用户名: 密码: 验证码:
法院调解制度的改革研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
调解,作为调整人际关系、缓和矛盾纠纷、稳定社会秩序的一种方式,在我国可谓源远流长。它体现了中华民族传统诉讼文化追求和谐的最高价值导向,而法院调解则是调解方法在司法上的体现和充分运用。它具有强大的理论体系和社会基础,故被西方国家称为“东方经验”。在日益讲求法制的今天,人们对自主、迅速、经济地解决纠纷的要求日益迫切,法院调解更显示出独特的价值,绝不可视为可有可无。但另一方面,新的历史条件下的法院调解制度,由于自身存在的缺陷,又不可避免地产生出各种弊端,法官面对日益增多的矛盾纠纷,便将调解视为缓和矛盾纠纷、减轻工作压力、创建工作实绩的最佳手段,在审理民事案件过程中,不时地出现“以调代判”、“违法调解”现象。长此下去,势必会有损人民法院的形象。这说明改革法院调解制度势在必行,刻不容缓。本文拟从以下五个方面对法院调解制度的改革作些研究。
     一、我国法院调解制度的历史渊源
     分析研究我国调解制度的发展史及其由古至今的演变过程,便能从中追溯到我国法院偏重调解的根源。
     在我国古老的传统文化中,调解是作为一种特殊文化价值来体现的,因为它完全符合儒家的“无讼”思想及“和为贵”原则。从原始社会末到明清时期,各个统治王朝均把调解作为一种纠纷的解决方式,并逐渐呈现制度化、程序化,且日臻完善。新中国成立后,仍广泛适用调解手段解决各种纠纷,形成独具特色的法院调解制度。然而在司法实践中,法官偏重调解的状况越演越烈。究其原因有五:一是思想上原因,传统法律文化形成法官独特的调解价值观:二是体制上原因,“超职权主义”的诉讼模式过分膨胀了法院的审判权;三是客观上原因,市场经济条件下的新型诉讼层出不穷使得法官应接不暇;四是立法上原因,现行立法缺乏明确的操作规程导致调解被滥用;五是自身原因,非专业化的法官队伍习惯于以调代判。
     二、法院调解制度的特征及功能诠释
     理性分析法院调解的特征、内在功能及其内在价值,对全面了解我国的法院调解制度进而实施改革措施是有益的。
    
     我国的法院调解是将ADR中非讼调解方法引用到诉讼中来的一种典型形式,
    即由审判法官作为调解人对双方当事人的纠纷实施调解。法官在调解中应当遵循
    自愿、合法、查清事实、分清是非三原则,调解不成或调解书送达时当事人反悔
    便及时转入审判程序。可见,我国的法院调解含有明显的司法性质,但与判决的
    结案方式又明显不同,体现在调解具有合意性、民主性、灵活性、高效性等非讼
    调解特征。具有判决所没有的优势:第一、诉讼调解机制比判决更能缓和矛盾、
    增强社会的凝聚力和向心力。第二、在新形势下,市场主体一旦发生纠纷,更渴
    望及时消除隔阂,保持原有的合作关系,调解在很大程度上满足当事人这方面要
    求。第三、由于发展不平衡,一些农村基层的宗族观念、传统的陋习仍很盛行,
    围绕家庭、邻里、宅基地、山要等纠纷更适宜用较为缓和的调解方式,在这方面
    调解将起到不可替代的作用。
     三、法院调解存在弊端分析及改革的必要性
     事物都具有两重性,随着市场经济的活跃与发展,我国的诉讼调解制度也逐渐
    暴露出种种弊端,表现在:其一,现行民事诉讼法职权主义色彩依然浓厚,法院
    调解带有明显的强制性,有悖于调解合意的本质特征,其负面影响不可低估。其
    二,调解程序与审判程序合一,调解与审判不严格分开,而具有双重身份的法官
    大都乐于调解而放弃判决,这势必导致民事审判程序的“异化”,形成独特的“调
    解型”审判模式。其三,调解程序的非规范性为某些法官“和稀泥”搞腐败提供
    了方便。
     调解作为民事审判权的主导性运作方式,是特定历史条件的产物,这种审判模
    式曾在很长一段时间内适应社会需要,但改革开放带来的深刻变化却在很大程度
    上改变了它在社会上的适应性,其显示出的弊端越来越明显,逐渐成为诉讼体制
    改革的障碍,改革现行法院调解势在必行。它既是根治制度本身弊端的需要,也
    是推进民事审判制度改革的必由之路。
     四、国内外相关制度的介绍、比较
     西方一些国家和地区像我国那样完全与审判过程融为一体的法院调解很难找
    到,但由法官主持以促成当事人达成协议为目的的纠纷解决程序却也常见。考察
    他们相关制度并与我国法院调解制度作一比较,会从中得到某些启示。
    一2一
    
     西方主要大国诸如美、英、法、日以及我国的台湾地区,有的是独立采用诉讼
    和解制度,有的是诉讼和解制度和诉讼调解制度兼用。它们的调解制度虽不尽相
    同,但它们都具有一些共同特征:体现法律对当事人充分行使处分权给予应有的
    尊重;和解或调解的程序都与审判程序分开;和解、调解制度在诉讼中处于附属
    地位。这与我国特有的“调解型”的审判模式有本质上的不同。但在改革过程中,
    借鉴国外相关制度中的合理成分还是极其必要的。
     五、建立合理的调审分离模式的设想
     近年来,法律界对法院调解制度的改革提出不同看法。归纳起来不外乎以下三
    种意见:第一,废除调解以诉讼和解代之。废除调解不符合我
Conciliation has a distant source in China, acting as an important means of adjusting social relationship, resolving disputes and stabilizing social orders. From it we can find the pursuit for harmony in the Chinese traditional litigation culture and harmony has always been regarded as its highest value. The intermediation conduct in courts, the judicial usage of conciliation, is often called "eastern experience" in the West because of its strong theoretical system and solid social foundation. Nowadays the legal system is being strengthened; people are in great need of more independent, quicker and more economic ways of resolving disputes. Thus the intermediation conduct in courts is showing its specific value and can't be considered as dispensable. On the other hand, owing to its defects some disadvantages emerge under new circumstances: facing the increasing contradictions and disputes judges often think of conciliation as the best way of relaxing the tension, decreasing their work pressure and establishing good work performance. During the trial of some civil cases, the so-called "conciliation instead of sentence" and "conciliation against law" phenomena can often be found. If things continue in the way, the image of the People's court will be injured. So the reform of the intermediation conduct in courts is imperative and it must be carried out with no delay. This anicle intends to do some research work on the reform of the intermediation conduct in courts from five aspects.
    Ⅰ The historical background of the intermediation conduct in courts in China
    While analyzing the developing history of the intermediation conduct in courts in our country and tracing its process from the ancient times till now, it's quite easy to find the cause why our courts lay particular stress on conciliation.
    In Chinese traditional culture conciliation acted as not only a way to resolve disputes but the reflection of a kind of specific cultural value. It was completely accord with Confucianism " no lawsuits" and the " harmony is the most important thing'" principle. From the end of the primitive sociality to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, every feudal dynasty resolved disputes in the same way: conciliation and it was becoming more and more systematically, procedurally and perfectly. After the People's Republic of China was founded, no lawsuit conciliation was widely used in judicial trial and formed the unique intermediation conduct in courts. But in the judicial practice, some judges still have a preference for conciliation and there are five reasons for this: the first one is the ideological reason. Traditional law culture has helped the judges form particular conciliation view; the second is the systematic reason. "The exceeding of powers" lawsuit mode has overexpanded the jurisdiction of the courts; the third is the objective reason. The market economy has brought numerous lawsuits and the judges have more cases than they can attend to; the forth one is the
    
    
    
    legislative cause. The lack of definite operating rules of the present law causes the abuse of conciliation; the fifth is its own reason. Some nonprofessional judges are accustomed to the so-called "conciliation instead of sentence".
    Ⅱ The Characteristic of the Intermediation Conduct in Courts and the Explanation of Its Function
    Making a rational analysis of the features , inherent functions and values of the intermediation conduct in courts will benefit us a lot . It will help us make a thorough understanding of the intermediation conduct system in courts in our country and therefore enforce reformation.
    The intermediation conduct in courts in our country is a typical way of leading the nonlawsuits method in ADR into lawsuits, that is, a judge performs some intermediation conduct between the two litigants as the intermediator. The judge must obey the principles of voluntary and lawful performance, looking into the details and distinguishing right from wrong. If conciliation fails or the litigants regret it when the reconciliation agreement reaches, then th
引文
1、江伟:《民事诉讼法》,高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社,2000年。
    2、强世功:《调解、法制与现代化:中国调解制度研究》,中国法制出版社,2001年。
    3、江平:《民事审判方式改革与发展》,中国法制出版社,1998年。
    4、章武生:《司法现代化与民事诉讼制度的建构》,法律出版社,2000年。
    5、陈光中:《诉讼法理论与实践》(2001年民事、行政诉讼法学卷)(下),中国政法大学出版社,2002年。
    6、周少元、何宁生:《中国法制史》,人民法院出版社、中国社会科学出版社,2003年。
    7、常怡:《比较民事诉讼法》,中国政法大学出版社,2002年。
    8、曹建明:《程序公正与诉讼制度改革》,人民法院出版社,2002年。
    9、江伟:《中国民事诉讼法专论》,中国政法大学出版社,1998年。
    10、曹建明:《民事审判指导与参考》2002年第1卷,法律出版社、人民法院出版社。
    11、温树斌、魏斌:《走向司法公正》(民事诉讼模式研究),广东人民出版社,2001年。
    12、小岛武司著,陈刚、郭美松译:《诉讼制度改革的法理与实证》,法律出版社,2001年。
    13、汤维建:《美国民事司法制度与民事诉讼程序》,中国法制出版社,2001年。
    14、白绿铉译:《日本新民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2000年。
    15、潭兵:《民事诉讼法学》,法律出版社,1997年。
    16、柴发邦:《民事诉讼法学》,北京出版社,2000年第二版。
    17、杨建华:《大陆民事诉讼法比较与评析》,三民书局,1991年。
    18、梁慧星:《民法总论》,法律出版社,1996年。
    19、沈达明:《比较民事诉讼法初论》(下),中信出版社,1991年。
    1、(美)罗伯特 F 尤特:《中国法律纠纷的解决》,周红译,载《中外法学》,1990年第二期
    2、汤维建:《市场经济与民事诉讼法学》,载《政法论坛》,1997年第二期。
    3、刘乃忠、向俊:《试论民事诉讼中调解与判决的协调》,载《现代法学》,1996年第一期。
    4、王亚新:《论民事、经济审判方式的改革》,载《社会科学》,1994年,第1期。

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700