424
119 Ralphs MH, Graham D, Galyean ML et al. Research observation: influence of over-wintering feed regimen on consumption of locoweed by steers. J. of range management, 1997, 50(3): 250～252
120 史志诚等编著．中国草地重要有毒植物．中国农业出版社，1997，45～78
121 薛登民，张守信，张琼瑶等．羊黄花棘豆中毒病理变化报告．动物毒物学，1987，4(1)：39～42
122 李建科，李丛林，马常等．棘豆化学防除试验研究．中国草地，1991，6，80
123 鲁西科，王俊彪，孟大为等．西藏茎直黄芪毒性、有毒成分、化学防除和开发利用的综合研究．动物毒物学，1991，6(2)：29～30
124 陈义中，杨发林．黄花棘豆的防除和利用．草与畜杂志，1993，3，24
125 李建科，刘羽中，卢健雄等．甘肃棘豆饲喂小白鼠的亚慢性毒性效应及安全利用研究．中国兽医科技，1995．25(8)：28～30
126 杨具田，李建科，卢健雄等．甘肃棘豆粉对肥育猪的效果和毒性试验．中国兽医科技，1997．27(5)：30～31
127 曹光荣，李绍君．用除草剂防除疯草的研究概况．畜牧兽医杂志．1991，3，47～48
128 刘翊，王英东．甘肃棘豆粉添加饲喂猪的试验的血液学分析．中兽医医药杂志，1997，1，8～10
129 王凯．“棘防A号”实验性预防绵羊甘肃棘豆中毒．中国兽医科技．1998．25(8)：31～32
130 王凯，莫重辉，赵宝玉等．“棘防E号”预防绵羊甘肃棘豆中毒．畜牧与兽医，1999．31(3)：31～32
131 王凯，赵宝玉．甘肃棘豆间歇饲喂对绵羊的毒性研究．畜牧与兽医，1998．30(3)：125～126
132 王凯，莫重辉，赵宝玉等．棘豆中毒预防及棘豆中吲哚兹定生物碱提取技术研究．中国畜牧兽医学会家畜内科学学会交流材料，2000，8
133 Abdennebi EH, EL-Ouazzahi N, Lamnaouer D. Clinical and analjtical studies of sheep dosed with various preparations of Astragalus Iusitanicus. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1998, 40(6): 327～331
134 Taylor JB, Strickland JR. In vitro effect of swainsonine on bovine and ovine lymphoblastogenesis. J. Anita. Sci., 1998, 76(11): 2857～2862
135 Tamerler C, Ullah M, Adlard MW et al. Effect of pH on physiology of Metarhizium anisopliae for production of swainsonine. FEMS Micro. Letters,
1998,168(1) :17-23
136 Vandersall-Naim AS, Merkle RK, O'Brien K et al. Cloning, expression, purification, and characterication of the acid a-mannosidae from Trypanosoma cruzi. Glycobiology, 1998,8(12) :1183-1194
137 Wang S, Panter KE, Holyooak GR et al. Development and viability of bovine preplacentation embryos treated with swainsonine in vitro. Anim. Rep. Sci., 1999,56(1) :19-29
138 Ren J, Castellino FJ, Bretthauer RK. Purification and properties of a-mannosidase II from Golgi-like membranes of baculovieus-infected Spodoptera cells. Biochem. J., 1997,324(3) ;951-956
139 Chae ByeongSuk, Ahn YoungKeun, Kim JoungHoon. Effects of swainsonine on the humoral immune response of lipopolyaccharide. Arch. Pharm. Res., 1997, 20(6) :545-549
140 Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Cheney CD et al. Operant analysis of chronic locoweed intoxication in sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 1996, 74(11) :2611-2632
141 Pomerinke MA, Thompson DC, Clason DL. Bionomics of Cleonidius trivittatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): native biological control of purple locoweed. Environmentaal entomology, 1995, 24(6) : 1696-1702
142 Donaldson MJ, Bucke C, Adlard MW. Swainsonine production by Metarrhizium anisopliae in fed bath cultures. Micro. Ulili. Ren. Res., 1991, 228-234
143 Molyneux RJ, Pan YT, Goldmann A et al. Calystegins. a novel class of alkaloid glycosidase inhibitors. Arch. Biochem. Biophy., 1993, 304(1) :81-88
144 Stegelmeier BL, Molyneux RJ, Elbein AD et al. The lesions of Locoweed(Astragalus mollissimus), swainsonine, and castanospermine in rats. Veterinary Pathology, 1995, 32(2) :289-298
145 Pulsipher GD, Galyean ML, Hallford DM et al. Effects of grdaed levels of bentonite on serum clinical profiles, metabolic hormones, and serum swainsonine concentrations in lambs fed locoweed(Oxytropis sericea). J. Ani. Sci., 1994, 72(6) : 1561-1569
146 Croom WJ, Hagler WM, Froetschel MA et al. The involvement of slaframine and swainsonine in slobers syndrome: a review. J. Ani. Sci., 1995, 73(5) : 1499-1508
147 Sim KL, Perry D. Swainsonine production by Metarhizium aniosopliae determined by means of an enzymatic assay. Mycologicaaaaal Research, 1995, 99(9) : 1078-1082
148 Molyneux RJ. Toxic range plants and their constituents. Phytochemistry and agriculture, 1993,151-170
149 Pan YT, Ghidoni J, Elbein AD. The effects of castanospermine and swainsonine on the activity and synthesis of intestinal sucrase. Arch. Biochem. Biophysi.,1993, 303(1) :134-144
150 Stermitz FR, Schneider MJ, Schell LD et al. Toxic pyrrolizidine, quinolizidine,
and piperidine alkaloids of parasitic plants used in folk medicine. Poisonous plants. James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey EM (eds.)., 1992, 204～207
151 Ermayanti TM, McComb JA, O'Brien PA. Stimulation of synthesis and release of swainsonine from transformed roots of Swainsona galegifolia. Phytochemstry, 1994, 36(2): 313～317
152 Smith GS, Allred KW, Kiehl DE. Swainsonine content of New Mexican locoweed. American Socity of Animal Science, 1992, 405～407
153 中国科学院，中国植物志编委会．中国植物志．科学出版社，1998，42(2)：412～416；44(2)：16～18
154 E.G.C.克拉克著，王建元，史志诚，扈文杰等译．兽医毒物学．陕西科学技术出版社，1984，454～456；524
155 Leonard, NJ. Lupin alkaloids. In The Alkaloids, 1953, 61(3): 119
156 Hackbarth, J. Genes of alkaloids formation in lupine species. J.Au. Inst. Agric. Sci., 1961, 27: 61
157 Keeler RF. Lupin alkaloids from and teratogenic and nonteratogenic Lupins. I. correlation of crooked calf disease incidence with alkaloid distribution determined by gas chromatography. Teratology, 1973, 7, 23
158 Keeler H, Dewitz W. Washable leather. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wschr., 1969, 76, 115
159 Shupe JL, Binns W, James LF, et al. Tetratogenic compounds of veratrum califomicum. Ⅲ. malformations of the veratramine-induced type from ingestion of roots. J. Am. Vet. med. Ass., 1967, 151, 198
160 Peterson JE. Examination of the alkaloids of lupinus digitus, for hepatotoxic effects in the rat. Aust.J.Exp. Biol. 1963, 41, 123
161 Gardiner MR. The role of copper in pathogenesis of subacute and chronic lupinosis of sheep. Aust. Vet. J., 1967, 43, 243
162 Gardiner MR, Royce RD, Bokor A. Mineral metabolism in sheep lupinosis. J. Path. Bact., 1965, 89, 43
163 Edgar JA, Culvenor CCJ. Aspects of the structure of phomopsin A, the mycotoxin causing lupinosis. Plant Toxicology, 1985, 589～595
164 Rossiter RC. Physiological and ecological studies on the estrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover, Ⅷ, Phosphate supply in relation to temperature and to leaf development. Aust. Vet. J., 1970, 46, 141
165 Rossiter RC. Changes in the formononetin content of delached mature leaves of Trifolium Subterrneum. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 1970, 23(2): 469～471
166 Braden AWH, McDonald IW. Australian Grasslands. Edited by R.Milton Moore, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1970, 381
167 Braden AWH, Thain RI, Shutt DA. Comparison of plasma phytoestrogen levels in sheep and cattle after feeding on fresh clover. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1971, 22(4): 663～670
168 Cox RI, Braden AWH. Metabolism and physiological effects of phytoestrogens in livestock. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod., 1974, 10, 122
169 Braden AWH, Hart NK, Lindner HR. The estrogenic activity and metabolism of certain isoflavones in sheep. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1967,18,335
170 Shutt DA, Braden AWH. The sigificance of equol in relation to the estrogenic responses in sheep ingesting clover with a high formononetin content. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1968,19,545
171 Batterham TJ, Shutt DA, Hart NK,et al. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-14C]-formononetin and [4-14C]-biochanin A in sheep. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1971,22,131
172 Mottle MC, Beck AB. Urinary sediments in sheep feeding on estrogenic clover. Ⅲ.Identification of 4'-o-methylequol as a major component of some sediments. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1974,25,509
173 Shutt DA, Axelsen A. Interaction of genistein with estradiol in the reproductivetract of the mouse. J. Endocrinol.,1967,37(2) :231-232
174 Wong MSF, Cox RI. Proc. 4~th Asia and Oceania Congress Endocr. Eited by Ibbertson GC, Liggins , Holdaway IM,University of Auckland, HK, Abstr.53,1971
175 Kelly RW, Lindsay DR. Plasma coumestrol levels and cerrical mucus responses in ewes ingesting coumestan rich feeds. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1978,29． 115
176 Cox RI. Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Edited by Keeler KR, Van Kampen, James LF, Academic Press, 1978,451
177 Loder JW, Eibl R, Falkiner MJet al. Carbocyclillic analogs of equol for the immunization of sheep against clover disease. Aust. J. Chem., 1978． 31,1011
178 Cox RI, Wilson PA, Mattner PE. Immunization of sheep to block the effects of ingested or administered phytoestrogens. Toxicon Suppl., 1983,3,85
179 Cox RI, Hoskinson RM, Wong MSF. Antiserums reactive directly to estrone sulfate. Proc. Aust. Soc. Reprod. Biol., 1978,10,20
180 Smith JF. Jagusch KT, Brunswick LFCet al. Coumestans in lucerne and ovulation in ewes. N.Z.J. Agric. Res., 1979,22,411
181 Smith LS, Smith DA. The naturalised lantana camara complex in eastern Australia. Qld. Bot. Bull. 1982,1
182 Pass MA, Goosem MW. Bile, canalicular injury in lantana poisoning. Toxicon Suppl., 1983,3,337
183 Pass MA, Gemmell RT, Heath TJ. The effect of lantana camara on intestinal motility. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1978,43,589
184 Seawright AA, Hrdlicka J. The oral toxicity for sheep of triterpene acids isolated from lantana camara. Aust. Vet. J., 1977,53,230
185 Pass MA, Seawright AA, Lamberton JA et al. Lantadene A toxicity in sheep. Pathology, 1979,11,89
186 Brown JMM. The chemical pathology of ovine icteric states: 3． Icterognin induced cholestasis. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1968,39,35
187 Colburn WA. Steroids, 1975,24,43
188 Stewart C. PhD Thesis, Univ. Of Queenland, Australia, 1989．
189 Bird RE. Sing-chainantigen-binding proteins. Science, 1988,242:423-426
190 Butler VP. Effect of sheep digoxin-specific antibodies and their Fab fragments on digoxin pharmacokinetics in dogs. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1977,59:345-359
191 Cadot R. Evaluation of active specific immunization against paraquat toxicity in rats. Veterinary and Human Toxicology,1986,28:226-229
192 Hall JO. Why these toxins and why now? Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1990,32:2-5
193 Lemer RA. At the crossroad of chemistry and immunology: Catalytic antibodies. Science, 1991,252:659-667
194 Cromp MH, Smally EB, Henning JN et al. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1963,143,996
195 Aust SD, Broquist HP. Isolation of parasympathomimetic alkaloidof fungal origin. Nature, 1965,205,204
196 Rainey DP, Smally EB, Cromp MH. Isolation of salivation factor from Rhizoctonia leguminicola on red clover hay. Nature, 1965,205,203
197 Gardiner RA, Rinehart KL, Shyder JJ. Slaframine. Absolute Stereochemistry and a rivised structure. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968,90,5638
198 Benneet R. Lowa State University Press, 1992． 107-116
199 Smally EB. Chemistry and physiology of slaframine. In Mycotoxic Fungi. Mytoxibs. Mytox coses. Edited by Wyllie TD. Morehouse LG. Marcel Dekker Inc., New york, 1977,1
200 Klasek A. Weinbergova O. The Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, recent development in the chemietry of carboncompounds. 1975． 6
201 Robins DJ. Structure of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J. Chem. Soc., 1969． 104． 1368
202 Perseo G. Piani G. Castiglione R. The application of tert. Butyl pyrocarbonatc for the introduction of Boc group. Int. J. Peptide Res., 1983,21． 227
203 Tarbell DS, Yamamoto Y, Pope BM. Introduction of the tert Butyloxycarbonyl Group with tert Butyl Pyrocarbonate. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, 1972,69． 730
204 Moroder L, Hallett S, wunsch E et al. Introduction of the tert Butyloxycarbonyl Group. Hoppe Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem., 1976． 357,1651
205 Wiinsch E, Dress F. Coupling with dicyctohexylcarbodnmide in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide. Chem. Ber., 1966,99,110
206 Wiinsch E, Zwick A, Wendlberger G. Acylation with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters. Chem. Ber., 1967,100,173
207 Barlow RB, Franks FM, Pearson JDM. Studies on the stereospecificity of closely related compounds which block postganglionic acetylcholine receptors in the Guinea-pig ileum. J. of Med. Chem., 1973,16(5) :439-446
208 Wuest HM, Sakal EH. Some derivatives of 3-pyridol with parasympayhomimetic properties. J. Chem. Soc.,1963,73,1210-1216
209 Bolt DJ, Hawk HW. Prevention of estrogen-induced regression of corpora lutea in ewes by hysterectomy. J. Anita. Sci., 1975, 40(4): 687～690
210 杨汉春主编．动物免疫学．中国农业大学出版社，1996,657—658
211 余传霖，叶天星，陆德源编．现代医学免疫学．上海医科大学出版社，
1998,679·、·680
212 龙振洲主编。医学免疫学．人民卫生出版社，1989,108～117
213 张家骅编．家畜生殖内分泌学研究方法及原理．天则出版社，1993,37～45
214 Stites DP, Terr Al. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 8th ed, 1994
215 Alan J, Robin T. Immunochemistry in Practice. Blackwell scientific publications, 1982,: 27～39
216 陈德坤编．兽医免疫学技术．西北农业大学内部教材，1998,5,4～7
217 曹澍泽主编．兽医微生物学及免疫学技术．北京农业大学出版社,332～342
218 李成文著．免疫化学研究进展．中国科学技术出版社，1992,1～5
2 Cox RI. Immunophysiological control of phyto-oestrogen toxicity. Plant toxicology, edited by Seawright AA, 1985, 98～108
3 Stewart C, Larmberton JA, Fairclough RJ et al. Vaccination as a possible means of preventing lantana poisoning. Aust. Vet. J., 1988, 65: 349～352
4 Pass MA, Stewart C. Immunisation against lantana toxins. Plant toxicology, edited by James LF et al, 1992, 443～447
5 Payne AL, Than KA, Stewart PL et al. Vaccination against lupinosis. Plant toxicology, edited by James LF et al, 1992, 234～238
6 Renshaw B. Chemical warfare agents and related chemical problems. 1946, (PB, 158508(12))
7 韦耀鹏，陆善新，顾旭平等．黄曲霉毒素B1抗原制备的新方法及抗体特性的初步研究．肿瘤防治研究，1992，19(2)：78～79
8 Chu FS. Preparation and characterization of aflatoxinB1 (ocarboxymethyloxime). J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 1977, 60:791
9 Chu FS. Priduction of antibody against aflatoxinB1. Appl. Environ. microbiol, 1977. 33(5): 1125
10 Sizaret P. Detection of aflatoxins and related metabolites by radioimmunoassay. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 1982, 69(6): 1375
11 Culvenor CCJ. Prevention of prrotizidine alkaloid poisoning animal adaptation or plant control? Effects of Poisoning Plants on livestock, Academic Press, New Yock, edited by Keeler RF. 1978, 180～199
12 Molyneux, RJ, James LF, Panter KE et al. Analysis and distribution of swainsonine and related polyhydroxyindolizidine alkaoids by thin layer chromatography. Phytochemical Analysis, 1991, 2, 125～129
13 EL-Hamidi M, Leipold HW. Poisoning of sheep by Astralus lusitanicus in Moroco: Field and experimental studies. J. Vet. Med., 1989, 36, 115～121
14 Kirkpatrick JG. Locoism in hores. Vet. Hum. Toxicology, 1990, 32(2): 168～169
15 Van Kampen KR, Rhees RW. James LF. Locoweed poisoning in the Unites States. Effects of Poisonous on Livestock, edited by Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, Academic Press, 1978, 465～471
16 Oehme FW, Bailie WE, Hulbert LC. Astragalus mollissimus toxicosis in Western Kansas. JAVMA, 1968, 152, 271～278
17 James LF, Van Kampen KR, Staker G. Locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) poisoning in cattle and horses. JAVMA, 1969, 155, 525～530
18 James LF, Van Kampen KR. Acute and residual lesion of locoweed poisoning in cattle and horses. 1971, JAVMA, 158, 614～618
19 Harries WN. An outbreak of locoweed poisoning in horses in Southwestern Alberta. Can. Vet.J., 1972, 13, 141～145
20 Crawford AC. Barium, a cause of the locoweed disease. USDA, Bureau of Plant Industry Bull, 1908, 129
21 Mathews FP. Locoism in domestic animals. Texa Agile. Exp. Sta. Sta., 1932, 456
22 Molyneux RJ, James LF, Panter KE. Chemistry of toxic constituents of locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis) species. Symposium, Plant Toxicology, Queensland, Austalia, The Queensland Poisnous Plants Committee, 1984, 266～278
23 James LF, Shupe JL, Binns W. Abortive and teratogenic effects of locoweed on sheep and cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1967, 28(126): 1379～1388
24 Nielsen FP. The economic impact of poisnous plants on the range livestock induetry in the 17 western states. J. Range Management, 1978, 31, 5
25 James LF, Hartley WJ, Van Kampen KR. Syndromes of Astragalus poisoning in livestock. JAVMA, 1981, 146～150
26 富象乾，常秉文．中国北部天然草场有毒植物综述．中国草场与牧草，1985，3，18～24
27 王宏杰，郭延平．宁夏天然草场常见的几种毒草．中国草原，1983，1，65～66
28 李建科．中国家畜棘豆属植物中毒病研究进展．动物毒物学，1990，5(1-2)：17～20
29 曹光荣，张守信，张琼瑶等．陕西榆林地区和宁夏海原县绵羊疯草病．动物毒物学，1986，1(1)：18～21
30 陈善科，萨仁．阿拉善盟荒漠草场毒草分布及其危害现状的调查．中国草地，1992，3，60～62
31 曹光荣，李绍君，段得贤等．黄花棘豆有毒成分的分离与鉴定．西北农业大学学报，1989，17(3)：1～7
32 张生民，高其栋，侯得惠等．甘肃棘豆中毒．畜牧兽医学报，1981，3，145～149
33 李祚煌．醉马草(小花棘豆)中毒的调查和有毒成分研究．内蒙古畜牧兽医，1987，1，1～13
34 鲁西科．西藏家畜的棘豆、茎直黄芪中毒．动物毒物学，1986，1，32～33
35 黄荣福，沈颂东．西藏草原豆科毒害植物(疯草)的种类与分布．动物毒物学，1998，13(1-2)：13～17
36 Marsh CD. Stock-poisoning plants of the range. Bull. NO. 1245. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., 1925, 1～36
37 Sampson AW, Malmsten HE. Stock-poisoning plants of California. Bull. NO. 593. University of California college of Agriculture, Berkeley, 1935, 1～90
38 Bameby RC. A revision of North American species of oxytropis DC. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser. 1952, 27, 177～312
39 Barneby RC. Atlas of North American Astragalus: Part Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 1964, 13
40 肖志国．家畜的疯草中毒．中国兽医科技，1986，增刊，200～202
41 张志恒，高巨星，沈颂东．关于对西藏阿里地区“醉马草”调查情况的报告．动物毒物学，1998，13(1～2)：11～13
42 黄荣福，张志恒，高巨星等．西藏阿里地区高寒草原毒害植物冰川棘豆的危害及防除．动物毒物学，1998，13(1～2)：17～21
43 王建华，张志恒，高巨星．西藏阿里地区动物“醉马草”中毒病调查报告．动物毒物学，1998，13(1～2)：22～27
44 王凯，何宝祥，羊秀措．家兔实验性黄花棘豆中毒的临床及病理学观察．中国兽医科技，1995，25(2)：26～27
45 陆元彪，周翰信，殷显智．海北藏族自治州草原毒草棘豆、狼毒调查报告．四川草原，1995，4，29
46 李祚煌．小花棘豆有毒成分分析及利用．全国第二次家畜内科学研究会交流资料，1985
47 李祚煌．醉马草(小花棘豆)中毒的调查和有毒成分的研究．内蒙古畜牧兽医，1978，1，1～13
48 Balls LD, James LF. Effects of locoweed (Astragalus spp.) on reproductive performance of ewes. JAVMA, 1973, 162(4): 291
49 Mcilwraith CW, James LF. Limb deformities in foals associated with ingestion of locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res., 46(9): 1903～1907
50 武宝成．西藏的黄芪属有毒植物及其防除．中国草地，1988，5，22～23
51 李春涛，王鸿炳．天祝草原上的棘豆属植物及其防治效果．中国草地，1994，670～671
52 周翰信．马鹿棘豆中毒．青海畜牧兽医杂志，1991，2，41
53 赵宝玉，曹光荣，段得贤等．西藏茎直黄芪对山羊的毒性研究．畜牧兽医学报，1992，23(3)：276～281
54 Stermitz FR. Aliphatic nitro compound from Astragalus species. Phytochemistry, 1972, 11, 1117～1124
55 Williams MC. Nitro compounds in foreign species of Astragalus. Weed science, 1981, 29(3): 261～269
56 曹光荣，赵宝玉，李绍君．我国黄芪属主要有毒植物．动物毒物学，1994，9(1)：5～6
57 曹光荣，李绍君，段得贤等．黄花棘豆有毒成分研究．中国兽医科技，1988，3，41～43
58 程静毅，于兆英，杨金祥．牧场毒草-醉马草的初步研究．中国草原，1979，2，40～41
59 李建科．家畜黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆的调查研究．中国兽医科技，1987,5,22～23
60 李祚煌，关亚农，杨桂云等．小花棘豆中毒与硒关系的研究．动物毒物学，1991，6(1)：8～9
61 李建科．山羊黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆中毒与亚硒酸钠比较中毒试验研究．动物毒物学，1988，3(1)：15～17
62 Fraps GS. Locoine, the poisnous principle in locoweed, Astragalus earlei. Texas Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull., 1936, 537
63 1975, 260
64 Colegate SM, Dorling PR, Huxtable CR. A spctroscopic investigation of swainsonine: an α-mannosidase inhibitor isolated from Swainsina canecens. Aust. J. Chem., 1979, 32, 2257～2264
65 Maiden GH. Plants reputed to the poisnous to livestock in Australia. Dept. Agric., NSW, Misc. Publi., 1901, 10, 447
66 Hartley WJ. A comparative study of Swainsona spp. Poisoning in Australia with locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) poisoning in North American. In Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock, Keeler RF, Van Kampen, and James LF (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, 1978, 363
67 Molyneux RJ, James LF. Loco intoxication: Indolizidine alkaloids of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). Science, 1982, 216(6): 190～191
68 王凯．黄花棘豆对山羊的毒性研究．畜牧兽医学报，1990，21(1)：80～86
69 顾佰群，段得贤，崔中林等．山羊甘肃棘豆中毒临床病理学研究．西北农业大学学报，1990，18(3)：62～68
70 赵宝玉，曹光荣，李绍君．劲直黄芪有毒成分的分离与鉴定．中国兽医科技，1993，23(9)：9～12
71 丁伯良．甘肃棘豆引起母羊流产和公羊不育的机理研究．西北农业大学博士论文，1993
72 黄有德，肖志国，孟聚诚等．变异黄芪有毒成分的分离与分析．中兽医医药杂志，1992，4，3～6
73 Schneider MJ, Ungemach FS, Broquist HP et al. (1S,2R,SR,8aR)-1,2,8-Trihydroxyoctahydroindolizidine (swainsonine), an α-mannosidase inhibitor from Rhizoctonia leguminicola. Tetrahedron. 1983,39,29
74 Broquist HP, Mason PS, Wickwire B et al. Swainsonine production in the Rhizoctonia legurninicola Plant Toxicology, Seawright AA, Hegarty MP, James LF et al (Eds.), 1985, 301～308
75 Yasuda N, Tsutsumi H, Takaya T. Total Synthesis of swainsonine. Chem. Lett., 1984, 3, 1201～1204
76 Bennett RB, Choi JR, Montgomery WD et al. A short, enantioselective synthesis of (-)-swainsonine. J. Am. Chem., 1989, 111, 2580～2582
77 Doffing PF, Warren CD, Vogel P. Lysosomal storage in Swaisona spp. Toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 1978, 4, 285～295
78 Dorling PR, Huxtable CR, Colegate SM. Inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase by swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloide isolated from Swainsona canescens. Biochem. J., 1980, 191, 649～651
79 Tulsiani DRP, Harris TM, Touster O. Swainsonine inhibits the biosythesis of complex glycoproteins by inhibition of Golgi mannosidase Ⅱ. J. Biol. Chem., 1982, 257, 7936～7939
80 Kang MS, Elbein AD. Mechanism of inhibition of jack bean α-mannosidase by swainsonine. Plant Physiol., 1983, 7, 551～554
81 Saul R, Chambers JP, Molyneux RJ et al. Castanospermine, a tetrahydroxylated
alkaloid that inhibits β-glucocerebrosidase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1983,221,593-597
82 Saul R, Molyneux RJ, Elbein AD. Studies on the mechanism of castanospermine inhibition of a-and P-glucosidases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1984,230,668--675
83 Molyneux RJ, Roitman JN, Dunnheim G. 6-Epicastanospermine, a novel indolizidine alkaloid that inhibits a-glucosidases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1986,251,450-457
84 Tropea JE, Molyneux RJ, Kaushal GP et al. Australine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that inhibits amyloglucosidases and glycoprotein processing. Biochemistry, 1989,28,2027--2034
85 Tulsiani DRP, Broquist HP, James LF et al. The similar effects of swainsonine and locoweed on tissue giycosidases and oligosaccharides of the pig indicate that the alkaloid is the pricipal toxin responsible for the induction of locoism. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1984,232,76--85
86 Novikoff PM, Touster O, Novikoff AB et al. Effects of swainsonine on rat liver and kidney: Biochemical and morphological studies. J. of Cell Biology, 1985． 101(8) :339-349
87 Warrant CD, Daniel PF, Bugge B et al. The structure of oligosaccharides excreated by sheep with swainsonine toxicosis. J. of Biol. Chem., 1988,263(29) :15041-15049
88 Abraham D, Blakemore WF. Jolly RD et al. The catabolism of mammalian glycoproteins. Biochem. J., 1983． 215． 573-579
89 Stegemeier BL. James LF. Panter K.E et al. Serum swainsonine concentration and a-mannosidase activity in cattle and sheep ingesting Oxytropis sericea and Astragalus lentiginosus (locoweeds). Am. J. Vet. Res.. 56(2) : 149-154
90 Stegemeier BL, James LF, Panter KE et al. Tissue swainsonine clearance in sheep chronically poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis sericea). J. Anim. Sci.. 1998． 76(4) : 1140
91 Molyneux RJ, Roitman PN. Specific detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on thin layer chromatograms. J. Chromatogr., 11980, 195． 412-415
92 Molyneux RJ, James LF, Panter KE et al. Chemistry of toxic constituents of locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis) species. Plant Toxicology, Seawright AA, Hegarty MP, James LF et al (Eds.), 1985, 266-278
93 Molyneux RJ, James LF. Swainsonine, the Locoweed Toxin:Analysis and Distribution. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds,Keeler RF, Tu AT(Eds.)., 1988,191-210
94 Karlsson SE, Wiesler D. 7-( chlorocarbonyl ) methoxy-4-methycoumarin: a novel fluorscent reagent for the precolumn derivatization of hydroxy compounds in liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem., 1985,57． 229-234
95 Baker DC. Keeler RF. Myopathy associated with Thermopsis montana ingestion
in cattle. Plant toxicology, edited by James LF et al, 1992, 264～269
96 Pastuzak I, Molyneux RJ, James LF et al. Lentiginosine, a dihydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that inhibits amyloglucosidase. Biochemstry, 1990, 29, 1886～1891
97 于学敏，李铣，朱延儒．小花棘豆毒性生物碱的研究．沈阳药学院学报，1989，6(1)：65～66
98 杨桂云，杨保收，李祚煌等．小花棘豆有毒成分及毒性测定．动物毒物学，1989，2，8～10
99 董云发，丁云海，宇健．黄花棘豆的喹喏里西定生物碱．植物资源与环境，1993，2(1)：58～59
100 孟协中，胡向群，张如明等．宁夏两种有毒棘豆有毒成分的研究．宁夏农林科技，1994，2，37～41
101 谭远友等．冰川棘豆的主要毒性成分与营养成分的研究．2000届西北农林科技大学博士论文，2000，7
102 西北植物研究所植物分类室，陕西农业科学院兽医研究所兽医室．毒草-醉马草的初步研究．植物研究，1976，1，10～12
103 邓传鸿，许祥树．马匹棘豆中毒的调查与实验室诊断报告．中国兽医杂志，1980，10，17～18
104 王学春．马匹黄花棘豆的中毒与防治．草与畜杂志，1983，3，3～5
105 James LF, Panter KE. Swainsonine-induced high mountain disease in calves. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1991, 33(30: 217～219
106 BunchTD, Panter K, James LF. Ultrasound studies of the effects of certain poisonous plants on uterine function and fetal development in livestock. J. Anim. Sci., 1992, 70(5): 1639～1642
107 Ralphs MH. Control of white locoweed. Weed Science, 1988, 36, 353～356
108 Ralphs MH, Ueckert DN. Herbicide control of locoweed: a review. Weed Technol., 1988, 2(4): 460～465
109 陈怀涛，肖志国，黄有德等．绵羊实验性黄花棘豆中毒的病理观察．畜牧兽医学报，1992，23(2)：135～140
110 张洁，刘绪川，张国伟等．牦牛实验性棘豆中毒病理学研究．中兽医医药杂志，1994，1，10～12
111 王建华，谭远友，李勤凡．冰川棘豆的成分及毒性研究初报．动物毒物学，1998，13(12)：27～30
112 汤承，段得贤，曹光荣等．黄花棘豆引起山羊流产的研究．西北农业大学学报，1989，17(4)：52～56
113 Ellis LC, James LF, McMullen RW et al. Reduced progesterone and altered cotyledonary prostaglandin values induced by locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1985, 46(9): 1903～1907
114 Freebum JW, Whitson TD. Control of silky crazyweed (Oxytropis sericea) on rangeland. Research progress report Western Society of Weed Science, 1989, 44
115 Whitson TD, Myers DC, Swearingen RJ. Control of silky crazyweed (Oxytropis sericea) with various herbicides applied at two growth stages. Research progress report Western Society of Weed Science, 1992, 1, 69～70
116 Sterling TM, Jochem HS. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of picloram and metsulfuron methyl by two locoweed species. Weed science, 1995, 43(1): 13～17
117 Ralphs MH, Cronin EH. Locoweed seeds in soil: density, longevity, germination and viability. Weed Science, 1987, 35(6): 792～795
118 Ralphs MH, Benson B, Loerch JC. Soil-site relationships of white locoweed on the Ralf River Mountains. Great Basin Nat., 1989, 49(3): 419～424
119 Ralphs MH, Graham D, Galyean ML et al. Research observation: influence of over-wintering feed regimen on consumption of locoweed by steers. J. of range management, 1997, 50(3): 250～252
120 史志诚等编著．中国草地重要有毒植物．中国农业出版社，1997，45～78
121 薛登民，张守信，张琼瑶等．羊黄花棘豆中毒病理变化报告．动物毒物学，1987，4(1)：39～42
122 李建科，李丛林，马常等．棘豆化学防除试验研究．中国草地，1991，6，80
123 鲁西科，王俊彪，孟大为等．西藏茎直黄芪毒性、有毒成分、化学防除和开发利用的综合研究．动物毒物学，1991，6(2)：29～30
124 陈义中，杨发林．黄花棘豆的防除和利用．草与畜杂志，1993，3，24
125 李建科，刘羽中，卢健雄等．甘肃棘豆饲喂小白鼠的亚慢性毒性效应及安全利用研究．中国兽医科技，1995．25(8)：28～30
126 杨具田，李建科，卢健雄等．甘肃棘豆粉对肥育猪的效果和毒性试验．中国兽医科技，1997．27(5)：30～31
127 曹光荣，李绍君．用除草剂防除疯草的研究概况．畜牧兽医杂志．1991，3，47～48
128 刘翊，王英东．甘肃棘豆粉添加饲喂猪的试验的血液学分析．中兽医医药杂志，1997，1，8～10
129 王凯．“棘防A号”实验性预防绵羊甘肃棘豆中毒．中国兽医科技．1998．25(8)：31～32
130 王凯，莫重辉，赵宝玉等．“棘防E号”预防绵羊甘肃棘豆中毒．畜牧与兽医，1999．31(3)：31～32
131 王凯，赵宝玉．甘肃棘豆间歇饲喂对绵羊的毒性研究．畜牧与兽医，1998．30(3)：125～126
132 王凯，莫重辉，赵宝玉等．棘豆中毒预防及棘豆中吲哚兹定生物碱提取技术研究．中国畜牧兽医学会家畜内科学学会交流材料，2000，8
133 Abdennebi EH, EL-Ouazzahi N, Lamnaouer D. Clinical and analjtical studies of sheep dosed with various preparations of Astragalus Iusitanicus. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1998, 40(6): 327～331
134 Taylor JB, Strickland JR. In vitro effect of swainsonine on bovine and ovine lymphoblastogenesis. J. Anita. Sci., 1998, 76(11): 2857～2862
135 Tamerler C, Ullah M, Adlard MW et al. Effect of pH on physiology of Metarhizium anisopliae for production of swainsonine. FEMS Micro. Letters,
1998,168(1) :17-23
136 Vandersall-Naim AS, Merkle RK, O'Brien K et al. Cloning, expression, purification, and characterication of the acid a-mannosidae from Trypanosoma cruzi. Glycobiology, 1998,8(12) :1183-1194
137 Wang S, Panter KE, Holyooak GR et al. Development and viability of bovine preplacentation embryos treated with swainsonine in vitro. Anim. Rep. Sci., 1999,56(1) :19-29
138 Ren J, Castellino FJ, Bretthauer RK. Purification and properties of a-mannosidase II from Golgi-like membranes of baculovieus-infected Spodoptera cells. Biochem. J., 1997,324(3) ;951-956
139 Chae ByeongSuk, Ahn YoungKeun, Kim JoungHoon. Effects of swainsonine on the humoral immune response of lipopolyaccharide. Arch. Pharm. Res., 1997, 20(6) :545-549
140 Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Cheney CD et al. Operant analysis of chronic locoweed intoxication in sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 1996, 74(11) :2611-2632
141 Pomerinke MA, Thompson DC, Clason DL. Bionomics of Cleonidius trivittatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): native biological control of purple locoweed. Environmentaal entomology, 1995, 24(6) : 1696-1702
142 Donaldson MJ, Bucke C, Adlard MW. Swainsonine production by Metarrhizium anisopliae in fed bath cultures. Micro. Ulili. Ren. Res., 1991, 228-234
143 Molyneux RJ, Pan YT, Goldmann A et al. Calystegins. a novel class of alkaloid glycosidase inhibitors. Arch. Biochem. Biophy., 1993, 304(1) :81-88
144 Stegelmeier BL, Molyneux RJ, Elbein AD et al. The lesions of Locoweed(Astragalus mollissimus), swainsonine, and castanospermine in rats. Veterinary Pathology, 1995, 32(2) :289-298
145 Pulsipher GD, Galyean ML, Hallford DM et al. Effects of grdaed levels of bentonite on serum clinical profiles, metabolic hormones, and serum swainsonine concentrations in lambs fed locoweed(Oxytropis sericea). J. Ani. Sci., 1994, 72(6) : 1561-1569
146 Croom WJ, Hagler WM, Froetschel MA et al. The involvement of slaframine and swainsonine in slobers syndrome: a review. J. Ani. Sci., 1995, 73(5) : 1499-1508
147 Sim KL, Perry D. Swainsonine production by Metarhizium aniosopliae determined by means of an enzymatic assay. Mycologicaaaaal Research, 1995, 99(9) : 1078-1082
148 Molyneux RJ. Toxic range plants and their constituents. Phytochemistry and agriculture, 1993,151-170
149 Pan YT, Ghidoni J, Elbein AD. The effects of castanospermine and swainsonine on the activity and synthesis of intestinal sucrase. Arch. Biochem. Biophysi.,1993, 303(1) :134-144
150 Stermitz FR, Schneider MJ, Schell LD et al. Toxic pyrrolizidine, quinolizidine,
and piperidine alkaloids of parasitic plants used in folk medicine. Poisonous plants. James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey EM (eds.)., 1992, 204～207
151 Ermayanti TM, McComb JA, O'Brien PA. Stimulation of synthesis and release of swainsonine from transformed roots of Swainsona galegifolia. Phytochemstry, 1994, 36(2): 313～317
152 Smith GS, Allred KW, Kiehl DE. Swainsonine content of New Mexican locoweed. American Socity of Animal Science, 1992, 405～407
153 中国科学院，中国植物志编委会．中国植物志．科学出版社，1998，42(2)：412～416；44(2)：16～18
154 E.G.C.克拉克著，王建元，史志诚，扈文杰等译．兽医毒物学．陕西科学技术出版社，1984，454～456；524
155 Leonard, NJ. Lupin alkaloids. In The Alkaloids, 1953, 61(3): 119
156 Hackbarth, J. Genes of alkaloids formation in lupine species. J.Au. Inst. Agric. Sci., 1961, 27: 61
157 Keeler RF. Lupin alkaloids from and teratogenic and nonteratogenic Lupins. I. correlation of crooked calf disease incidence with alkaloid distribution determined by gas chromatography. Teratology, 1973, 7, 23
158 Keeler H, Dewitz W. Washable leather. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wschr., 1969, 76, 115
159 Shupe JL, Binns W, James LF, et al. Tetratogenic compounds of veratrum califomicum. Ⅲ. malformations of the veratramine-induced type from ingestion of roots. J. Am. Vet. med. Ass., 1967, 151, 198
160 Peterson JE. Examination of the alkaloids of lupinus digitus, for hepatotoxic effects in the rat. Aust.J.Exp. Biol. 1963, 41, 123
161 Gardiner MR. The role of copper in pathogenesis of subacute and chronic lupinosis of sheep. Aust. Vet. J., 1967, 43, 243
162 Gardiner MR, Royce RD, Bokor A. Mineral metabolism in sheep lupinosis. J. Path. Bact., 1965, 89, 43
163 Edgar JA, Culvenor CCJ. Aspects of the structure of phomopsin A, the mycotoxin causing lupinosis. Plant Toxicology, 1985, 589～595
164 Rossiter RC. Physiological and ecological studies on the estrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover, Ⅷ, Phosphate supply in relation to temperature and to leaf development. Aust. Vet. J., 1970, 46, 141
165 Rossiter RC. Changes in the formononetin content of delached mature leaves of Trifolium Subterrneum. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 1970, 23(2): 469～471
166 Braden AWH, McDonald IW. Australian Grasslands. Edited by R.Milton Moore, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1970, 381
167 Braden AWH, Thain RI, Shutt DA. Comparison of plasma phytoestrogen levels in sheep and cattle after feeding on fresh clover. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1971, 22(4): 663～670
168 Cox RI, Braden AWH. Metabolism and physiological effects of phytoestrogens in livestock. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod., 1974, 10, 122
169 Braden AWH, Hart NK, Lindner HR. The estrogenic activity and metabolism of certain isoflavones in sheep. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1967,18,335
170 Shutt DA, Braden AWH. The sigificance of equol in relation to the estrogenic responses in sheep ingesting clover with a high formononetin content. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1968,19,545
171 Batterham TJ, Shutt DA, Hart NK,et al. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-14C]-formononetin and [4-14C]-biochanin A in sheep. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1971,22,131
172 Mottle MC, Beck AB. Urinary sediments in sheep feeding on estrogenic clover. Ⅲ.Identification of 4'-o-methylequol as a major component of some sediments. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1974,25,509
173 Shutt DA, Axelsen A. Interaction of genistein with estradiol in the reproductivetract of the mouse. J. Endocrinol.,1967,37(2) :231-232
174 Wong MSF, Cox RI. Proc. 4~th Asia and Oceania Congress Endocr. Eited by Ibbertson GC, Liggins , Holdaway IM,University of Auckland, HK, Abstr.53,1971
175 Kelly RW, Lindsay DR. Plasma coumestrol levels and cerrical mucus responses in ewes ingesting coumestan rich feeds. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 1978,29． 115
176 Cox RI. Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Edited by Keeler KR, Van Kampen, James LF, Academic Press, 1978,451
177 Loder JW, Eibl R, Falkiner MJet al. Carbocyclillic analogs of equol for the immunization of sheep against clover disease. Aust. J. Chem., 1978． 31,1011
178 Cox RI, Wilson PA, Mattner PE. Immunization of sheep to block the effects of ingested or administered phytoestrogens. Toxicon Suppl., 1983,3,85
179 Cox RI, Hoskinson RM, Wong MSF. Antiserums reactive directly to estrone sulfate. Proc. Aust. Soc. Reprod. Biol., 1978,10,20
180 Smith JF. Jagusch KT, Brunswick LFCet al. Coumestans in lucerne and ovulation in ewes. N.Z.J. Agric. Res., 1979,22,411
181 Smith LS, Smith DA. The naturalised lantana camara complex in eastern Australia. Qld. Bot. Bull. 1982,1
182 Pass MA, Goosem MW. Bile, canalicular injury in lantana poisoning. Toxicon Suppl., 1983,3,337
183 Pass MA, Gemmell RT, Heath TJ. The effect of lantana camara on intestinal motility. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1978,43,589
184 Seawright AA, Hrdlicka J. The oral toxicity for sheep of triterpene acids isolated from lantana camara. Aust. Vet. J., 1977,53,230
185 Pass MA, Seawright AA, Lamberton JA et al. Lantadene A toxicity in sheep. Pathology, 1979,11,89
186 Brown JMM. The chemical pathology of ovine icteric states: 3． Icterognin induced cholestasis. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1968,39,35
187 Colburn WA. Steroids, 1975,24,43
188 Stewart C. PhD Thesis, Univ. Of Queenland, Australia, 1989．
189 Bird RE. Sing-chainantigen-binding proteins. Science, 1988,242:423-426
190 Butler VP. Effect of sheep digoxin-specific antibodies and their Fab fragments on digoxin pharmacokinetics in dogs. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1977,59:345-359
191 Cadot R. Evaluation of active specific immunization against paraquat toxicity in rats. Veterinary and Human Toxicology,1986,28:226-229
192 Hall JO. Why these toxins and why now? Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1990,32:2-5
193 Lemer RA. At the crossroad of chemistry and immunology: Catalytic antibodies. Science, 1991,252:659-667
194 Cromp MH, Smally EB, Henning JN et al. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1963,143,996
195 Aust SD, Broquist HP. Isolation of parasympathomimetic alkaloidof fungal origin. Nature, 1965,205,204
196 Rainey DP, Smally EB, Cromp MH. Isolation of salivation factor from Rhizoctonia leguminicola on red clover hay. Nature, 1965,205,203
197 Gardiner RA, Rinehart KL, Shyder JJ. Slaframine. Absolute Stereochemistry and a rivised structure. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968,90,5638
198 Benneet R. Lowa State University Press, 1992． 107-116
199 Smally EB. Chemistry and physiology of slaframine. In Mycotoxic Fungi. Mytoxibs. Mytox coses. Edited by Wyllie TD. Morehouse LG. Marcel Dekker Inc., New york, 1977,1
200 Klasek A. Weinbergova O. The Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, recent development in the chemietry of carboncompounds. 1975． 6
201 Robins DJ. Structure of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J. Chem. Soc., 1969． 104． 1368
202 Perseo G. Piani G. Castiglione R. The application of tert. Butyl pyrocarbonatc for the introduction of Boc group. Int. J. Peptide Res., 1983,21． 227
203 Tarbell DS, Yamamoto Y, Pope BM. Introduction of the tert Butyloxycarbonyl Group with tert Butyl Pyrocarbonate. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, 1972,69． 730
204 Moroder L, Hallett S, wunsch E et al. Introduction of the tert Butyloxycarbonyl Group. Hoppe Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem., 1976． 357,1651
205 Wiinsch E, Dress F. Coupling with dicyctohexylcarbodnmide in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide. Chem. Ber., 1966,99,110
206 Wiinsch E, Zwick A, Wendlberger G. Acylation with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters. Chem. Ber., 1967,100,173
207 Barlow RB, Franks FM, Pearson JDM. Studies on the stereospecificity of closely related compounds which block postganglionic acetylcholine receptors in the Guinea-pig ileum. J. of Med. Chem., 1973,16(5) :439-446
208 Wuest HM, Sakal EH. Some derivatives of 3-pyridol with parasympayhomimetic properties. J. Chem. Soc.,1963,73,1210-1216
209 Bolt DJ, Hawk HW. Prevention of estrogen-induced regression of corpora lutea in ewes by hysterectomy. J. Anita. Sci., 1975, 40(4): 687～690
210 杨汉春主编．动物免疫学．中国农业大学出版社，1996,657—658
211 余传霖，叶天星，陆德源编．现代医学免疫学．上海医科大学出版社，
1998,679·、·680
212 龙振洲主编。医学免疫学．人民卫生出版社，1989,108～117
213 张家骅编．家畜生殖内分泌学研究方法及原理．天则出版社，1993,37～45
214 Stites DP, Terr Al. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 8th ed, 1994
215 Alan J, Robin T. Immunochemistry in Practice. Blackwell scientific publications, 1982,: 27～39
216 陈德坤编．兽医免疫学技术．西北农业大学内部教材，1998,5,4～7
217 曹澍泽主编．兽医微生物学及免疫学技术．北京农业大学出版社,332～342
218 李成文著．免疫化学研究进展．中国科学技术出版社，1992,1～5
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |