试析国际商事调解
摘要
今天，当我们环顾世界，就会发现，各种形形色色的非诉讼争议解决方式的运用和发展已成为一种方兴未艾的时代潮流，它们在这个经济发展日益多元化和复杂化的当今世界中正发挥着其特有的、不可替代的功能。通常，我们把各种非诉讼争议解决方式统称为可替代的争议解决方式(Alternative Dispute Resolution，缩写为ADR)，而调解正是其中的一个重要组成内容。
ADR的发展反映并促进着一种时代理念和精神变化——从对抗走向对话，从冷战走向协商，从单一价值走向多元化，从胜负之争走向争取双赢的结局。人们比以往任何时候都更重视以交流与合作来促进社会的发展，更重视相互尊重与宽容的价值，这不仅是文明的进步，也是法治的进步。
调解作为一种传统的非诉讼争议解决方式，具有比仲裁更为悠久的历史。进入现代社会以来，它仍然充满着强大的生命力。2000年，联合国国际贸易法委员会经过深入的讨论与磋商，提出了《国际商事调解示范法》，来自不同法系的不同国家和地区对示范法进行了认真仔细的探讨，并就一些问题达成了共识。这本身就给世界各国发出了这样一个强有力的信号：调解正在成为当今社会的时尚，正在成为解决争议的重要方法和新兴产业。
调解在我国源远流长，运用调解方式解决民事纠纷在古代就由来已久。然而，长期以来，调解一直遭受冷遇却是不争的事实。当前，在我国逐步建设法治国家的进程中，在大力倡导权利意识和法律意识、强化司法功能的今天，人们在崇尚诉讼、仲裁程序解决纠纷、实现权利的同时，也开始用质疑和挑战的目光审视调解。
本论文正是以国际商事调解为主要研究对象，通过运用分析、比较的研究方法，从理论和实务两个方面阐释了国际商事调解的基本含义、基本原则、基本程序及其主要方式，并对一些国家和国际组织商事调解的最新发展现状进行了介绍。在此基础上，对我国商事调解的未来发展提出了自己的几点设想和建议，主导思想是：推动商事调解立法的发展，发挥商事调解的独特作用，在国
蜘
硕士学位论文
MASTER，5 THESIS
际经济交往中建立适应我国社会现实的多元化纠纷解决机制。
我国商事调解是我国社会经济发展的产物，必将随着我国和世界经济的快
速发展而不断发展。首先，我国经济的发展和国际经济一体化的进程对我国商
事调解的发展提出了外部要求。经济的发展与商事活动规模的扩大成正比，商
事纠纷发生的数量必然增加。世界经济一体化的进程加快，不同文化背景和不
同法律体系国家之间的商业交往和商业纠纷不断增加。商事调解方式解决纠纷
适用国际惯例和当事人民事处分权，可以避免文化和法律冲突，可以满足不同
国家当事人的共同要求。这就对我国商事调解的进一步发展创造了需求空间。
其次，商事调解解决纠纷的优点或特点，符合商界人士期望达到的综合目的。
包括行使处分权、简便有效、花费少、双赢、保守秘密、保持声誉和体面等。
商事调解的上述优点或特点，是其在中国和世界商界愈来愈受到欢迎的根本原
因，也是商事调解必将随着社会经济的发展而发展的内在动力。最后，商事调
解方式和调解机构的国际化迎合了经济全球化的趋势。可替代的争议解决方式
(ADR)近几十年来在世界各国都得到了很大的发展。可替代的争议解决方式
是一个多元化的体系，目前西方国家不仅在自己国内的民事诉讼程序中引入了
调解的程序，还在一些区域或国际间的交往中提出了用调解方式解决纠纷。各
国调解机构之间的交流与合作也正在不断加强。中国作为调解的发祥地，各种
调解制度曾被一些西方国家研究和效仿。现在中国又反过来学习研究西方发达
国家调解发展的最新成果，发展中国的商事调解事业。这正式世界经济一体化
带动了商事调解的国际化。
Today, when we look around the world, we will find various applications and developments of resolutions for non-lawsuit disputes, which has become the tendency of the day and played its unique and irreplaceable role in temporary world, where the development of economy became more multipolar and complex. Generally, these resolutions for non-lawsuit disputes are called alternative dispute resolution (abb. ADR), in which conciliation is one of its important parts.
The development of ADR reflects and promotes changes of the idea and spirit of time-from rivalry to dialogue, from cold war to negotiation, from single value to multipolarity, from competition to win to seeking win-win. Contrasting with any past time, people pay more attention to intercourse and cooperation to promote the social development and recognize values of mutual respect and tolerance, these are improvements not only in civilization but also in law.
As one of additional non-lawsuit dispute settlements, conciliation with history longer than arbitration is still full of powerful vitality. In 2000, after thorough discussion and negotiation, UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) presented the UNCITRAL Model Law On International Commercial Conciliation, which subsequently was scrutinizingly discussed by countries and regions with different law systems, and agreements had been reached on certain issues. This gave a strong signal to each country of the world: conciliation has became a fashion in temporary society and developed into an important measure and a new type of industry for dispute settlement.
The method of conciliation used for settling disputes has a long history in China and can be dated to ancient times. But over the long haul, the disesteem to conciliation is an undisputable fact. At present, our country is building up a legal
country, during this process, the right consciousness and law consciousness are strongly advocated, and the jurisdiction function is reinforced, people advocate dispute settlement with lawsuit and arbitration proceedings to realize rights but meanwhile, put dubious, challenging and surveillant eyes on conciliation.
The article takes the international commercial conciliation as the object of study and expounds the basic implication, principles, procedure and the main methods of commercial conciliation in respect of theory and practice by means of analysis and comparison, and then gives an account of the latest development of commercial conciliation in foreign countries and international organizations. On the basis of above, some opinions and suggestions are put forward on the prospects of commercial conciliation in China. The main ideas is to promote the legislation of commercial conciliation, exploit the unique advantages of commercial conciliation and set up the multiple system of dispute resolutions geared to the reality of China in international economic exchanges.
The commercial conciliation in our country is an outcome of social economic development of China and will continuously develop with economic developments in China and the world. Firstly, the development of our economy and the process of unitization of international economy give the external requirements for commercial conciliation of our country. The economic development is directly proportional to the expansion of business activities, and this will result in increase of business disputes. With speeding up of the integration of world economy, the business intercourse and the business dispute among countries with different cultural backgrounds and law systems will continuously increase, commercial conciliation used for dispute settlement will be applicable to international conventions and civil disposition rights of party concerned to avoid conflict of cultures and laws and satisfy common requirements of parties concerned from different countries.
Therefore, the demand space is created for further development of commercial conciliation of our country. Secondly, following advantages and characters of comm
ADR的发展反映并促进着一种时代理念和精神变化——从对抗走向对话，从冷战走向协商，从单一价值走向多元化，从胜负之争走向争取双赢的结局。人们比以往任何时候都更重视以交流与合作来促进社会的发展，更重视相互尊重与宽容的价值，这不仅是文明的进步，也是法治的进步。
调解作为一种传统的非诉讼争议解决方式，具有比仲裁更为悠久的历史。进入现代社会以来，它仍然充满着强大的生命力。2000年，联合国国际贸易法委员会经过深入的讨论与磋商，提出了《国际商事调解示范法》，来自不同法系的不同国家和地区对示范法进行了认真仔细的探讨，并就一些问题达成了共识。这本身就给世界各国发出了这样一个强有力的信号：调解正在成为当今社会的时尚，正在成为解决争议的重要方法和新兴产业。
调解在我国源远流长，运用调解方式解决民事纠纷在古代就由来已久。然而，长期以来，调解一直遭受冷遇却是不争的事实。当前，在我国逐步建设法治国家的进程中，在大力倡导权利意识和法律意识、强化司法功能的今天，人们在崇尚诉讼、仲裁程序解决纠纷、实现权利的同时，也开始用质疑和挑战的目光审视调解。
本论文正是以国际商事调解为主要研究对象，通过运用分析、比较的研究方法，从理论和实务两个方面阐释了国际商事调解的基本含义、基本原则、基本程序及其主要方式，并对一些国家和国际组织商事调解的最新发展现状进行了介绍。在此基础上，对我国商事调解的未来发展提出了自己的几点设想和建议，主导思想是：推动商事调解立法的发展，发挥商事调解的独特作用，在国
蜘
硕士学位论文
MASTER，5 THESIS
际经济交往中建立适应我国社会现实的多元化纠纷解决机制。
我国商事调解是我国社会经济发展的产物，必将随着我国和世界经济的快
速发展而不断发展。首先，我国经济的发展和国际经济一体化的进程对我国商
事调解的发展提出了外部要求。经济的发展与商事活动规模的扩大成正比，商
事纠纷发生的数量必然增加。世界经济一体化的进程加快，不同文化背景和不
同法律体系国家之间的商业交往和商业纠纷不断增加。商事调解方式解决纠纷
适用国际惯例和当事人民事处分权，可以避免文化和法律冲突，可以满足不同
国家当事人的共同要求。这就对我国商事调解的进一步发展创造了需求空间。
其次，商事调解解决纠纷的优点或特点，符合商界人士期望达到的综合目的。
包括行使处分权、简便有效、花费少、双赢、保守秘密、保持声誉和体面等。
商事调解的上述优点或特点，是其在中国和世界商界愈来愈受到欢迎的根本原
因，也是商事调解必将随着社会经济的发展而发展的内在动力。最后，商事调
解方式和调解机构的国际化迎合了经济全球化的趋势。可替代的争议解决方式
(ADR)近几十年来在世界各国都得到了很大的发展。可替代的争议解决方式
是一个多元化的体系，目前西方国家不仅在自己国内的民事诉讼程序中引入了
调解的程序，还在一些区域或国际间的交往中提出了用调解方式解决纠纷。各
国调解机构之间的交流与合作也正在不断加强。中国作为调解的发祥地，各种
调解制度曾被一些西方国家研究和效仿。现在中国又反过来学习研究西方发达
国家调解发展的最新成果，发展中国的商事调解事业。这正式世界经济一体化
带动了商事调解的国际化。
Today, when we look around the world, we will find various applications and developments of resolutions for non-lawsuit disputes, which has become the tendency of the day and played its unique and irreplaceable role in temporary world, where the development of economy became more multipolar and complex. Generally, these resolutions for non-lawsuit disputes are called alternative dispute resolution (abb. ADR), in which conciliation is one of its important parts.
The development of ADR reflects and promotes changes of the idea and spirit of time-from rivalry to dialogue, from cold war to negotiation, from single value to multipolarity, from competition to win to seeking win-win. Contrasting with any past time, people pay more attention to intercourse and cooperation to promote the social development and recognize values of mutual respect and tolerance, these are improvements not only in civilization but also in law.
As one of additional non-lawsuit dispute settlements, conciliation with history longer than arbitration is still full of powerful vitality. In 2000, after thorough discussion and negotiation, UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) presented the UNCITRAL Model Law On International Commercial Conciliation, which subsequently was scrutinizingly discussed by countries and regions with different law systems, and agreements had been reached on certain issues. This gave a strong signal to each country of the world: conciliation has became a fashion in temporary society and developed into an important measure and a new type of industry for dispute settlement.
The method of conciliation used for settling disputes has a long history in China and can be dated to ancient times. But over the long haul, the disesteem to conciliation is an undisputable fact. At present, our country is building up a legal
country, during this process, the right consciousness and law consciousness are strongly advocated, and the jurisdiction function is reinforced, people advocate dispute settlement with lawsuit and arbitration proceedings to realize rights but meanwhile, put dubious, challenging and surveillant eyes on conciliation.
The article takes the international commercial conciliation as the object of study and expounds the basic implication, principles, procedure and the main methods of commercial conciliation in respect of theory and practice by means of analysis and comparison, and then gives an account of the latest development of commercial conciliation in foreign countries and international organizations. On the basis of above, some opinions and suggestions are put forward on the prospects of commercial conciliation in China. The main ideas is to promote the legislation of commercial conciliation, exploit the unique advantages of commercial conciliation and set up the multiple system of dispute resolutions geared to the reality of China in international economic exchanges.
The commercial conciliation in our country is an outcome of social economic development of China and will continuously develop with economic developments in China and the world. Firstly, the development of our economy and the process of unitization of international economy give the external requirements for commercial conciliation of our country. The economic development is directly proportional to the expansion of business activities, and this will result in increase of business disputes. With speeding up of the integration of world economy, the business intercourse and the business dispute among countries with different cultural backgrounds and law systems will continuously increase, commercial conciliation used for dispute settlement will be applicable to international conventions and civil disposition rights of party concerned to avoid conflict of cultures and laws and satisfy common requirements of parties concerned from different countries.
Therefore, the demand space is created for further development of commercial conciliation of our country. Secondly, following advantages and characters of comm
引文
1、韩德培主编：《国际私法新论》，武汉大学出版社1997年版
2、陈桂明著：《仲裁法论》，中国政法大学出版社1993年版
3、全国人大常委会法制工作委员会民法室／中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会秘书局编著：《中华人民共和国仲裁法全书》，法律出版社1995年版
4、王生长著：《仲裁与调解相结合的理论与实务》，法律出版社2001年版
5、范愉著：《非诉讼纠纷解决机制研究》，中国人民大学出版社2000年版
6、施米托夫著，赵秀文译：《国际贸易法文选》，中国大百科全书出版社 1993年版
1、唐厚志：《中国的调解》，载《涉外仲裁与法律》1992年6月
2、穆子砺：《中国的涉外调解》，载《中国涉外仲裁年刊(1997—1998)》
3、马赛：《论涉外商事调解》，载《调解讯息》1999年第1、2期
4、岑雅衍、金一波：《ADR的法律探悉》，载《宁波大学学报》1995年第3期
5、克丽斯蒂娜．沃波鲁格：《替代诉讼的纠纷解决方式(ADR)》，载《河北法学》1998年第1期
6、瓦格纳：《运用调解和其他可选择性争议解决方式(ADR)解决国际商事争议》，载《国际商事仲裁文集》，中国对外经济贸易出版社1998年版
7、赫尔曼：《世界仲裁立法最新发展情况——成就和问题》，载《国际商事仲裁文集》，中国对外经济贸易出版社1988年版
2、陈桂明著：《仲裁法论》，中国政法大学出版社1993年版
3、全国人大常委会法制工作委员会民法室／中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会秘书局编著：《中华人民共和国仲裁法全书》，法律出版社1995年版
4、王生长著：《仲裁与调解相结合的理论与实务》，法律出版社2001年版
5、范愉著：《非诉讼纠纷解决机制研究》，中国人民大学出版社2000年版
6、施米托夫著，赵秀文译：《国际贸易法文选》，中国大百科全书出版社 1993年版
1、唐厚志：《中国的调解》，载《涉外仲裁与法律》1992年6月
2、穆子砺：《中国的涉外调解》，载《中国涉外仲裁年刊(1997—1998)》
3、马赛：《论涉外商事调解》，载《调解讯息》1999年第1、2期
4、岑雅衍、金一波：《ADR的法律探悉》，载《宁波大学学报》1995年第3期
5、克丽斯蒂娜．沃波鲁格：《替代诉讼的纠纷解决方式(ADR)》，载《河北法学》1998年第1期
6、瓦格纳：《运用调解和其他可选择性争议解决方式(ADR)解决国际商事争议》，载《国际商事仲裁文集》，中国对外经济贸易出版社1998年版
7、赫尔曼：《世界仲裁立法最新发展情况——成就和问题》，载《国际商事仲裁文集》，中国对外经济贸易出版社1988年版