N-氨基甲酰-L-谷氨酸的合成及其生物活性的研究
|
摘要
断奶应激是目前困扰养猪业发展的主要问题之一。而现在已有的研究又证明了精氨酸在仔猪应激状态下的重要作用。因此解决仔猪断奶后生长过程精氨酸的不足是有效应对断奶应激的手段。
N-氨基甲酰-L-谷氨酸(N-Carbamyl-L-glutamic acid, NCG)是N-乙酰-L-谷氨酸(N-Aceyl-L-glutamic acid, NAG)的结构类似物。它能代替NAG成为氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶-Ⅰ(CPS-Ⅰ)的变构催化剂,从而促进脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺向瓜氨酸和精氨酸转化,增加精氨酸的内源合成,且保持体内精氨酸环境的平衡稳定。由此可见,NCG对于应对仔猪断奶期间因精氨酸不足引起的应激状况具有很好的效果,它是一种潜在的有效新型饲料添加剂。目前关于NCG的研究并不多,现有的合成方法耗时较长,不适合工业生产；其生物活性也缺乏系统深入的研究。本文对NCG及其锌盐的合成方法、NCG分析检测方法以及生物活性进行研究,以期为NCG产品的开发和其他衍生物的研究提供一定的理论基础,从而为养猪业的发展提供一种高效的饲料添加剂,促进养猪业的发展。这具有较高的经济价值和现实意义。现将主要研究概括如下：
1.本文以味精和尿素为原料,分别采用微波加热和传统加热两种方法合成NCG,结果表明微波加热法优于传统加热法,可行有效。单因素实验结果表明,微波功率对产物得率的影响最大,其次是溶剂水的用量,原料味精与尿素的配比的影响效果最小；正交实验优化所得最佳工艺为：N味精：N尿素为1：2,水用量0.3ml/mmol,微波功率700W,反应时间15min。在该反应条件下合成NCG,得率可达到57.6%,以丙酮与水复合溶剂重结晶法对粗产品进行纯化,纯的NCG为白色粉状固体。热失重分析测定结果表明,NCG的热稳定性不是很好,其熔点约为170℃。合成产物经紫外光谱、红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析等进行结构表征确定为NCG；合成过程中的跟踪检测以及产物含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),确定色谱条件为：色谱柱：Kromasil C18柱；流动相：甲醇：水=5：95(pH2.90)；检测器：光电二极管阵列检测器；检测波长：220nm；流速：0.6ml/min。方法学考察结果表明,该方法进样精密度、重现性、稳定性好,加样回收率高。以此方法测得合成产物中NCG含量为95.3%；然后进一步以NCG和氧化锌合成出N-氨基甲酰-L-谷氨酸锌,分别通过元素分析、EDTA络合滴定法以及HPLC测定锌等成分的含量,测定结果为：C：27.83%,H：3.85%,N：9.97%,Zn：23.14%,NCG：73.83%(按C6H9ZnN2O5计算,C：28.2%,H：3.9%,N：10.9%,Zn：25.59%,NCG：74.41%)。
2.考察了NCG及其锌盐的抗氧化活性和抑菌活性。研究表明,NCG及其锌盐均表现出一定的抗氧化能力和抑菌性。抗氧化实验研究了NCG及其锌盐对超氧阴离子、羟基自由基、DPPH的清除能力和对铁离子的还原能力。结果表明,NCG及其锌盐对超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力相对要强于对DPPH的清除力。而NCG及其锌盐对铁离子几乎没有还原能力。在所选浓度范围内,NCG及其锌盐的抗氧化能力均随浓度的增大而增强。在样品浓度为3mg/ml时,NCG和NCG-Zn对超氧阴离子的清除能力分别为55.32%和79.27%,对羟基自由基的清除率分别为38.09%和54.03%；而对DPPH的清除试验结果表明,NCG的清除率要高于NCG-Zn,分别为23.13%和7.87%。抑菌试验中分别考察了NCG以及NCG-Zn对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果,结果表明,NCG-Zn的抑菌效果要优于NCG。其中NCG-Zn对大肠杆菌的抑制效果又要比对其他两种菌的抑制效果强,当浓度为2mg/ml时,大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为27mm、13mm和14mm。而10mg/ml的NCG对这三种菌的抑菌圈直径仅分别为11mm、9mm和10mm。
3.研究了不同添加水平的NCG对断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻情况的影响。与对照组相比,日粮中中添加0.08%NCG,可显著提高仔猪的ADFI和ADG,分别比对照组提高了42.36%和89.43%(P<0.05)。同时,料肉比显著降低(P<0.05)；腹泻率和腹泻指数也明显低于对照组,腹泻率从15.83%降低到2.96%。添加0.16%的NCG仔猪与对照组的相比,ADFI和ADG有增加的趋势,F/G也有降低的趋势,但是差异均不显著(P>0.05),但与0.08%NCG相比,ADFI和ADG反而更低,腹泻程度也更为严重。由此可知,日粮中添加0.08%NCG可以有效缓解仔猪断奶应激,而高水平的NCG(0.16%)则具有一定的副作用。
Early weaning stress is one of the main difficulties which hinder the development of pig industry. Now, it has been approved that the arginine is very important for weaning stress of piglets. So it is an effective method to resolve the deficiency of arginine for the weaning stress of piglets.
N-carbamoyl-L-glutamate (NCG) is a metabolically stable analogue of N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG). It can replace NAG to be the metabolically stable activator of CPS-I to promote the conversion of proline and glutaminate to arginine and increase endogenous synthesis of arginine. So NCG can play a crucial role in maintaining arginine homeostasis in piglets. It can be seen that NCG can effectively solve the weaning-stress problem originated by the deficiency of arginine. Now there is not much studies about NCG and it is always need too long time to synthesis NCG to be used in commercial manufacture. In addition, the systematic deep research on the bioactivities of NCG was still lacked. This review reseached the synthesis of NCG and the zinic salt of NCG、analysis and detection by HPLC、bioactivities in the purpose of providing reliable scientific foundation for the exploitation of NCG and its derivatives. Then it can provide a high performance animal feeds to promote the development of swine breeding. The main results in the paper are mentioned as follows:
1. In this paper two kind of heating methods which are microwave and conventional heating were used to synthesis NCG with monosodium glutamate and urea as material. The results showed that the microwave method is better than the conventional heating method. From the single factor experiments, we can know that the power of microwave has the most important effect on the yield of NCG, then is the volum of solvent water, the effect of raw material ratio is smallest. The L9(34) orthogonal test was used to evaluate the factors optimum conditions based on single factor tests. The optium technology were established as below:the molar ratio of monosodium glutamate and urea 1:2, microwave power 700W, microwave irradiation time 15min, solvent water 0.25ml/mmol. The yield percent is 57.6% in this condition and the product was purified by recrystallization with acetone and water. The purified NCG is white powder crystal. The thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermostability of NCG is not good and the melting point of NCG is 170℃. The product was detected by ultraviolet spectrum, infrared spectrum, mass spectrum, H-NMR and elemental analysis to characterize the structure. The HPLC was used for tracking detection and the content determine of NCG. The chromatographic conditions were Kromasil C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm) using isocratic elution with a mobile phase of pH 2.90 water-methanol(95:5); the analytes were monitored by the diode array detector at 220 nm. The flow rate is 0.6ml/min. The developed method has good precision, high recovery and reproducibility. The content of NCG determined with this method was 95.3%.The zinc salt of NCG was synthensised with NCG and ZnO as the raw material. The contents of zinc, NCG and every element which were detected respectively by EDTA complexing titration, HPLC and element analysis were Zn 23.14%, NCG 73.83%, C 27.83%, H 3.85%, N 9.97%, and in agreement with the theoretical value(C:28.2%, H:3.9%, N:10.9%, Zn: 25.59%, NCG:74.41%).
2. The antioxidant activity and biocidal property were researched. The results showed that NCG and the zinc salt have antioxidant activity and biocidal property. The antioxidation of NCG and zinc salt of NCG were determined using superoxide anion free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, DPPH free radicals and reducing capacity system. The scavening effects on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion free radicals were stronger than that of DPPH free radicals. NCG and its zinc salt almost had no effect on ferric ion. And the antioxidation of NCG and its zinc salt increases as the concentration. When the sample concentration is 3mg/ml, the scavening effects on superoxide anion free radicals of NCG and NCG zinc salt were 55.32% and 79.27% respectively and the effects on hydroxyl radicals respectively were 38.09% and 54.03%. And the results of the DPPH system showed that the scavening effects of NCG is stronger than NCG-zinc, respectively is 23.13% and 7.87%. In the bacteriostatic experiment, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus were used. The results showed that the bactericidal capacity of NCG-zinc were strongger than that of NCG. And the effects of NCG zinc salt on Escherichia coli is strongest. When the sample concentration is 2mg/ml, the inhibition zone diameters against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus were 27mm, 13mm,14mm respectively. The inhibition zone diameters of 10mg/ml NCG on the strain were 11mm,9mm and 10mm.
3. The effects of NCG on the growth performance and diarrhea of early-weaned piglet were studied. Compared with the piglets in control, supplementation of 0.08% NCG improved ADFI and ADG, respectively increased 42.36% and 89.43%. And F/G was reduced(P＜0.05). Diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of the weaned piglets also significantly reduced, diarrhea rate reduced from 15.83% to 2.96%. Compared with the piglets in control, supplementation of 0.16% NCG also improved ADFI and ADG, and reduced F/G, but had no obvious difference. When compared with 0.08% NCG, the ADFI and ADG of the piglets were lower, and the diarrhea degree is more serious. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 0.08% NCG may help overcome weaning stress of piglets, while higher level of NCG (0.16%) may have side effect.
N-氨基甲酰-L-谷氨酸(N-Carbamyl-L-glutamic acid, NCG)是N-乙酰-L-谷氨酸(N-Aceyl-L-glutamic acid, NAG)的结构类似物。它能代替NAG成为氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶-Ⅰ(CPS-Ⅰ)的变构催化剂,从而促进脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺向瓜氨酸和精氨酸转化,增加精氨酸的内源合成,且保持体内精氨酸环境的平衡稳定。由此可见,NCG对于应对仔猪断奶期间因精氨酸不足引起的应激状况具有很好的效果,它是一种潜在的有效新型饲料添加剂。目前关于NCG的研究并不多,现有的合成方法耗时较长,不适合工业生产；其生物活性也缺乏系统深入的研究。本文对NCG及其锌盐的合成方法、NCG分析检测方法以及生物活性进行研究,以期为NCG产品的开发和其他衍生物的研究提供一定的理论基础,从而为养猪业的发展提供一种高效的饲料添加剂,促进养猪业的发展。这具有较高的经济价值和现实意义。现将主要研究概括如下：
1.本文以味精和尿素为原料,分别采用微波加热和传统加热两种方法合成NCG,结果表明微波加热法优于传统加热法,可行有效。单因素实验结果表明,微波功率对产物得率的影响最大,其次是溶剂水的用量,原料味精与尿素的配比的影响效果最小；正交实验优化所得最佳工艺为：N味精：N尿素为1：2,水用量0.3ml/mmol,微波功率700W,反应时间15min。在该反应条件下合成NCG,得率可达到57.6%,以丙酮与水复合溶剂重结晶法对粗产品进行纯化,纯的NCG为白色粉状固体。热失重分析测定结果表明,NCG的热稳定性不是很好,其熔点约为170℃。合成产物经紫外光谱、红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析等进行结构表征确定为NCG；合成过程中的跟踪检测以及产物含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),确定色谱条件为：色谱柱：Kromasil C18柱；流动相：甲醇：水=5：95(pH2.90)；检测器：光电二极管阵列检测器；检测波长：220nm；流速：0.6ml/min。方法学考察结果表明,该方法进样精密度、重现性、稳定性好,加样回收率高。以此方法测得合成产物中NCG含量为95.3%；然后进一步以NCG和氧化锌合成出N-氨基甲酰-L-谷氨酸锌,分别通过元素分析、EDTA络合滴定法以及HPLC测定锌等成分的含量,测定结果为：C：27.83%,H：3.85%,N：9.97%,Zn：23.14%,NCG：73.83%(按C6H9ZnN2O5计算,C：28.2%,H：3.9%,N：10.9%,Zn：25.59%,NCG：74.41%)。
2.考察了NCG及其锌盐的抗氧化活性和抑菌活性。研究表明,NCG及其锌盐均表现出一定的抗氧化能力和抑菌性。抗氧化实验研究了NCG及其锌盐对超氧阴离子、羟基自由基、DPPH的清除能力和对铁离子的还原能力。结果表明,NCG及其锌盐对超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力相对要强于对DPPH的清除力。而NCG及其锌盐对铁离子几乎没有还原能力。在所选浓度范围内,NCG及其锌盐的抗氧化能力均随浓度的增大而增强。在样品浓度为3mg/ml时,NCG和NCG-Zn对超氧阴离子的清除能力分别为55.32%和79.27%,对羟基自由基的清除率分别为38.09%和54.03%；而对DPPH的清除试验结果表明,NCG的清除率要高于NCG-Zn,分别为23.13%和7.87%。抑菌试验中分别考察了NCG以及NCG-Zn对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果,结果表明,NCG-Zn的抑菌效果要优于NCG。其中NCG-Zn对大肠杆菌的抑制效果又要比对其他两种菌的抑制效果强,当浓度为2mg/ml时,大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为27mm、13mm和14mm。而10mg/ml的NCG对这三种菌的抑菌圈直径仅分别为11mm、9mm和10mm。
3.研究了不同添加水平的NCG对断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻情况的影响。与对照组相比,日粮中中添加0.08%NCG,可显著提高仔猪的ADFI和ADG,分别比对照组提高了42.36%和89.43%(P<0.05)。同时,料肉比显著降低(P<0.05)；腹泻率和腹泻指数也明显低于对照组,腹泻率从15.83%降低到2.96%。添加0.16%的NCG仔猪与对照组的相比,ADFI和ADG有增加的趋势,F/G也有降低的趋势,但是差异均不显著(P>0.05),但与0.08%NCG相比,ADFI和ADG反而更低,腹泻程度也更为严重。由此可知,日粮中添加0.08%NCG可以有效缓解仔猪断奶应激,而高水平的NCG(0.16%)则具有一定的副作用。
Early weaning stress is one of the main difficulties which hinder the development of pig industry. Now, it has been approved that the arginine is very important for weaning stress of piglets. So it is an effective method to resolve the deficiency of arginine for the weaning stress of piglets.
N-carbamoyl-L-glutamate (NCG) is a metabolically stable analogue of N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG). It can replace NAG to be the metabolically stable activator of CPS-I to promote the conversion of proline and glutaminate to arginine and increase endogenous synthesis of arginine. So NCG can play a crucial role in maintaining arginine homeostasis in piglets. It can be seen that NCG can effectively solve the weaning-stress problem originated by the deficiency of arginine. Now there is not much studies about NCG and it is always need too long time to synthesis NCG to be used in commercial manufacture. In addition, the systematic deep research on the bioactivities of NCG was still lacked. This review reseached the synthesis of NCG and the zinic salt of NCG、analysis and detection by HPLC、bioactivities in the purpose of providing reliable scientific foundation for the exploitation of NCG and its derivatives. Then it can provide a high performance animal feeds to promote the development of swine breeding. The main results in the paper are mentioned as follows:
1. In this paper two kind of heating methods which are microwave and conventional heating were used to synthesis NCG with monosodium glutamate and urea as material. The results showed that the microwave method is better than the conventional heating method. From the single factor experiments, we can know that the power of microwave has the most important effect on the yield of NCG, then is the volum of solvent water, the effect of raw material ratio is smallest. The L9(34) orthogonal test was used to evaluate the factors optimum conditions based on single factor tests. The optium technology were established as below:the molar ratio of monosodium glutamate and urea 1:2, microwave power 700W, microwave irradiation time 15min, solvent water 0.25ml/mmol. The yield percent is 57.6% in this condition and the product was purified by recrystallization with acetone and water. The purified NCG is white powder crystal. The thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermostability of NCG is not good and the melting point of NCG is 170℃. The product was detected by ultraviolet spectrum, infrared spectrum, mass spectrum, H-NMR and elemental analysis to characterize the structure. The HPLC was used for tracking detection and the content determine of NCG. The chromatographic conditions were Kromasil C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm) using isocratic elution with a mobile phase of pH 2.90 water-methanol(95:5); the analytes were monitored by the diode array detector at 220 nm. The flow rate is 0.6ml/min. The developed method has good precision, high recovery and reproducibility. The content of NCG determined with this method was 95.3%.The zinc salt of NCG was synthensised with NCG and ZnO as the raw material. The contents of zinc, NCG and every element which were detected respectively by EDTA complexing titration, HPLC and element analysis were Zn 23.14%, NCG 73.83%, C 27.83%, H 3.85%, N 9.97%, and in agreement with the theoretical value(C:28.2%, H:3.9%, N:10.9%, Zn: 25.59%, NCG:74.41%).
2. The antioxidant activity and biocidal property were researched. The results showed that NCG and the zinc salt have antioxidant activity and biocidal property. The antioxidation of NCG and zinc salt of NCG were determined using superoxide anion free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, DPPH free radicals and reducing capacity system. The scavening effects on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion free radicals were stronger than that of DPPH free radicals. NCG and its zinc salt almost had no effect on ferric ion. And the antioxidation of NCG and its zinc salt increases as the concentration. When the sample concentration is 3mg/ml, the scavening effects on superoxide anion free radicals of NCG and NCG zinc salt were 55.32% and 79.27% respectively and the effects on hydroxyl radicals respectively were 38.09% and 54.03%. And the results of the DPPH system showed that the scavening effects of NCG is stronger than NCG-zinc, respectively is 23.13% and 7.87%. In the bacteriostatic experiment, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus were used. The results showed that the bactericidal capacity of NCG-zinc were strongger than that of NCG. And the effects of NCG zinc salt on Escherichia coli is strongest. When the sample concentration is 2mg/ml, the inhibition zone diameters against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus were 27mm, 13mm,14mm respectively. The inhibition zone diameters of 10mg/ml NCG on the strain were 11mm,9mm and 10mm.
3. The effects of NCG on the growth performance and diarrhea of early-weaned piglet were studied. Compared with the piglets in control, supplementation of 0.08% NCG improved ADFI and ADG, respectively increased 42.36% and 89.43%. And F/G was reduced(P＜0.05). Diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of the weaned piglets also significantly reduced, diarrhea rate reduced from 15.83% to 2.96%. Compared with the piglets in control, supplementation of 0.16% NCG also improved ADFI and ADG, and reduced F/G, but had no obvious difference. When compared with 0.08% NCG, the ADFI and ADG of the piglets were lower, and the diarrhea degree is more serious. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 0.08% NCG may help overcome weaning stress of piglets, while higher level of NCG (0.16%) may have side effect.
引文
[1].杨期勇,孙曰圣.N-乙酰-L-谷氨酸的制备[J].化学世界,2002,43(7)：363-365.
[2].温孟赢.氨基酸衍生物的合成研究[D].华东师范大学,硕士学位论文,2005.
[3].聂娟.几种具有重要生理活性的氨基酸衍生物的合成研究[D].华东师范大学,硕士学位论文,2004.
[4].姜凤超,刘剑敏,成冲云,等.p-锗代-α-氨基酸衍生物的合成、抗肿瘤活性及构效关系研究[J].中南药学,2006,4(1)：3-7
[5]. WegmanM.A., JanssenM.H.A., SheldonR.A., Adv.Synth.Catal.,2001,6(7):343.
[6]. Hungerhoff B., Sonnensehein H., Theil F. Angew.Chem.Int.ED.2001,40:2492.
[7]. Gareia-Urdiales E., Alfonso L., Gotor V. Chem.Rev.,2005,105:313
[8].张明.药物氨基酸衍生物酶促合成及选择性调控研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2008.硕士学位论文[D].
[9].赵宗阁.血肽X及其衍生物的合成、纯化、活性测定及质量研究[D].中国药品生物制品检定所,硕士学位论文,2004.
[10].金钦汉.微波化学[M],北京：科学技术出版社,2001,126-146.
[11].周齐.微波合成用于树枝状大分子修饰的开管毛细管电色谱柱的制备[D].北京,北京化工大学,硕士学位论文,2008.
[12].黄艳,彭强,谢明贵.微波在高分子中的应用[J].化学研究与应用,2002,14(1)：84-89.
[13].王庆霞,陈虹.微波在液相有机合成中的应用[J].能源技术与管理,2004,2：54-56
[14].刘福萍,陆明.微波有机合成及反应器研究新进展[J].精细化工中间体,2004,34(2)：1-4.
[15]. Jahngen E G, Lentz R R, Pesheck P S, et al. J Organic Chemistry,1990,55(9):3406-3409.
[16].胡玉才,林洁,李敏,等.微波辐射对有机合成反应的促进作用[J].辐射研究与辐射工艺学报,2005,23(3)：129-134.
[17]. Roy I, Gupta M N. Tetrahedron,2003,59(29):5431-5436.
[18].雍胜利.微波辐射在有机合成反应中的发展和应用[J].内蒙古石油化工,2008,(13)：1.
[19]. Chen, S.T., Chiou, S.H., Preparative sale organic synihesis using a kitchen Microwave oven, J.Chem.Soe. Chem.Commun.,1990,11:807.
[20].董迎,范嘉,李文鹏,等.己二酸二乙酯合成中的微波催化行为研究[J].天津理工学院学报,2003,19(2)：106-108.
[21]. Perreux, L., LouPy, A., Volatron, F. Solvent-free Preparation of amides from acids and primary amines under microwave irradiation [J]. Tetrahedron,2002,58(11):2155.
[22].李慧章,李红亚,肖立伟,等.微波辐射下N-甲酰基芳胺的合成[J].有机化学,2003,23(8)：883.
[23].李红亚.微波辐射下酰基化反应的研究[D].河北大学,理学硕士学位论文,2004.
[24]. Deng, R.J., wang, Y.L., Jiang, Y.Z., Solid-liquid phase transfer catalytic synthesis the rapid alkylation of ethel acetoacetate under microwave irradiation, synth. Comniun.,1994,1:11.
[25].张寒琦,金钦汉.微波化学[J].大学化学,2001,16(1)：32-36.
[26].周运友,严正权,胡蕾,等.N-苯基-a-氨基酸[J].合成化学,2003,(11)：533-535.
[27].卢昊.微波固相合成谷氨酸锌及其对肉仔鸡饲喂效果的研究[D].武汉工业学院,2009.
[28].户业丽,王珂,刘汉桥,等.微波法制备人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合钙工艺的研究[J].饲料工业,22009,30(22)：32-36.
[29].户业丽,伍悦平,刘汉桥,等.微波法制备人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合锌工艺研究[J].中国饲料,2010,(4)：36-40.
[30].方岩雄,王亚莉,熊绪杰.手性氨基酸对映体的拆分[J].广东工业大学学报,2002,9(3)：353-355.
[31].吴勇飞.L-谷氨酸衍生物及其金属配合物的合成、表征和生物活性研究[D].华中师范大学,硕士学位论文,2006.
[32].温新兰,肖日高,曾丘怀,等.N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸合成的新方法[J].湛江师范学院学报,2007,28(3)：79-81.
[33].王炳琴,黎植昌.氨基酸酯的制备方法及应用[J].氨基酸和生物资源,1995,17(4),40-45.
[34].余志兵.抗2型糖尿病药物氨基酸类衍生物的合成[D].哈尔滨,哈尔滨工程大学,硕士学位论文,2007.
[35].余传隆.医药科技情报新编[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,1992.3
[36].孔毅,杨婉,吴梧桐.我国氨基酸类药物研究进展[J].药物生物技术,2007,14(3)：230-234.
[37].戴有盛.食品的生化与营养[M].科学出版社,1994.8.
[38].任庚夫.氨基酸生产与应用[J].氨基酸杂志,1987,3：18-19.
[39].刘志新.氨基酸的应用于发展前景[J].生物学教学,2008,33(6)：57-58.
[40].熊国华,杨哲民,侯鹿.甘氨酸及其衍生物的抗菌作用[J].氨基酸杂志,1994(4)：31-34
[41].宁正祥,赵谋明.食品生物化学[M].华南理工大学出版社,1995,7.
[42].陈舟航.新型饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2007,1：42-43.
[43].二恶英污染1999年6月1日布鲁塞尔[J].中国禽业导刊,1999,12：5-8.
[44].汤明强.有关疯牛病的一些认识[J].生物学教学,1997,3：46.
[45].朱海康,余毅.氨基酸在饲料中的应用[J].氨基酸和生物资源,1995,17(1)：51-52.
[46].张伟,姜礼胜,王贵平,等.氨基酸螯合物的营养及应用研究进展[J].饲料工业,2001,22(6)：18-25.
[47].孔泉,黎植昌,刘治中等.氨基酸类农药研究与进展[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,24(3)：362-369
[48].王国亮.新型生化农药一氨基酸农药[J].湖北化工,1989,(3)：4546.
[49]. LagerGB., BurenL L.Tetrasubstituted ammonium salts of N-Phosphonomethyl glycine and their uses as hebri cid es and Plant growth regulants.PCT, Int APP1 1983, WO 8303608.
[50]. BoesenbegrH., Milden beg Rer H.Bauer.Ketal.Benzokazolyl and benzothiazolyl amino acids and their uses as hebricide antidotes.Geroeffn.1985, DE3419994.
[51]. Tammer.T, Koch M., Mildenberger H.etal. a-Amino carboxylic acid oxime esters and agents containing them and their use as fungicides.Ger Oeffn.1983, DE3221095.
[52]. Wagner O., Ammemann E., Lorenz G etal. Preparation of N-(aryl and alkxoycar bonyl) valine amides and analogs as agrochemical fungicides. PCT Int Appl.1995,WO9523786.
[53]. Kuorhashi M., Higashiura K., Ienaga K. Prolyltuarine and hydrxoyprolyltaurine as Plant growth reuglators for strengthening of roots. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho.1988, JP 63211263.
[54].范镇基.氨基酸与美容[J].广东科技,1997,11：7-10
[55].方芳.氨基酸衍生物用于化妆品[J].北京日化,1998(4)：36-39.
[56].赵宏伟.雷贝拉唑与两种氨基酸衍生物的合成研究[D].华东师范大学,硕士学位论文,2007.
[57].黄蓓,杨立荣,吴坚平.手性拆分技术的工业应用[J]北工进展,2002,21(6)：375.
[58]. Saiot, M., Yammaoto., T., Ikuya, S. Perparation of amainodicarboxylic acid N,N-diacetic acids as biodegradbale chelating agents to be used as substitutes for EDTA. JpnKokai Tokkyo Koh.1998 JP 1077253.
[59].徐宝财,李东,张慧萍,等.以脂肪酸甲酯为原料制备N-酰基谷氨酸的工艺研究[J].表面活性剂工业,1994,(4)：43-46.
[60].蒋海珍,陶德华,王彬,等.N-油酰基谷氨酸水基润滑添加剂的合成及其摩擦磨损特性研究[J].摩擦学学报,2006,26(1)：45-48.
[61].邓斌,黄海英,李强国,等.固体酸Sn_4·5H_20/C催化合成谷氨酸月桂醇酯表面活性剂[J].精细石油化工进展,2003,4(11)：35-37.
[62].孙建军,崔丽鸿.固体超强酸催化合成谷氨酸月桂醇酯表面活性剂[J].日用化学工业,2001,(3)：64-65.
[63].张静夏,黄爱东,曾飒,等.聚-L-氯乙基谷氨酸酯的合成与表征[J].广东化工,2002,(3)：28-30.
[64].邵丽.产聚γ一谷氨酸菌株的筛选[D].山东轻工业学院,硕士学位论文,2008.
[65].毛允萍,孙铠.2-吡咯烷酮-5-羧酸钠(PCANa)的合成和应用性能[J].中国纺织大学学报,1995,21(1)：40-46.
[66].王婕,张惟材,刘党生.乙内酰脲酶及其在氨基酸手性合成中的应用[J].生物技术通讯,2005,16(5)：567-570.
[67]. Arcuri,M.B.; Sabino,S.J.; Antunes,O.A.C. etal. Kinetic Study and Production of N-Carbamoyl-D-Phenylglycine by Immobilized D-Hydantoinase from Vigna angularis[J]. Catalysis Letters,2002,79(4):17-19.
[68]. Akeichi, M.; Tawaki,S.; Tarukawa,H.; Aikawa,T. Manufacture of N-carbamoyl-α-amino acids with bacillus cereus.Japan Patent 0214519,1990.
[69]. Abe,T.; Ogishi,H.; Manufacture of D-N-carbamoyl-a-amino acids with Agrom-yces, Chromobacterium or Cellulomonas species. Japan Patent 0122 8489,1989.
[70]. Lorraine M.Kraus.;Michael R.Jones.;Alfred P.Kraus JR. Essential Carbamoyl-Amino Acids Formed in Vivo in Pateints with end-stage renal disease managed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis:Isolation,Identification,and Quantitation [J]. J Lab Clin Med,1998,5: 425-431.
[71]. Cohen,P.P.; Grisolia,S. The role of carbamoyl-L-glutamic acid in the enzymatic synthesis of citrulline from ornithine[J]. BIOL, Chem.1950,182:747-761.
[72]. Giancarlo Verardo, Paola Geatti, Paolo Strazzolini. Rapid and Efficient Microwave-Assisted Sythesis of N-Carbamoyl-L-amino Acids[J]. Synthetic Conmmunication,2007,37: 1833-1844.
[73]. Wu, G.& Morris, S. M., Jr. Arginine metabolism:nitric oxide andbeyond. Biochem. J, 1998,336:1-17.
[74]. Daly J M, Reynolds J,Thom A, et al. Immune and metabolic effects of arginine in the surgical patient[J]. Ann Surg,1988,208(4):512-523.
[75].袁中彪,陈代文.精氨酸的免疫作用[J].中国饲料,2003,(6)：35-36.
[76].王冰梅.一氧化氮合成与尿素循环酶的关系：“瓜氨——一氧化氮循环”[J].中国体育科技,2005,41(5)：130-131.
[77].姚康,褚武英,邓敦,等.不同精氨酸添加水平对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响[J].天然产物研究与开发,2008,(20)：121-124.
[78].张芳毓,王楠,王春安,等.精氨酸的生物学功能[J].饲料研究,2009,(2)：16-18.
[79].聂新志,蒋宗勇,郑春田,等.精氨酸对仔猪肠道黏膜发育的调控[J].饲料研究,2009,(12)：6-10.
[80]. Guoyao Wu,Darrel A.Knabe, etal.Arginine Metabolism:Enzymology, Nutrition, and Clinical Significance[J]. American Society for Nutritional Science,2004,134:2783s-2790s.
[81].雷奇,车向荣.仔猪精氨酸营养的研究进展[J].养猪,2008,(2)：13-15.
[82]. Wu, G.& Morris, S. M. Arginine metabolism in mammals. In:Metabolic and Therapeutic Aspects of Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition (Cynober, L. A., ed.),2004,153-167.
[83]. Wu G, Paula K Davis, Nick E. Endogenous Synthesis of Arginine plays an important role in maintaining arginine homeostasis in postweaning growing pigs[J]. Ntur,1997,127: 2342-2350.
[84]. Wu G, Knabe D A. Arginine synthesis in enterocytes of neonatal pigs[J]. Am J Physiol, 1995,269:621-629.
[85].谭碧娥,李新国,孔祥峰,等.精氨酸对早期断奶仔猪肠道生长、组织形态及IL-2基因表达水平的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9)：2783-2788.
[86].黄琳,蒋宗勇,林映才,等.精氨酸对人工饲养新生仔猪生长性能和血清激素水平的研究[C].中国畜牧兽医学会2008年学术年会暨第六届畜牧兽医青年科技工作者学术研讨会论文集,北京,2008：132-137.
[87].吴信,高运苓,伍国耀,等.N-甲酰谷氨酸对仔猪内源性精氨酸的合成调控[J].饲料工业,2009,30(4)：56-58.
[88]. Guffon,N.,Vianey-Saban,C.,Bourgeois,J. etal.A new neonatal case of N-acetyglutamate synt-hase deficiency treated by carbamyglutamate[J].Inherit.Metab.Dis,1995,18:61-65
[89]. Caldovic, L & Tuchman, M. N-acetyglutamate and its changing role through evolution. Biochem. J,2003,372:279-290.
[90]. Boris Gebhardt, Stefan Vlaho, Doris Fischer. N-carbamylglutamate enhances ammonia detoxification in a patient with decompensated methylmalonic aciduria[J]. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism,2003,79:303-304.
[91]. J.G Okun, F. Horster, L.M. Farkas, etal. Neurodegeneration in methylmalonic aciduria involves inhibition of complex II and the tricarbolic acid cycle, and synergistically actingexitotoxicity, J. Biol. Chem.2002,277:14674-14680.
[92]. A. Nordenstrom-M.,Halldin·B.,Hallberg-J. Alm. A trial with N-carbamoyl-glutamate may not detect all patients with NAGS deficiency and neonatal onset[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2007,30:400
[93]. Virginie Levrat, Isabelle Forest, Alain Fouilhoux, etal. Carglumic acid:an additional therapy in the treatment of organic acidurias with hyperammonemia[J]. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases,2008,3:1-3.
[94].印遇龙.N-氨甲酰谷氨酸制备方法[P].中国,发明专利,CN100582090C,2007.
[95].谯仕颜.N-氨甲酰谷氨酸制备方法[P].中国,发明专利,CN101440042,2008.
[96].赵保路.氧自由基和天然抗氧化剂[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
[97].刘红,王琳,赵丹薇,等.15种常见热带植物花卉的抗氧化性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008.36(1)：1-37.
[98].王燕,车振明.新型抗菌剂的研究进展[J]牙膏工业,2005,4：49-51
[99].王书平,刘俊华.谷氨酰胺生理功能与应用研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(22)：10375-10377.
[100].张军民,王连递,高振川,等.日粮添加谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪抗氧化能力的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(2)：105-109.
[101].张亚丽,徐忠.复合氨基酸锌络合物抗氧化性研究[J].食品工业科技,1997,(5)：16-17.
[102].张英.天然功能性添加剂——竹叶提取物[J].精细与专用化学品,2002,(7)：20-22.
[103].陈曾三.新抗菌剂氨基金属[J].山西食品工业,1995,1：14-15.
[104]. Wu, H.-C, Chen,H.-M, Shiau, C.-Y. Free amino acids and peptides as related to antioxidant properties in protein hydrolysates of mackerel(Scomber austriasicus). J. Food Res. Intl,2003(36):949-957.
[105]. Wu G, Knabe DA and Kim SW. Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs. J Nutr,2004,134(10 Suppl):2783S-2790S; discussion 2796S-2797S.
[106]. Marquardt RR, Jin LZ, Kim JW, et al. Passive protective effect of egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88+ infection in neonatal and early-weaned piglets. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol,1999,23(4):283-288.
[2].温孟赢.氨基酸衍生物的合成研究[D].华东师范大学,硕士学位论文,2005.
[3].聂娟.几种具有重要生理活性的氨基酸衍生物的合成研究[D].华东师范大学,硕士学位论文,2004.
[4].姜凤超,刘剑敏,成冲云,等.p-锗代-α-氨基酸衍生物的合成、抗肿瘤活性及构效关系研究[J].中南药学,2006,4(1)：3-7
[5]. WegmanM.A., JanssenM.H.A., SheldonR.A., Adv.Synth.Catal.,2001,6(7):343.
[6]. Hungerhoff B., Sonnensehein H., Theil F. Angew.Chem.Int.ED.2001,40:2492.
[7]. Gareia-Urdiales E., Alfonso L., Gotor V. Chem.Rev.,2005,105:313
[8].张明.药物氨基酸衍生物酶促合成及选择性调控研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2008.硕士学位论文[D].
[9].赵宗阁.血肽X及其衍生物的合成、纯化、活性测定及质量研究[D].中国药品生物制品检定所,硕士学位论文,2004.
[10].金钦汉.微波化学[M],北京：科学技术出版社,2001,126-146.
[11].周齐.微波合成用于树枝状大分子修饰的开管毛细管电色谱柱的制备[D].北京,北京化工大学,硕士学位论文,2008.
[12].黄艳,彭强,谢明贵.微波在高分子中的应用[J].化学研究与应用,2002,14(1)：84-89.
[13].王庆霞,陈虹.微波在液相有机合成中的应用[J].能源技术与管理,2004,2：54-56
[14].刘福萍,陆明.微波有机合成及反应器研究新进展[J].精细化工中间体,2004,34(2)：1-4.
[15]. Jahngen E G, Lentz R R, Pesheck P S, et al. J Organic Chemistry,1990,55(9):3406-3409.
[16].胡玉才,林洁,李敏,等.微波辐射对有机合成反应的促进作用[J].辐射研究与辐射工艺学报,2005,23(3)：129-134.
[17]. Roy I, Gupta M N. Tetrahedron,2003,59(29):5431-5436.
[18].雍胜利.微波辐射在有机合成反应中的发展和应用[J].内蒙古石油化工,2008,(13)：1.
[19]. Chen, S.T., Chiou, S.H., Preparative sale organic synihesis using a kitchen Microwave oven, J.Chem.Soe. Chem.Commun.,1990,11:807.
[20].董迎,范嘉,李文鹏,等.己二酸二乙酯合成中的微波催化行为研究[J].天津理工学院学报,2003,19(2)：106-108.
[21]. Perreux, L., LouPy, A., Volatron, F. Solvent-free Preparation of amides from acids and primary amines under microwave irradiation [J]. Tetrahedron,2002,58(11):2155.
[22].李慧章,李红亚,肖立伟,等.微波辐射下N-甲酰基芳胺的合成[J].有机化学,2003,23(8)：883.
[23].李红亚.微波辐射下酰基化反应的研究[D].河北大学,理学硕士学位论文,2004.
[24]. Deng, R.J., wang, Y.L., Jiang, Y.Z., Solid-liquid phase transfer catalytic synthesis the rapid alkylation of ethel acetoacetate under microwave irradiation, synth. Comniun.,1994,1:11.
[25].张寒琦,金钦汉.微波化学[J].大学化学,2001,16(1)：32-36.
[26].周运友,严正权,胡蕾,等.N-苯基-a-氨基酸[J].合成化学,2003,(11)：533-535.
[27].卢昊.微波固相合成谷氨酸锌及其对肉仔鸡饲喂效果的研究[D].武汉工业学院,2009.
[28].户业丽,王珂,刘汉桥,等.微波法制备人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合钙工艺的研究[J].饲料工业,22009,30(22)：32-36.
[29].户业丽,伍悦平,刘汉桥,等.微波法制备人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合锌工艺研究[J].中国饲料,2010,(4)：36-40.
[30].方岩雄,王亚莉,熊绪杰.手性氨基酸对映体的拆分[J].广东工业大学学报,2002,9(3)：353-355.
[31].吴勇飞.L-谷氨酸衍生物及其金属配合物的合成、表征和生物活性研究[D].华中师范大学,硕士学位论文,2006.
[32].温新兰,肖日高,曾丘怀,等.N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸合成的新方法[J].湛江师范学院学报,2007,28(3)：79-81.
[33].王炳琴,黎植昌.氨基酸酯的制备方法及应用[J].氨基酸和生物资源,1995,17(4),40-45.
[34].余志兵.抗2型糖尿病药物氨基酸类衍生物的合成[D].哈尔滨,哈尔滨工程大学,硕士学位论文,2007.
[35].余传隆.医药科技情报新编[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,1992.3
[36].孔毅,杨婉,吴梧桐.我国氨基酸类药物研究进展[J].药物生物技术,2007,14(3)：230-234.
[37].戴有盛.食品的生化与营养[M].科学出版社,1994.8.
[38].任庚夫.氨基酸生产与应用[J].氨基酸杂志,1987,3：18-19.
[39].刘志新.氨基酸的应用于发展前景[J].生物学教学,2008,33(6)：57-58.
[40].熊国华,杨哲民,侯鹿.甘氨酸及其衍生物的抗菌作用[J].氨基酸杂志,1994(4)：31-34
[41].宁正祥,赵谋明.食品生物化学[M].华南理工大学出版社,1995,7.
[42].陈舟航.新型饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2007,1：42-43.
[43].二恶英污染1999年6月1日布鲁塞尔[J].中国禽业导刊,1999,12：5-8.
[44].汤明强.有关疯牛病的一些认识[J].生物学教学,1997,3：46.
[45].朱海康,余毅.氨基酸在饲料中的应用[J].氨基酸和生物资源,1995,17(1)：51-52.
[46].张伟,姜礼胜,王贵平,等.氨基酸螯合物的营养及应用研究进展[J].饲料工业,2001,22(6)：18-25.
[47].孔泉,黎植昌,刘治中等.氨基酸类农药研究与进展[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,24(3)：362-369
[48].王国亮.新型生化农药一氨基酸农药[J].湖北化工,1989,(3)：4546.
[49]. LagerGB., BurenL L.Tetrasubstituted ammonium salts of N-Phosphonomethyl glycine and their uses as hebri cid es and Plant growth regulants.PCT, Int APP1 1983, WO 8303608.
[50]. BoesenbegrH., Milden beg Rer H.Bauer.Ketal.Benzokazolyl and benzothiazolyl amino acids and their uses as hebricide antidotes.Geroeffn.1985, DE3419994.
[51]. Tammer.T, Koch M., Mildenberger H.etal. a-Amino carboxylic acid oxime esters and agents containing them and their use as fungicides.Ger Oeffn.1983, DE3221095.
[52]. Wagner O., Ammemann E., Lorenz G etal. Preparation of N-(aryl and alkxoycar bonyl) valine amides and analogs as agrochemical fungicides. PCT Int Appl.1995,WO9523786.
[53]. Kuorhashi M., Higashiura K., Ienaga K. Prolyltuarine and hydrxoyprolyltaurine as Plant growth reuglators for strengthening of roots. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho.1988, JP 63211263.
[54].范镇基.氨基酸与美容[J].广东科技,1997,11：7-10
[55].方芳.氨基酸衍生物用于化妆品[J].北京日化,1998(4)：36-39.
[56].赵宏伟.雷贝拉唑与两种氨基酸衍生物的合成研究[D].华东师范大学,硕士学位论文,2007.
[57].黄蓓,杨立荣,吴坚平.手性拆分技术的工业应用[J]北工进展,2002,21(6)：375.
[58]. Saiot, M., Yammaoto., T., Ikuya, S. Perparation of amainodicarboxylic acid N,N-diacetic acids as biodegradbale chelating agents to be used as substitutes for EDTA. JpnKokai Tokkyo Koh.1998 JP 1077253.
[59].徐宝财,李东,张慧萍,等.以脂肪酸甲酯为原料制备N-酰基谷氨酸的工艺研究[J].表面活性剂工业,1994,(4)：43-46.
[60].蒋海珍,陶德华,王彬,等.N-油酰基谷氨酸水基润滑添加剂的合成及其摩擦磨损特性研究[J].摩擦学学报,2006,26(1)：45-48.
[61].邓斌,黄海英,李强国,等.固体酸Sn_4·5H_20/C催化合成谷氨酸月桂醇酯表面活性剂[J].精细石油化工进展,2003,4(11)：35-37.
[62].孙建军,崔丽鸿.固体超强酸催化合成谷氨酸月桂醇酯表面活性剂[J].日用化学工业,2001,(3)：64-65.
[63].张静夏,黄爱东,曾飒,等.聚-L-氯乙基谷氨酸酯的合成与表征[J].广东化工,2002,(3)：28-30.
[64].邵丽.产聚γ一谷氨酸菌株的筛选[D].山东轻工业学院,硕士学位论文,2008.
[65].毛允萍,孙铠.2-吡咯烷酮-5-羧酸钠(PCANa)的合成和应用性能[J].中国纺织大学学报,1995,21(1)：40-46.
[66].王婕,张惟材,刘党生.乙内酰脲酶及其在氨基酸手性合成中的应用[J].生物技术通讯,2005,16(5)：567-570.
[67]. Arcuri,M.B.; Sabino,S.J.; Antunes,O.A.C. etal. Kinetic Study and Production of N-Carbamoyl-D-Phenylglycine by Immobilized D-Hydantoinase from Vigna angularis[J]. Catalysis Letters,2002,79(4):17-19.
[68]. Akeichi, M.; Tawaki,S.; Tarukawa,H.; Aikawa,T. Manufacture of N-carbamoyl-α-amino acids with bacillus cereus.Japan Patent 0214519,1990.
[69]. Abe,T.; Ogishi,H.; Manufacture of D-N-carbamoyl-a-amino acids with Agrom-yces, Chromobacterium or Cellulomonas species. Japan Patent 0122 8489,1989.
[70]. Lorraine M.Kraus.;Michael R.Jones.;Alfred P.Kraus JR. Essential Carbamoyl-Amino Acids Formed in Vivo in Pateints with end-stage renal disease managed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis:Isolation,Identification,and Quantitation [J]. J Lab Clin Med,1998,5: 425-431.
[71]. Cohen,P.P.; Grisolia,S. The role of carbamoyl-L-glutamic acid in the enzymatic synthesis of citrulline from ornithine[J]. BIOL, Chem.1950,182:747-761.
[72]. Giancarlo Verardo, Paola Geatti, Paolo Strazzolini. Rapid and Efficient Microwave-Assisted Sythesis of N-Carbamoyl-L-amino Acids[J]. Synthetic Conmmunication,2007,37: 1833-1844.
[73]. Wu, G.& Morris, S. M., Jr. Arginine metabolism:nitric oxide andbeyond. Biochem. J, 1998,336:1-17.
[74]. Daly J M, Reynolds J,Thom A, et al. Immune and metabolic effects of arginine in the surgical patient[J]. Ann Surg,1988,208(4):512-523.
[75].袁中彪,陈代文.精氨酸的免疫作用[J].中国饲料,2003,(6)：35-36.
[76].王冰梅.一氧化氮合成与尿素循环酶的关系：“瓜氨——一氧化氮循环”[J].中国体育科技,2005,41(5)：130-131.
[77].姚康,褚武英,邓敦,等.不同精氨酸添加水平对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响[J].天然产物研究与开发,2008,(20)：121-124.
[78].张芳毓,王楠,王春安,等.精氨酸的生物学功能[J].饲料研究,2009,(2)：16-18.
[79].聂新志,蒋宗勇,郑春田,等.精氨酸对仔猪肠道黏膜发育的调控[J].饲料研究,2009,(12)：6-10.
[80]. Guoyao Wu,Darrel A.Knabe, etal.Arginine Metabolism:Enzymology, Nutrition, and Clinical Significance[J]. American Society for Nutritional Science,2004,134:2783s-2790s.
[81].雷奇,车向荣.仔猪精氨酸营养的研究进展[J].养猪,2008,(2)：13-15.
[82]. Wu, G.& Morris, S. M. Arginine metabolism in mammals. In:Metabolic and Therapeutic Aspects of Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition (Cynober, L. A., ed.),2004,153-167.
[83]. Wu G, Paula K Davis, Nick E. Endogenous Synthesis of Arginine plays an important role in maintaining arginine homeostasis in postweaning growing pigs[J]. Ntur,1997,127: 2342-2350.
[84]. Wu G, Knabe D A. Arginine synthesis in enterocytes of neonatal pigs[J]. Am J Physiol, 1995,269:621-629.
[85].谭碧娥,李新国,孔祥峰,等.精氨酸对早期断奶仔猪肠道生长、组织形态及IL-2基因表达水平的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9)：2783-2788.
[86].黄琳,蒋宗勇,林映才,等.精氨酸对人工饲养新生仔猪生长性能和血清激素水平的研究[C].中国畜牧兽医学会2008年学术年会暨第六届畜牧兽医青年科技工作者学术研讨会论文集,北京,2008：132-137.
[87].吴信,高运苓,伍国耀,等.N-甲酰谷氨酸对仔猪内源性精氨酸的合成调控[J].饲料工业,2009,30(4)：56-58.
[88]. Guffon,N.,Vianey-Saban,C.,Bourgeois,J. etal.A new neonatal case of N-acetyglutamate synt-hase deficiency treated by carbamyglutamate[J].Inherit.Metab.Dis,1995,18:61-65
[89]. Caldovic, L & Tuchman, M. N-acetyglutamate and its changing role through evolution. Biochem. J,2003,372:279-290.
[90]. Boris Gebhardt, Stefan Vlaho, Doris Fischer. N-carbamylglutamate enhances ammonia detoxification in a patient with decompensated methylmalonic aciduria[J]. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism,2003,79:303-304.
[91]. J.G Okun, F. Horster, L.M. Farkas, etal. Neurodegeneration in methylmalonic aciduria involves inhibition of complex II and the tricarbolic acid cycle, and synergistically actingexitotoxicity, J. Biol. Chem.2002,277:14674-14680.
[92]. A. Nordenstrom-M.,Halldin·B.,Hallberg-J. Alm. A trial with N-carbamoyl-glutamate may not detect all patients with NAGS deficiency and neonatal onset[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2007,30:400
[93]. Virginie Levrat, Isabelle Forest, Alain Fouilhoux, etal. Carglumic acid:an additional therapy in the treatment of organic acidurias with hyperammonemia[J]. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases,2008,3:1-3.
[94].印遇龙.N-氨甲酰谷氨酸制备方法[P].中国,发明专利,CN100582090C,2007.
[95].谯仕颜.N-氨甲酰谷氨酸制备方法[P].中国,发明专利,CN101440042,2008.
[96].赵保路.氧自由基和天然抗氧化剂[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
[97].刘红,王琳,赵丹薇,等.15种常见热带植物花卉的抗氧化性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008.36(1)：1-37.
[98].王燕,车振明.新型抗菌剂的研究进展[J]牙膏工业,2005,4：49-51
[99].王书平,刘俊华.谷氨酰胺生理功能与应用研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(22)：10375-10377.
[100].张军民,王连递,高振川,等.日粮添加谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪抗氧化能力的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(2)：105-109.
[101].张亚丽,徐忠.复合氨基酸锌络合物抗氧化性研究[J].食品工业科技,1997,(5)：16-17.
[102].张英.天然功能性添加剂——竹叶提取物[J].精细与专用化学品,2002,(7)：20-22.
[103].陈曾三.新抗菌剂氨基金属[J].山西食品工业,1995,1：14-15.
[104]. Wu, H.-C, Chen,H.-M, Shiau, C.-Y. Free amino acids and peptides as related to antioxidant properties in protein hydrolysates of mackerel(Scomber austriasicus). J. Food Res. Intl,2003(36):949-957.
[105]. Wu G, Knabe DA and Kim SW. Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs. J Nutr,2004,134(10 Suppl):2783S-2790S; discussion 2796S-2797S.
[106]. Marquardt RR, Jin LZ, Kim JW, et al. Passive protective effect of egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88+ infection in neonatal and early-weaned piglets. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol,1999,23(4):283-288.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |