龟纹瓢虫不同色斑型的生物学及生态学特性比较研究
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摘要
龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica (Thunberg)是我国分布较广的捕食性天敌昆虫,其个体小、捕食范围广泛,具有较强耐饥饿、高温和干旱的能力,对田间害虫的防控起到了积极的作用。同时,龟纹瓢虫具有明显的色斑多型现象,不仅各地区的色斑型种类不同,而且同一生境也会出现多种斑型共存且数量不同的现象。论文通过田间系统调查和室内饲养观察,研究龟纹瓢虫不同色斑型的形态、生物学及生态学特性差异,为阐释龟纹瓢虫不同色斑型与环境适应之间的关系提供理论依据。
田间系统调查发现,在蚕豆、小麦和玉米田三种作物中,龟纹瓢虫斑型种类有锚斑变型、双二变型、肩斑变型、鼎斑变型和黄缘变型,其中锚斑变型数量最多,双二变型次之,黄缘变型最少。在蚕豆田中,肩斑与鼎斑数量相近,但在小麦和玉米田中肩斑变型的数量较鼎斑变型多,这可能与不同寄主作物的蚜虫种类以及温度变化有关。
通过比较四种色斑型在田间的分布频率,我们发现锚斑变型在三种作物中所占比率均为最大,约占采集总数的44.87%，而黄缘变型最少,仅占0.60%。不同作物中四种主要斑型的雌虫比率在30.47%-60.71%之间,锚斑变型的雌虫比率均小于50%。
从个体大小看,玉米和小麦田中肩斑变型雌雄虫的体长分别大于鼎斑变型,玉米田中,锚斑变型的雌虫体宽也较鼎斑变型大。结果表明,肩斑和锚斑变型在个体大小上占有优势。另外,同一色斑型的龟纹瓢虫在不同作物中的体长也存在差异,其中玉米田中锚斑变型的雌雄虫体长小于该斑型在其它作物中的体长,其它斑型的雌虫或雄虫在玉米田中的体长也较小,但不同作物中相同斑型的雄虫体宽差异不显著。同时,不同斑型间雌虫的体长和体宽均大于雄虫。
捕食试验表明,锚斑变型的雄虫在24h内取食豆蚜的数量多于肩斑变型,每天约捕食蚜虫45.5头,肩斑变型的雌虫比双二变型的雌虫摄食效率高,为15.1±2.4%。不同色斑型的龟纹瓢虫取食相同食物后,食蚜数、日增重和摄食效率均高于雄虫。测定成虫的耐热性和耐饥力发现,斑型间差异不显著。在相同的饲养条件下,锚斑变型的幼虫期较肩斑变型短,高温条件下饲养,会缩短瓢虫的发育历期；当用三种不同的蚜虫饲养锚斑变型的瓢虫时,取食蚕豆蚜的瓢虫发育历期比取食夹竹桃蚜的短,分别为7.9±0.15d和8.8±0.60d,可能与锚斑变型对不同蚜虫的喜食程度有关。
选择交配试验发现,被雌雄虫选择次数最多的斑型分别是肩斑变型和鼎斑变型,斑纹较深的锚斑和鼎斑变型的雌虫被雄虫选择的机会较多,可能与这类斑型在田间的发生数量有一定的关系。
Proyplea japonica (Thunberg) (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) was one of the predatory natural enemies which distributes widely in our country. The ladybird had small body size and accepted a large number of preyed species, meanwhile, it can survive under poor environmental conditions, such as starvation, high temperature and drought. So it played a positively role in biological control. In addition, P. japonica showed a high level of polymorphism in color pattern of elytral. Not only it had considerable geographic variation, but also the quantity of various phenotypes was different in the same area. By systematic field investigation and the common garden experiments, the morphologic, biological and ecological differences were compared to provide the theoretical basis that illustrating the relationship between the different phenotypes of Propylea japonica and environmental adaptation.
In the field investigation, it found that there were five phenotypes distributed in the fields, which were ancora, dionea, tessellata, tessellata and marginata, respectively. Individuals of ancora were dominant in the three crops, dionea was the second, in contrast, marginata was at least. In broad bean field, the number of tessellata was similar to that of feliciae, whereas the number of tessellata was less than feliciae in the field of wheat and corn. It could be correlated with composition of aphid population in the three crops and temperature change.
By comparison with distribution frequencies of these phenotypes among the three crops, individuals of ancora were dominant in all crops, which were 44.87%, and marginata was rarely, its frequency being 0.60%. In addition, the percentages of females in four main phenotypes among different crops ranged from 30.47% to 60.71%, the ratios of females in ancora were less than 50%.
The measure of body size among different phenotypes showed that the body length of feliciae adults was larger than that of tessellata in the field of corn and wheat respectively, and body width of ancora female was also larger than that of tessellata in corn field. It suggested that feliciae and ancora had advantage in the body size. In addition, the same phenotype had different body sizes in the three crops. The body length of ancora adults in corn field was smaller than that in other field, and the body length of the other phenotypes female or male was also smaller in corn field. However, male collected in each crop did not show significant difference in body width among phenotypes. Meanwhile, the body size of female was larger than that of male for four phenotypes.
Ancora male consumed more aphids than feliciae in 24 h, which the voracity was about 45.5 per day. Meanwhile, the feeding efficiency of feliciae females was higher than that of dionea, which was 15.1±2.4%. The results also indicated that the voracity, daily weight gain and feeding efficiency of females of these phenotypes were higher than those of males. However, there was no significant difference in heat resistance and starvation resistance among four phenotypes. In addition, our results showed the larval developmental duration of ancora was shorter than that of feliciae when the same raring condition was provided. The developmental duration was shorter in high temperature than in normal temperature. In addition, for ancora, that the developmental duration was shorter which they were feet on Aphis medicaginis Koch than which they were feet on Aphis nerii. They were 7.9±0.15d and 8.8±0.60d, respectively.It could be associated with the food preference of ancora.
In the mating-choice laboratory experiments, feliciae male and tessellata female were predominantly selected for mating by female and male respectively. Ancora and tessellata females, which were darker on elytral than dionea and feliciae, were selected more easier by male. It suggested that they could be relatived to the quantity in nature.
田间系统调查发现,在蚕豆、小麦和玉米田三种作物中,龟纹瓢虫斑型种类有锚斑变型、双二变型、肩斑变型、鼎斑变型和黄缘变型,其中锚斑变型数量最多,双二变型次之,黄缘变型最少。在蚕豆田中,肩斑与鼎斑数量相近,但在小麦和玉米田中肩斑变型的数量较鼎斑变型多,这可能与不同寄主作物的蚜虫种类以及温度变化有关。
通过比较四种色斑型在田间的分布频率,我们发现锚斑变型在三种作物中所占比率均为最大,约占采集总数的44.87%，而黄缘变型最少,仅占0.60%。不同作物中四种主要斑型的雌虫比率在30.47%-60.71%之间,锚斑变型的雌虫比率均小于50%。
从个体大小看,玉米和小麦田中肩斑变型雌雄虫的体长分别大于鼎斑变型,玉米田中,锚斑变型的雌虫体宽也较鼎斑变型大。结果表明,肩斑和锚斑变型在个体大小上占有优势。另外,同一色斑型的龟纹瓢虫在不同作物中的体长也存在差异,其中玉米田中锚斑变型的雌雄虫体长小于该斑型在其它作物中的体长,其它斑型的雌虫或雄虫在玉米田中的体长也较小,但不同作物中相同斑型的雄虫体宽差异不显著。同时,不同斑型间雌虫的体长和体宽均大于雄虫。
捕食试验表明,锚斑变型的雄虫在24h内取食豆蚜的数量多于肩斑变型,每天约捕食蚜虫45.5头,肩斑变型的雌虫比双二变型的雌虫摄食效率高,为15.1±2.4%。不同色斑型的龟纹瓢虫取食相同食物后,食蚜数、日增重和摄食效率均高于雄虫。测定成虫的耐热性和耐饥力发现,斑型间差异不显著。在相同的饲养条件下,锚斑变型的幼虫期较肩斑变型短,高温条件下饲养,会缩短瓢虫的发育历期；当用三种不同的蚜虫饲养锚斑变型的瓢虫时,取食蚕豆蚜的瓢虫发育历期比取食夹竹桃蚜的短,分别为7.9±0.15d和8.8±0.60d,可能与锚斑变型对不同蚜虫的喜食程度有关。
选择交配试验发现,被雌雄虫选择次数最多的斑型分别是肩斑变型和鼎斑变型,斑纹较深的锚斑和鼎斑变型的雌虫被雄虫选择的机会较多,可能与这类斑型在田间的发生数量有一定的关系。
Proyplea japonica (Thunberg) (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) was one of the predatory natural enemies which distributes widely in our country. The ladybird had small body size and accepted a large number of preyed species, meanwhile, it can survive under poor environmental conditions, such as starvation, high temperature and drought. So it played a positively role in biological control. In addition, P. japonica showed a high level of polymorphism in color pattern of elytral. Not only it had considerable geographic variation, but also the quantity of various phenotypes was different in the same area. By systematic field investigation and the common garden experiments, the morphologic, biological and ecological differences were compared to provide the theoretical basis that illustrating the relationship between the different phenotypes of Propylea japonica and environmental adaptation.
In the field investigation, it found that there were five phenotypes distributed in the fields, which were ancora, dionea, tessellata, tessellata and marginata, respectively. Individuals of ancora were dominant in the three crops, dionea was the second, in contrast, marginata was at least. In broad bean field, the number of tessellata was similar to that of feliciae, whereas the number of tessellata was less than feliciae in the field of wheat and corn. It could be correlated with composition of aphid population in the three crops and temperature change.
By comparison with distribution frequencies of these phenotypes among the three crops, individuals of ancora were dominant in all crops, which were 44.87%, and marginata was rarely, its frequency being 0.60%. In addition, the percentages of females in four main phenotypes among different crops ranged from 30.47% to 60.71%, the ratios of females in ancora were less than 50%.
The measure of body size among different phenotypes showed that the body length of feliciae adults was larger than that of tessellata in the field of corn and wheat respectively, and body width of ancora female was also larger than that of tessellata in corn field. It suggested that feliciae and ancora had advantage in the body size. In addition, the same phenotype had different body sizes in the three crops. The body length of ancora adults in corn field was smaller than that in other field, and the body length of the other phenotypes female or male was also smaller in corn field. However, male collected in each crop did not show significant difference in body width among phenotypes. Meanwhile, the body size of female was larger than that of male for four phenotypes.
Ancora male consumed more aphids than feliciae in 24 h, which the voracity was about 45.5 per day. Meanwhile, the feeding efficiency of feliciae females was higher than that of dionea, which was 15.1±2.4%. The results also indicated that the voracity, daily weight gain and feeding efficiency of females of these phenotypes were higher than those of males. However, there was no significant difference in heat resistance and starvation resistance among four phenotypes. In addition, our results showed the larval developmental duration of ancora was shorter than that of feliciae when the same raring condition was provided. The developmental duration was shorter in high temperature than in normal temperature. In addition, for ancora, that the developmental duration was shorter which they were feet on Aphis medicaginis Koch than which they were feet on Aphis nerii. They were 7.9±0.15d and 8.8±0.60d, respectively.It could be associated with the food preference of ancora.
In the mating-choice laboratory experiments, feliciae male and tessellata female were predominantly selected for mating by female and male respectively. Ancora and tessellata females, which were darker on elytral than dionea and feliciae, were selected more easier by male. It suggested that they could be relatived to the quantity in nature.
引文
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