基于IPRs的农业生物技术研发福利效应与政策研究
|
摘要
自1996年美国批准NuCOTN33B和NuCOTN35B两个转基因抗虫棉品种商业化推广之后全球转基因农作物种植面积就呈现出迅猛增长的势头,这不仅得益于转基因农作物本身所具有的抗虫、耐除草剂等特性能大幅降低生产成本,更得益于知识产权(IPRs)保护的加强使得研发者能够攫取更多的经济剩余从而在转基因农作物研发领域吸引大量资金,特别是私人研发者的大举进入。不可否认农业研发知识产权保护的加强有利于激励私人部门进入研发领域、开发改进新品种从而提高农业生产效率,这对于发达国家和发展中国家而言都是如此,但我们更应该清醒的看到以美国为首的发达国家之所以在全球范围内大力倡导严格的农业研发知识产权保护在很大程度上是出于国家利益考量的结果,当前国际上绝大多数转基因农作物专利技术都被Monsanto、Pioneer等极少数发达国家农业生物巨头所拥有,特别是美国在全球农业生物技术研发领域更是占据绝对的优势,这使得他们对市场拥有了相当大的垄断力量且为了攫取巨额利润在国际上力主实施严格的知识产权保护政策,很显然这种有失偏颇的国际农业研发知识产权保护框架严重违反了现代知识产权法“利益平衡”的基本精神和立法宗旨,对广大发展中国家的农民非常不利,使得他们时常很难支付由这些跨国种子巨头所收取的高昂的种子费用。
本文的研究即是基于发展中国家在农业转基因种子研发及应用过程中所面临的这些急需解决的问题为切入点,以利益平衡为基本准则,以我国在农业生物技术研发和产业化推广的基本情况作为构建模型的依据,在对发达国家农业生物技术研发市场结构特点及其成因分析基础上,选择转基因Bt抗虫棉为研究对象,通过构建3地区局部均衡贸易模型及开放条件下的农业研发经济剩余模型对不同知识产权保护、技术外溢水平等情形下美国、中国和以印度为代表的世界其他地区各主体福利变化进行测算及对成本收益差异进行比较,紧接着对国际农业生物技术研发领域的新进发展—基因利用限制技术(GURTs, Genetic Use Restriction Technologies)的潜在影响及在我国的适用性进行研究,最后分析当前发达国家农业生物技术研发知识产权保护可能存在的“陷阱”、对我国的潜在不良影响及应采取的规避措施,通过这几个环节构建一个基于IPRs的转基因种子研发福利效应与政策研究的全面分析框架,探寻当前最适合我国的农业生物技术研发与知识产权保护的策略,它既能提高我国的整体福利特别是生产者即农民的福利,避免陷入发达国家知识产权保护“陷阱”,又能给国外研发者和国内研发者以适当的激励,在国内棉农、消费者、研发者和国外农业生物研发巨头之间取得利益的“有序均衡”,从而达到促进跨国育种公司技术外溢和促进我国种子研发市场化建设的双重目标,并促使我国的农业转基因研发企业增强竞争力并尽快成长起来,能够参与到全球竞争中去。
本文可能的创新点如下：①研究视角的创新。本文以知识产权(IPRs)“利益平衡”的立法宗旨为基本准则,在对发达国家农业生物技术研发市场结构特点及成因分析基础上通过构建嵌入技术使用费变量的3地区局部均衡贸易模型和大国开放条件下的农业研发经济剩余模型对转基因棉花研发福利效应进行测算,并对当前发达国家农业生物技术研发知识产权保护可能存在的“陷阱”、对我国的潜在不良影响、基因利用限制技术(GURTs)在我国的适用性及政府行为进行了深入分析,从而构建一个基于IPRs的转基因农作物研发福利效应与政策研究的全面分析框架。②研究方法及其运用方面的创新。其一,通过构建包含中国、美国和以印度为代表的世界其它地区的3地区局部均衡贸易模型从反现实价格视角对3种情形下的转基因棉花研发福利效应进行测算：不同的知识产权保护、技术外溢及价格支持水平,并对模型关键变量的敏感性进行分析。其二,本文首次将开放条件下的农业研发经济剩余模型运用到我国转基因棉花研发福利效应的测算,对跨时期1996～2008年间的研发福利效应在发达国家、发展中国家及各利益主体间的分配进行研究。③研究结论方面的创新。转基因新技术使各国整体福利显著增加,但新技术带来的“农业踏车效应”使得棉花生产者损失严重；美国国内棉花价格支持政策虽使得中国棉农福利有所受损,但中国整体福利却因全球棉花价格下降而有所增加；取消技术使用费以增加棉农收入的策略不可取,提高单产及综合生产能力是今后中国棉花产业发展最优的政策选择。
The global transgenic crop planting areas had seen a sharply rising trend since two genetically modified cotton varieties, NuCOTN33B and NuCOTN35B containing the BollgardTM (Bt) gene were introduced commercially in 1996 through a licensing agreement by US government. We should attribute this not only to the characteristics the transgenic crops owns such as resistant to insect pest and herbicide resistant and so on that could decrease the agricultural production cost largely, but also furthermore to the R&D field could attract much fund as the intellectual property rights strengthen that the researchers could get much more economic benefit, especially so many private R&D companies enter the transgenic seed field. There is no doubt that the strengthen of agricultural R&D intellectual property rights is beneficial to stimulate private R&D companies could enter this field to develop new varieties and so improve agricultural productivities, this is true both for developed and developing countries. But we should see clearly that the main reasons that the developed countries leading by the United States propagate strict agricultural R&D intellectual property rights in the world is because of country's interest to much extent, nowadays most of the global transgenic crop patens are owned by only several agricultural biotechnology giant of developed countries especially the United States have the absolute comparative advantage in the global agricultural biotechnology R&D field. This empower them have heavy monopoly power on transgenic seed market and they try their best to enact strict intellectual property rights in the whole world for the purpose of getting big interest. Obviously today the biased international agricultural R&D intellectual property rights to some extent have gravely violated the principle of balancing of interest, which is the fundamental spirit and legislation purpose of modern intellectual property rights law. And this will be harmful to the peasants in many developing countries because this let them sometimes can't pay the expensive seed charged by transnational seed giant.
This paper just choose the problem badly in need of solving be the penetration point faced by developing countries during the course of R&D and applying of agricultural transgenic seed, take balancing of interest as basic principle and developing models base on the fundamental conditions of agricultural biotechnology R&D and apply in our country, after analyzing the characteristics of the agricultural biotechnology R&D market structure as well as its causes in the developed countries, we choose the Bt cotton as object of study, through developing a partial equilibrium three-region world trade model and an agricultural R&D economic surplus model under the condition of opening to measure the welfare change of main body such as peasant, consumer and researcher in scenarios with different intellectual property rights levels and technology spillover levels in China, the United States and other regions in the world represented by India and have a comparison analysis of the cost and returns in these three regions, following that we have an analysis of the potential impacts and its applicability of genetic use restriction technologies in our countries, which is one of the latest development in the international agricultural biotechnology R&D area, finally we have a study on the possible agricultural biotechnology R&D intellectual property rights traps in developed countries and its potential harmful effect for our country and what evade measure should we take. Through these several part we construct an all-round analytical framework of transgenic seed R&D welfare effect and policy based on intellectual property rights perspective, to explore the agricultural biotechnology R&D and intellectual property rights policy that most suit for our country, avoid being caught in agricultural R&D intellectual property rights traps of developed countries, meanwhile give appropriate stimulation to both domestic and foreign R&D company, and to reach ordered interest balance between domestic cotton peasants, cotton consumer,researchers and transnational agricultural biotechnology R&D giant, so finally to realize the double-target of promote the technology spillover of transnational seed giant and construction of our country's seed R&D market, and to promote our country's agricultural transgenic seed R&D company strength competition and grow up as soon as possible,and be able to participate in international competition in the future.
The possible innovative points of this paper are as following:firstly, is the innovation of research perspective. We take the balancing of interest, which is the legislative purpose of modern intellectual property rights, as the basic principle, we develop a partial equilibrium three-region world trade model implanted a technology fee variate and a agricultural R&D economic surplus model under the condition of opening to have an empirical research on genetically modified cotton R&D welfare effects after analyzing the characteristics of the agricultural biotechnology R&D market structure as well as its causes in the developed countries, and then we have an analysis of the possible agricultural biotechnology R&D intellectual property rights traps in developed countries and the potential impacts and of GURTs in China and the relevant government behavior, so we construct an all-round analytical framework of transgenic seed R&D welfare effect and policy based on intellectual property rights perspective. Secondly is the innovation of research method and its application. On the one side, through developing a partial equilibrium three-region world trade model including China, U.S, and the other regions in the world represented by India to measure the genetically modified cotton R&D welfare effects from the perspective of counterfactual price in three scenarios:different degree of intellectual property rights protection level, technology spillover level and price support level and have a sensitivity analysis of the model's key parameter. On the other hand, this paper use agricultural R&D economic surplus model under the condition of opening to measure the China's Bt cotton R&D welfare effects for the first time and have an empirical study of the assignment of R&D welfare effects in between the north and south countries and benefit counterparts such as researchers, farmers and consumers. Thirdly is the innovation of research results. The welfare of each country as an entirety increases notably, but cotton producer loses heavily because of agricultural treadmill effect, U.S. cotton price support benefits development of its cotton industry despite hurting Chinese cotton producer, China's welfare as a whole increase obviously because the world cotton price decrease. The tactic of trying to cancel technology fee so as to increase farmers' revenue is not advisable, and to improve per unit area yield and synthetically efficiency is the optimum policy chooses for the development of our country's cotton estate in the future
本文的研究即是基于发展中国家在农业转基因种子研发及应用过程中所面临的这些急需解决的问题为切入点,以利益平衡为基本准则,以我国在农业生物技术研发和产业化推广的基本情况作为构建模型的依据,在对发达国家农业生物技术研发市场结构特点及其成因分析基础上,选择转基因Bt抗虫棉为研究对象,通过构建3地区局部均衡贸易模型及开放条件下的农业研发经济剩余模型对不同知识产权保护、技术外溢水平等情形下美国、中国和以印度为代表的世界其他地区各主体福利变化进行测算及对成本收益差异进行比较,紧接着对国际农业生物技术研发领域的新进发展—基因利用限制技术(GURTs, Genetic Use Restriction Technologies)的潜在影响及在我国的适用性进行研究,最后分析当前发达国家农业生物技术研发知识产权保护可能存在的“陷阱”、对我国的潜在不良影响及应采取的规避措施,通过这几个环节构建一个基于IPRs的转基因种子研发福利效应与政策研究的全面分析框架,探寻当前最适合我国的农业生物技术研发与知识产权保护的策略,它既能提高我国的整体福利特别是生产者即农民的福利,避免陷入发达国家知识产权保护“陷阱”,又能给国外研发者和国内研发者以适当的激励,在国内棉农、消费者、研发者和国外农业生物研发巨头之间取得利益的“有序均衡”,从而达到促进跨国育种公司技术外溢和促进我国种子研发市场化建设的双重目标,并促使我国的农业转基因研发企业增强竞争力并尽快成长起来,能够参与到全球竞争中去。
本文可能的创新点如下：①研究视角的创新。本文以知识产权(IPRs)“利益平衡”的立法宗旨为基本准则,在对发达国家农业生物技术研发市场结构特点及成因分析基础上通过构建嵌入技术使用费变量的3地区局部均衡贸易模型和大国开放条件下的农业研发经济剩余模型对转基因棉花研发福利效应进行测算,并对当前发达国家农业生物技术研发知识产权保护可能存在的“陷阱”、对我国的潜在不良影响、基因利用限制技术(GURTs)在我国的适用性及政府行为进行了深入分析,从而构建一个基于IPRs的转基因农作物研发福利效应与政策研究的全面分析框架。②研究方法及其运用方面的创新。其一,通过构建包含中国、美国和以印度为代表的世界其它地区的3地区局部均衡贸易模型从反现实价格视角对3种情形下的转基因棉花研发福利效应进行测算：不同的知识产权保护、技术外溢及价格支持水平,并对模型关键变量的敏感性进行分析。其二,本文首次将开放条件下的农业研发经济剩余模型运用到我国转基因棉花研发福利效应的测算,对跨时期1996～2008年间的研发福利效应在发达国家、发展中国家及各利益主体间的分配进行研究。③研究结论方面的创新。转基因新技术使各国整体福利显著增加,但新技术带来的“农业踏车效应”使得棉花生产者损失严重；美国国内棉花价格支持政策虽使得中国棉农福利有所受损,但中国整体福利却因全球棉花价格下降而有所增加；取消技术使用费以增加棉农收入的策略不可取,提高单产及综合生产能力是今后中国棉花产业发展最优的政策选择。
The global transgenic crop planting areas had seen a sharply rising trend since two genetically modified cotton varieties, NuCOTN33B and NuCOTN35B containing the BollgardTM (Bt) gene were introduced commercially in 1996 through a licensing agreement by US government. We should attribute this not only to the characteristics the transgenic crops owns such as resistant to insect pest and herbicide resistant and so on that could decrease the agricultural production cost largely, but also furthermore to the R&D field could attract much fund as the intellectual property rights strengthen that the researchers could get much more economic benefit, especially so many private R&D companies enter the transgenic seed field. There is no doubt that the strengthen of agricultural R&D intellectual property rights is beneficial to stimulate private R&D companies could enter this field to develop new varieties and so improve agricultural productivities, this is true both for developed and developing countries. But we should see clearly that the main reasons that the developed countries leading by the United States propagate strict agricultural R&D intellectual property rights in the world is because of country's interest to much extent, nowadays most of the global transgenic crop patens are owned by only several agricultural biotechnology giant of developed countries especially the United States have the absolute comparative advantage in the global agricultural biotechnology R&D field. This empower them have heavy monopoly power on transgenic seed market and they try their best to enact strict intellectual property rights in the whole world for the purpose of getting big interest. Obviously today the biased international agricultural R&D intellectual property rights to some extent have gravely violated the principle of balancing of interest, which is the fundamental spirit and legislation purpose of modern intellectual property rights law. And this will be harmful to the peasants in many developing countries because this let them sometimes can't pay the expensive seed charged by transnational seed giant.
This paper just choose the problem badly in need of solving be the penetration point faced by developing countries during the course of R&D and applying of agricultural transgenic seed, take balancing of interest as basic principle and developing models base on the fundamental conditions of agricultural biotechnology R&D and apply in our country, after analyzing the characteristics of the agricultural biotechnology R&D market structure as well as its causes in the developed countries, we choose the Bt cotton as object of study, through developing a partial equilibrium three-region world trade model and an agricultural R&D economic surplus model under the condition of opening to measure the welfare change of main body such as peasant, consumer and researcher in scenarios with different intellectual property rights levels and technology spillover levels in China, the United States and other regions in the world represented by India and have a comparison analysis of the cost and returns in these three regions, following that we have an analysis of the potential impacts and its applicability of genetic use restriction technologies in our countries, which is one of the latest development in the international agricultural biotechnology R&D area, finally we have a study on the possible agricultural biotechnology R&D intellectual property rights traps in developed countries and its potential harmful effect for our country and what evade measure should we take. Through these several part we construct an all-round analytical framework of transgenic seed R&D welfare effect and policy based on intellectual property rights perspective, to explore the agricultural biotechnology R&D and intellectual property rights policy that most suit for our country, avoid being caught in agricultural R&D intellectual property rights traps of developed countries, meanwhile give appropriate stimulation to both domestic and foreign R&D company, and to reach ordered interest balance between domestic cotton peasants, cotton consumer,researchers and transnational agricultural biotechnology R&D giant, so finally to realize the double-target of promote the technology spillover of transnational seed giant and construction of our country's seed R&D market, and to promote our country's agricultural transgenic seed R&D company strength competition and grow up as soon as possible,and be able to participate in international competition in the future.
The possible innovative points of this paper are as following:firstly, is the innovation of research perspective. We take the balancing of interest, which is the legislative purpose of modern intellectual property rights, as the basic principle, we develop a partial equilibrium three-region world trade model implanted a technology fee variate and a agricultural R&D economic surplus model under the condition of opening to have an empirical research on genetically modified cotton R&D welfare effects after analyzing the characteristics of the agricultural biotechnology R&D market structure as well as its causes in the developed countries, and then we have an analysis of the possible agricultural biotechnology R&D intellectual property rights traps in developed countries and the potential impacts and of GURTs in China and the relevant government behavior, so we construct an all-round analytical framework of transgenic seed R&D welfare effect and policy based on intellectual property rights perspective. Secondly is the innovation of research method and its application. On the one side, through developing a partial equilibrium three-region world trade model including China, U.S, and the other regions in the world represented by India to measure the genetically modified cotton R&D welfare effects from the perspective of counterfactual price in three scenarios:different degree of intellectual property rights protection level, technology spillover level and price support level and have a sensitivity analysis of the model's key parameter. On the other hand, this paper use agricultural R&D economic surplus model under the condition of opening to measure the China's Bt cotton R&D welfare effects for the first time and have an empirical study of the assignment of R&D welfare effects in between the north and south countries and benefit counterparts such as researchers, farmers and consumers. Thirdly is the innovation of research results. The welfare of each country as an entirety increases notably, but cotton producer loses heavily because of agricultural treadmill effect, U.S. cotton price support benefits development of its cotton industry despite hurting Chinese cotton producer, China's welfare as a whole increase obviously because the world cotton price decrease. The tactic of trying to cancel technology fee so as to increase farmers' revenue is not advisable, and to improve per unit area yield and synthetically efficiency is the optimum policy chooses for the development of our country's cotton estate in the future
引文
1.博登海默,邓正来译.法理学—法律哲学与法律方法[M].中国政法大学出版社04年版.
2.陈超,李道国.品种权保护对农民增收的影响分析[J].中国农村经济,2004(9)：38-42.
3.陈超,展进涛.转基因技术对我国植物新品种保护制度的挑战[J].知识产权,2006(6)：44-47
4.道格拉斯·C·诺斯著,杭行翻译.制度、制度变迁与经济绩效[M].上海三联书店2008年版.
5.董学兵、史晋川.累积创新框架下的知识产权保护研究[J].经济研究,2006(5)：97-105
6.范存会,黄季焜,胡瑞法,张彩萍.Bt抗虫棉的种植对农药施用的影响[J].中国农村观察,2002(5)：2～10
6.范存会,黄季焜.生物技术经济影响的分析方法与应用[J].中国农村观察,2004(1)：28-34.
7.范存会.我国采用Bt抗虫棉的经济和健康影响[D].中国农业科学院2002年博士学位论文.
8.冯晓青.知识产权法的价值构造：知识产权法利益平衡机制研究[J].《中国法学》2007(1)：67-77.
9.冯晓青.论利益平衡原理及其在知识产权法中的适用[J].《江海学刊》2007(1)：141-146.
10.国际农业生物技术应用推广协会官方网站：www.isaaa.org
11.郭艳芹.我国转基因科研投资的经济效益评估—以转基因水稻为例的实证分析[D].新疆农业大学2004年硕士学位论文.
12.韩晓燕,翟印礼.中国农业生产率的地区差异与收敛性研究[J].农业技术经济,2005(6)：52-57.
13.韩一军,柯炳生.美国棉花补贴所引起的WTO贸易争端及启示[J]农业经济问题,2004(9)：20-28.
14.韩玉雄,李怀祖.知识产权保护对经济增长的影响：一个基于垂直创新的技术扩散模型[J].当代经济科学,2003(3)：33-41
15.何平,苏胜娣,韩敬花.实施UPOV1991文本对科研育种的挑战及应对措施[J].农业科技管理,2008(6)：15-18.
16.黄季焜,林海,胡瑞法,罗斯高,卡尔·普瑞.推进转基因抗虫棉对次要害虫农药施用的影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2007(1)：4-12.
17.黄武,林祥明.植物新品种保护对育种者研发行为影响的实证研究[J].中国农村经济,2007(4)：69-74.
18.黄祖辉,钱峰燕.技术进步对我国农民的收入影响及政策分析[J].中国农村经济,2003(12)：11-17.
19.加藤一郎.民法的论理与利益衡量[M].有斐阁,1974年出版.
20.科斯,A·阿尔钦,D·诺斯等著.财产权利与制度变迁—产权学派与新制度学派译文集[M].上海三联书店1994年版
21.课题组.昂贵的代价-我国大豆产业发展战略与国际竞争力研究[J].国际贸易,2002(10)：10-14.
22.赖明勇、张新、彭水军、包群.经济增长的源泉-人力资本、研究开发与技术外溢[J].中国社会科学,2005(2)：32-46.
23.李道国,谭涛.国际植物新品种保护联盟公约背景下的农民留种行为分析[J].中国农村经济,2006年(3)：23-27.
24.李长久.加拿大农业发展对中国的启示[J].经济晾望,2008(11)：36-38. 华中农业大学2010届博士学位论文：基于IPRs的农业生物技术研发福利效应与政策研究—以转基因棉花为例
25.李剑.美国植物品种法律保护制度研究[J].法律适用,2008(6)：87-91.
26.李剑.植物新品种权的权利限制[J].电子知识产权,2008(6)：41-44.
27.李明德.美国知识产权法[M].法律出版社2003年版.
28.刘鉴强.对健康和环境有风险?转基因在美国遭到阻击——专访“绿色和平”科学顾问杜琳·斯德宾斯基教授[N/OL].具体参见http://www.people.com.
29.刘进宝,刘洪.农业技术进步与农民农业收入增长弱相关性分析[J].中国农村经济,2004(9)：26-37.
30.刘银良.生物技术的知识产权保护[M].知识产权出版社2009年版.
31.卢锋.我国棉花国际贸易“贱卖贵买”现象研究[J].经济研究,2000(2)：3-16.
32.罗斯科.庞德.通过法律的社会控制—法律的任务[J].沈宗灵,董世忠译,商务印书馆1984
33.刘作翔.权利冲突的几个理论问题[J].中国法学,2002年(2)：56-71.
34.潘苏,谭砚文.主要棉花生产国棉花补贴政策的比较分析[J].世界农业,2007(12)：30-32.
35.仇焕广,黄季焜,杨军.关于消费者对转基因技术和食品态度研究的讨论[J].中国科技论坛,2007(3)：105-108.
36.任寰.论知识产权法的利益平衡原则[J].知识产权,2005年(3)：13-18.
37.萨缪尔森.经济学(第16版)[M].华夏出版社1999年版.
38.孙国华,朱景文.法理学[M].北京大学出版社1995年版.
39.苏军,黄季焜,乔方彬.转Bt基因抗虫棉生产的经济效益分析.农业技术经济,2000(5)：26-31.
40.苏岳静,胡瑞法,黄季焜,范存会.农民抗虫棉技术选择行为及其影响因素分析[J].棉花学报,2004(5)：259-264.
41.孙炜琳,王端波.农业植物新品种保护面临的瓶颈及原因分析[J].农业经济问题,2008年第12期：19-24.
42.谭晶荣.棉花生产量、贸易量变动与国际棉价波动的实证分析-以棉花生产国和贸易国为例[J].国际贸易问题2007(7)：31-37.
43.谭砚文.美国2008新农业法案中的棉花补贴政策及其启示[J].农业经济问题,2009(4)：103-109.
44.谭砚文,温思美,李崇光.中国棉花国际贸易对国际市场棉花价格影响的实证分析-对中国棉花“贱卖贵买”现象的质疑[J].中国农村经济,2005(1)：11-16.
45.王兆阳,辛贤.大国开放条件下棉花市场价格决定研究[J].中国农村观察,2004(3)：35-43.
46.魏衍亮.生物技术的专利保护研究[M].知识产权出版社2004年版.
47.吴汉东.知识产权本质的多维度解读[J].中国法学,2006年(5)：97-106.
48.吴汉东.科技、经济、法律协调机制中的知识产权法[J].法学研究,2001(6)：128-148.
49.吴汉东.知识产权的私权与人权属性—以《知识产权协议》与《世界人权公约》为对象[J].法学研究,2003年(3)：66-78.
50.吴汉东.知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展[J].法学研究,2005(3)：126-140.
51.吴汉东,王毅.中国传统文化与著作权制度略论[J].法学研究,1994(1)：18-24.
52.吴立增,刘伟平,黄秀娟.植物新品种保护对品种权人的经济效益影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2005(3)：54-60.
53.王泽鉴.民法物权,第二册[M].中国政法大学2001年版.
54.西奥多·W·舒尔茨.改造传统农业[M].商务印书馆,2003.
55.项新华,张正,庞星火.北京市城区居民的转基因食品知识、态度、行为及影响因素分析[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2005(3)：217-219.
56.信乃诠.加拿大的农业科技及其组织管理[J].世界农业,2009(4)：52-55.
57.杨全发、韩樱.知识产权保护与跨国公司对外直接投资策略[J].经济研究,2006(4)：28-34
58.尹翔硕.创新能力、模仿能力与知识产权保护中的执行成本—论TRIPs条件下发展中国家知识产权侵权的必然性[J].世界经济研究,2008(3)：21-26.
59.余建斌,李大胜.中国农业生产的技术效率及其影响因素分析[J].统计与决策,2008(14)：83-86.
60.袁秀挺.知识产权权利限制研究—着重于知识产权制度的内部考察[D].北京大学2003年博士学位论文。
61.袁瑛,吴丽.转基因悄然而胜[J].具体参见《商务周刊》2008年9月,http://business.sohu.com/20080910/n259479542.shtml.
62.展进涛,黄武,陈超.植物新品种保护制度对育种投资结构的影响分析[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6)：49-54.
63.张彩萍,黄季焜.现代农业生物技术研发的政策取向[J].农业技术经济,2002(3)：23-28.
64.张海森,杨军,韩一军,刘英杰.美国取消棉花补贴对世界及我国棉业经济的影响[J].农业经济问题,2006(1)：75-78.
65.张社梅.国产转基因棉花科研与应用的经济分析[D].中国农业科学院农业经济研究所2007年博士学位论文.
66.张社梅,赵芝俊,朱希刚.国产转基因棉花科研投资收益的定量分析[J].中国农村经济2008(7)：14-23.
67.张文显.法理学[M].法律出版社1997年版.
68.张晓都.专利实质条件—从发明与实用新型专利的实质条件到生物技术发明的可专利性[M].法律出版社2002年版.
69.张亚斌、易先忠.南方国家知识产权保护与南北经济收敛[J].财经研究,2006(6)：132-143.
70.张亚斌,吴江,易先忠.知识产权保护与南北技术扩散[J].世界经济研究,2007(1)：8-11.
71.张运华.中国农业生产效率分析[J].统计与决策,2007(2)：62-64.
72.郑成思,张晓都.专利条件实质[M].法律出版社2002年版.
73.邹薇、代谦.技术模仿、人力资本积累与经济赶超.中国社会科学,2003(5)：26-38
74.张启发院士领衔的中国科学院学部“我国转基因作物研究和产业化发展策略”咨询组.我国转基因作物研究和产业化发展策略的建议[R].具体参见http://www.happyboyer.cn/html/Dir/2004/09/29/8456.htm
75.朱雪忠,杨远斌.转基因植物的专利保护探讨[J].知识产权研究,2005年(4)：34-38.
76. Alan V.Deardoff. Welfare effect of global patent protection [J]. Economica,1992 (59):35-51.
77. Albert K.A. Acquaye, Greg Traxler. Monopoly power, price discrimination, and access to biotechnology innovations [J].AgBioForum,2005 (8):127-133. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
78. Alexandre Gohin, Giancarlo Moschini. Evaluating the market and welfare impacts of agricultural policies in developed countries:comparison of partial and general equilibrium measures [J].Review of agricultural economics,2006(28):195-211.
79. Altson,J.M., G.W. Norton and P.GPardey. Scinece under scarcity:principles and practices for agricultural research evaluation and priority setting[M].Ithaca NY:Cornell University Press,1995.
80. Alston,et,al.the effect of imperfect competition on the size and distribution of research benefits[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1997 (79):1252-1265.
81. Amy Jocelyn Glass,et,at. Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment[J].Journal of international economics,2002(56):189-204.
82. Arnab K.Basu and Matin Qaim.On the adoption of genetically modified seeds in developing countries and the optimal types of government intervention[J].American journal of agricultural economics,2007(8):784-804.
83. Avinash Dixit. A general model of R&D competition and policy[J].The rand journal of economics,1988(19):317-326.
84. Avinash Dixit. Monopolistic competition and optimum product diversity [J].The American economic review,1977(06):297-308.
85. Babcock,et,al.The impacts of damage control on the quantity and quality of output:estimating pest control effectiveness [J]. American Journal of agricultural economics,1992(74):163-172
86. Brennan,M.et,al.An innovation market approach to analyzing impacts of mergers and acquisitions in the plant biotechnology [J].AgBioForum,2005(8):89-99. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
87. Brigitte van Beuzekom,et,al. OECD biotechnology statistics-2006[M].
88. Bruce A.Lebman.Intellectual property:America's comparative advantage in the 21st century [J].The Columbia journal of world business,1996(31):6-16.
89. Canola council. Canola annual report 2008:a great perspective[R].
90. Carl E. Pray, et, al.The economics of agricultural biotechnology research [W].ESA working paper, 2003, June, NO.03-07.
91. Carl E.Pray,et,al.Five years of Bt cotton in China-the benefit continue[J]. Plant journal, 2002(31):423-430.
92. Chang, H,1990, patent scope, antitrust policy and cumulative innovation [J].Rand journal of economics,1990(26):26-57.
93. Chidi Oguamanam. Genetic use restriction (or terminator) technologies (GURTs) in agricultural biotechnology:the limits of technological alternatives to intellectual property [J].Canadian journal of law and technology,59-76. http://cjlt.dal.ca/vol4_nol/pdfarticles/oguamanam.pdf.
94. CGRFA/WG-PGR-1/01/7.Potential impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) on agricultural biodiversity and agricultural production systems[R]. First session, Rome,2-4,July,2001.
95. Clive James. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops:2007", ISAAA briefs 37.
96. Collins, H is quoted in "Terminator technology not terminated," in agra/industrial biotechnology legal letter [J].January,2000, Vol 1.No.1, P4.
97. Daniell, H. Molecular strategies for gene containment in transgenic crops[J]. Nat. Biotechnol.2002 (20):581-587.
98. David Nimmer, The end of copyright,48vand.L.REV.1385,1416(1995).
99. David T.Coe and Elhanan Helpman.International R&D spillovers [J].European economic review, 1995(39):859-887.
100. Debasis Mondal, Manash Ranjan Jupta. Innovation,Imitation and intellectual property rights:a note on Helpman's model[J].Journal of economics,2006(87):29-53.
101. Diwan,I, Rodrik,D,1991, patents. appropriate technology and north-south trade [J]. Journal of international economics,1991(30):27-47.
102. Eaton,et,al. Genetic use restrictiontechnologies(GURTs):potential economic impacts at national and international levels[R].March,2002,Report 6.02.01,Agricultural economic research institute(LEI),the Hague.
104. Edwin L.-C.Lai, et, al,1998, International intellectual property rights protection and the rate of Product innovation, Journal of development economics,1998(55):133-153.
105. Edwin L.-C.Lai, et,al.The north's intellectual property rights stand for the south[J].Journal of international economics,2003(59):183-209.
106. ETC Group. Who owns nature? Corporate power and the final frontier in the co modification of life. November,2008.
107. ETC Group. Terminator rejected:a victory for the people[EB/OL].Please see www.etcgroup.org, News released 24,March,2006.
108. Fernandez,et,al.Economic,Environment and policy impacts of using genetically engineered crops for pest management[C].selected paper presented at the 1998 Nerea meeting,Ithaca,NY,1998,June,22-23.
109. Fernandez,et,al.Farm-level effects of adopting herbicide tolerant soybeans in the USA[R].Unpublished paper, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture,1999.
110. Fernandez,et,al.Genetically engineered crops for pest management in US agricultural, farm frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxins in field populations of Heliothis Virescens[C]., Proceeding of the national academy of science of the USA,2000(94):3519-3523.
111. Flack-Zepeda,et,al. Surplus distribution from the introduction of biotechnology innovation[J].American journal of agricultural economics,2000,May:360-369.
112. F.P.Ramsey,1928,A mathematical theory of saving, The economic journal,1928(38):543-559.
113. Fulton, M.et, al.Agricultural biotechnology and industry structure, AgBioForum,2001(4):137-151. Available on the World Wide Web:http://www.agbioforum.org.
114. Fuglie, et, al. Agricultural research and development:public and private investments under alternative markets and institutions [M].AER 735, USDA, ERS,1996.
115. Gaskell, G.et, al. Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the US [J]. Science,1999(16):384-387.
116. Giancarlo Moschini and Harvey Lapan.Intellectual property rights and welfare effects of agricultural R&D [J].American Journal of agricultural economics,1997, November:261-273.
117. Giancarlo Moschini. Economic benefits and costs of biotechnologies innovations in agriculture [W], working paper,01-WP 264, January 2001.
118. Gianessi,et,al. Agricultural biotechnology:insect control benefits[R].Wash ton DC:National center for food and agricultural policy,July,1999.
119. Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman.Product development and international trade [J].Journal of political economy,1989(97):1261-1283.
120. Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman.Endogenous product cycles [J].The economic journal,1991 September:1214-1229.
121. G. Hardin. The Tragedy of the commons [J].Science,1968,162:1243-1248.
122. Glenn C.Loury.Market structure and innovation [J].The quarterly journal of economics, 1979(93):395-410.
123. Gould D.M.and Gruben W.C. the role of intellectual property rights in economic growth [J].Journal of development economics,1996(48):323-350.
124. Gould F,et,al,1997,Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxins in field populations of Heliothis Virescens,Proceeding of the national academy of science of the USA[R].1997(94):3519-3523.
125. Graham Brookes, Peter Barfoot.GM Crops:The Global Economic and Environmental Impact-The First Nine Years 1996-2004[J]. AgBioForum,2005(8):187-196.
126. Guanming Shi. Intellectual property rights, genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs), and strategic behavior [J].Selected paper prepared for presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual meeting, Long beach, California, July 23-26,2006.
127. Hal R·Varian"Intermediate microeconomics:a modern approach (six edition) [M].W.W.North & Company. New York.London,2003.
128. Harvey E.Lapan, Giancarlo Moschini. Innovation and trade with endogenous market failure:the case of genetically modified products [W].working paper,02-WP-302, May,2002.
129. Harvey E.Lapan, Giancarlo Moschini. Innovation and trade with endogenous market failure:the case of genetically modified products [J].American Journal of agricultural economics, 2004(3):634-648.
130. HeadleyJ. Estimating the productivity of agricultural pesticides[J].American Journal of agricultural economics,1968(50):13-23.
131. http://www.cbd.int/decisions/list.shtml?meeting=cop-05.
132. Helpman, E. Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights [J].Econometrica, 1993(61):1247-1280.
133. H.R REP.NO.60222,60th cong.,2d Sess.7,1909.
134. Hyde,et,al.The economic of Bt cotton:Vauling Protection from European corn borer[J].Review of agricultural economics,1999(21):442-454
135. Ian Moore, Marketa Samalova, Smita Kurup. Transactivated and chemically inducible gene expression inplants [J].The plant journal,2006(45):651-683.
136. IFIC. Food Biotechnology:A Study of U.S. Consumer Attitudinal Trends[R].2008,www://ific.org/research/biotechres03.cfm.
137. ISAAA.Executive summary, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops:2008,The First Thirteen Years,1996 to 2008[EB/OL], http://www.isaaa.org.
138. Jikun Huang, et,al. Plant Biotechnology in China[J].Science,2002(25):674-677.
139. Jikun Huang, et, al. Insect-Resistant GM Rice in Farmers' Fields:Assessing Productivity and Health Effects in China [J].Science,29 April,2005, Vol.308. no.5722, pp.688-690.
140. Jikun Huang et, al.Awareness, acceptness and willingness to buy genetically modified foods in urban China [J].Appetite,2006(46):144-151.
141. Jikun Huang et, al.Eight years of Bt cotton in farmer field in China:is the reduction of insecticide use sustainable [W].working paper, CCAP,2006.
142. Jikun Huang et, al,2008, genetically modified rice, yields and pesicide:assessing farm-level productivity effects in China [J].Economic development and cultural change,2008(56):241-263.
143. Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu,Hans van Meijl,Frank van Tongeren. Biotechnology boost to crop productivity in China:trade and welfare implications[J].Journal of development economics,2004(75):27-54.
144. John Kay. The economics of intellectual property rights[J].International review of law and economics,1993(13):337-348.
145. Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo. The Seed Industry in US Agricultural:An exploration of data and information on crop seed market, regulation, industry structure, and research and development[R].2004.
146. J.R.Branston. A counterfactual price analysis of British electivity privatization [J].Utilities Policies, 2000(9):31-46.
147. Just, Hueth and Schmitz. The welfare economics of public policy-a practical approach to project and policy evaluation[M].Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc:US Massachusetts,2004.
148. Keith E.Maskus, et, al.How trade-related are intellectual property rights [J].Journal of international economics,1995(39):227-248.
149. Keith E.Maskus.The role of intellectual property rights in encourging forgin direct investment and technology transfer[C].Prapared for the conferenfe"Public-private initiatives after Trips:Designing a golbal Agenda. Working paper,July,1997.
150. Keith O.Fuglie,et,al.Economic returns to public agricultural research[R].USDA,ERS,Economic brief number 10,September,2007.
151. King, J.L.et, al.Mergers, acquisitions, and stocks of agricultural biotechnology intellectual property [J]. AgBioForum,2005(8):83-88. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
152. Kongming Wu,et,al,2008, Suppression of Cotton Bollworm in Multiple Crops in China in Areas with Bt Toxin-Containing Cotton[J].Science,19 September,2008(321):1676-1678.
153. Konstantinos Giannakas, et, al.Infringement of intellectual property rights:cause and consequences [J].American journal of agricultural economics,2002, May:482-494.
154. Lei Yang and Keith E.Maskus,2008, Intellectual property rights, technology transfer and exports in developing countries [J].Journal of development economics,2008, July:1-22.
155. Lence, Hayes, Mccunn, Smith and Niebu. Welfare impacts of intellectual property protection in the seed industry[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2005 (87):951-968.
156. Lence and Hayes. Welfare impacts of cross-country spillovers in agricultural research [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2008 (90):197-215.
157. Lence and Hayes. Technology Fees versus GURTs in the Presence of Spillovers:World Welfare Impacts [J]. AgBioForum,2005,8(2&3),172-186. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
158. Lichtenberg, E., D.Ziberman.The econometrics of damage control:why specification matters [J].American Journal of agricultural economics,1986(68):261-273.
159. Luis A.Rivera-Batiz and Paul M.Romer.Economic integration and endogenous growth [J].Quarterly journal of economics,1991,May:531-555.
160. Marianna Khachaturyan, Amalia Yiannaka. The market acceptance and welfare impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTS) [C]. Paper prepared for presentation at the 98th EAAE Seminar'Marketing Dynamics within the Global Trading System:New Perspectives', Chania, Crete, Greece as in:29 June-2 July,2006.
161. Mark Goodwin consulting. Socio-economic value report on the Canadian canola industry For the Canola Council of Canada[R].2009, January.
162. Martin Qaim, David Zilberman. Yield Effects of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries [J]. Science 7 February,2003.Vol.299. no.5608, pp.900-902.
163. Martin Qaim, Greg Traxler,2005, Round up ready soybeans in Argentina:farm level and aggregate welfare effects [J].Agricultural economics,2005(32):73-86.
164. Matin Qaim and Alain de Janvry. Genetically modified crops, corporate pricing strategies, and farms'adoption:the case of Bt cotton in Argentina[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2003 (85):814-828.
165. Matin Qaim, Subramanian, Naik and Zilberman. Adoption of Bt cotton and impact variability: Insights from India[J].Review of Agricultural Economics,2006 (28):48-58.
166. Maureen O'Callaghan,et,al.Effects of plants genetically modified for insect resistance on nontarget organisms [J].Annual Review.Entomol,2005(50):271-292.
167. Mellissa J. Hills, et, al. Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs):strategies to impede transgene movement [J].Trends in plant science,2007(12):177-183.
168. Michael A. Heller. The tragedy of anticommons:property in the transition from Marx to Markets [J].Harvard Law Review,1998(111):667-673.
169. Michael Waterson.The economics of product patents [J].The American economic review,1990(80):860-869.
170. M. O'Brien,E. Mullins. Relevance of genetically modified crops in light of future environmental and legislative challenges to the agri-environment[R]. Annals of Applied Biology ISSN 0003-4746,2008
171. Moschini and Lapan.Intellectual property rights and the welfare effects of agricultural R&D[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1997 (79):1229-1242.
172. Moschini,Lapan,Sobolevsky. Roundup ready soybeans and welfare effects in the soybean complex [J].Agribusiness,2000(1):33-55.
173. M.Scott Taylor. Trips, trade and growth, International economic review,1994(35):361-381.
174. OECD.Compendium of patent statistics 2008[M].
175. Paul A.Samuelson. Evaluation of real national income [J]. Oxford economic papers, new series, 1950(2):1-29.
176. Paul M.Romer.Endogenous technological change, The journal of political economy,1990(98):71-102.
177. Patterson, et, al, The nature of copyright:a law of usrs'right[M].The university of Georgia press,1991.
178. Peter Reinisch. Biotechnology in Europe:turning the corner[F/OL]. Available at:http://www.life-science-ventures.de/downloads/EVCJSept-Oct2005Biotech_TurningtheCorner .pdf.
179. Peter Goldsmith, et, al.Intellectual property piracy in a north-south context:empirical evidence [J].Agricultural economics,2006(35):335-349.
180. Philippe Aghion, et, al.A model of growth through creative destruction [J].Econometrica, 1992(60):323-351.
181. Pray, Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu and Rozelle. Five years of Bt cotton in China-the benefits continue[J].The Plant Journal,2002(4),423-430.
182. Qaim and Alain de Janvry,2003,Genetically modified crops,corporate pricing strategies,and farms' adoption:the case of Bt cotton in Argentina[J].American journal of agriculturaleconomics,November:814-828.
183. Rabobank. The World Seed Market:Developments and Strategies [M].Netherlands,1996.
184. Robet M.Solow. Technical change and aggregate production function [J].The review of economics and statistics,1957(39):312-320.
185. Robet M.Solow. A contribution of the theory of economic growth[J].Quarterly journal of economics,1957(70):65-94.
186. Robert J.Barro and Xavier Sala-I-Martin,1997, Technological diffusion, Convergence and growth [J]. Journal of economic growth,1997(2):1-27.
187. Richard Gilbert and Carl Sharpiro.Optimal patent length and breadth [J].Brand journal of economics,1990(21):106-112.
188. Richard J.Sexton, Terri A. Sexton. Measuring research benefit in an imperfect market:reply to Holloway [J].2000(22):129-131.
189. Romer, P.M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 1990(98):71-102.
190. R. Pound.A survey of Social Interest[J].Harvard Law Review 57,1943
191. Sergio H.Lence, et, al.Welfare impacts of intellectual property protection in the seed industry [J].American journal of agriculturaleconomics,2005, November:951-968.
192. Sergio H.Lence, et, al.Welfare impacts of cross-country spillovers in agricultural research [J]. American journal of agriculturaleconomics,2008, February:197-215.
193. Sharmila Vishwasrao.Intellectual property rights and the mode of technology transfer [J].Journal of development economics,1994(44):381-402.
194. Sobolevsky, Moschini and Lapan. Genetically modified crop innovations and product differentiation:trade and welfare effects in the soybean complex[W].working paper,02-WP 319,November 2002.
195. Sobolevsky, Moschini and Lapan. Genetically modified crops and product differentiation:trade and welfare effects in the soybean complex[J],.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2005 (87):621-644.
196. Srinivasan et,al. Impact of terminator technologies in developing countries:a framework for economic analysis [M/OL].CAB international 2002.Economic and social issues in agricultural biotechnology, chapter 9.
197. Srinivasan, Thirtle. Understanding the emergence of terminator technologies [J].Journal of international development,2000(12):1147-1158.
198. Steven.B.Garland, et, al, The Canadian patent system:an appropriate balance between the public and the patentee,16c.I.P.R44,1994.
199. Susanto Basu,David N.Weil,1998,Appropriate technology and growth, The quarterly journal of economics,1998(113):1025-1054.
200. Swagata "Ban" Banerjee, Steven W. Martin. An estimation of producer returns from Bt cotton with varying refuge sizes [J].crop production,2008(27):1003-1008.
201. Timo Goeschl,et,al.Genetic use restriction technologies and the diffusion of yield gains to developing countries [J].Journal of international development,2000(12):1159-1178.
202. Timo Goeschl, et, al. The impact of genetic use restriction technologies on developing countries:a forecast [M/OL].CAB international 2002.Economic and social issues in agricultural biotechnology, chapter 10.
203. Tom Lee and Louis L.Wilde.Market structure and innovation reformulation, the quarterly journal of economics,1980(94):430-436.
204. Wallace E.Huffman, et, al.Do formula or competitive grant funds have greater impacts on state agricultural productivity? American journal of agricultural economics,2006, November, P783-798.
205. Willard W. Cochrane. Farm prices, myth and reality [M].University of Minnesota Press,1958.
206. William D.Mcbride, Nora Books. Survey evidence on producer use and costs of genetically modified seed [J].Agribusiness,2000(1):6-20.
①具体参见郑成思、张晓都：《专利条件实质》,P243,法律出版社2002年版。
②具体参见李明德：《美国知识产权法》,P47,法律出版社2003年版。
③事实上在该法案通过之前美国种子贸易协会曾数次游说国会试图将有性繁殖的种子也纳入到该法案中,具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
①具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P260-261,知识产权出版社2009年版。
②具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
①具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
②具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P261,知识产权出版社2009年版。
③具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P258,知识产权出版社2009年版。
①具体参见李剑：《植物新品种权的权利限制》,《电子知识产权》2008年第6期,P41-44。
②具体参见UPOV1991,Article 15 (1).
③关于实质性衍生品种包括的具体范围可参见UPOV1991, Article14 (2) b.
④该案件是4个案件中最为重要的,被称为生物技术专利保护中的里程碑案件,美国联邦最高法院1980年对该案件的判决揭开了现代生物技术专利保护的序幕。其中Diamond为时任美国国家专利局局长,而Charkrabarty为印度籍美国科学家,当时受雇于通用电气公司(G E),受GE支持,Charkarabarty于1972年向美国国家专利局(USPTO)递交专利申请。
①具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P100,知识产权出版社2009年版。
②具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
③具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P102,知识产权出版社2009年版。
①具体参见魏衍亮：《生物技术的专利保护研究》,P55,知识产权出版社2004年版。
②欧洲专利公约第53条是对不能取得专利发明的规定,而(b)则指出“植物或动物品种或者实质上是生产动植物的生物学方法。本规定不适用于微生物学的方法以及用该方法获得的产品”
2.陈超,李道国.品种权保护对农民增收的影响分析[J].中国农村经济,2004(9)：38-42.
3.陈超,展进涛.转基因技术对我国植物新品种保护制度的挑战[J].知识产权,2006(6)：44-47
4.道格拉斯·C·诺斯著,杭行翻译.制度、制度变迁与经济绩效[M].上海三联书店2008年版.
5.董学兵、史晋川.累积创新框架下的知识产权保护研究[J].经济研究,2006(5)：97-105
6.范存会,黄季焜,胡瑞法,张彩萍.Bt抗虫棉的种植对农药施用的影响[J].中国农村观察,2002(5)：2～10
6.范存会,黄季焜.生物技术经济影响的分析方法与应用[J].中国农村观察,2004(1)：28-34.
7.范存会.我国采用Bt抗虫棉的经济和健康影响[D].中国农业科学院2002年博士学位论文.
8.冯晓青.知识产权法的价值构造：知识产权法利益平衡机制研究[J].《中国法学》2007(1)：67-77.
9.冯晓青.论利益平衡原理及其在知识产权法中的适用[J].《江海学刊》2007(1)：141-146.
10.国际农业生物技术应用推广协会官方网站：www.isaaa.org
11.郭艳芹.我国转基因科研投资的经济效益评估—以转基因水稻为例的实证分析[D].新疆农业大学2004年硕士学位论文.
12.韩晓燕,翟印礼.中国农业生产率的地区差异与收敛性研究[J].农业技术经济,2005(6)：52-57.
13.韩一军,柯炳生.美国棉花补贴所引起的WTO贸易争端及启示[J]农业经济问题,2004(9)：20-28.
14.韩玉雄,李怀祖.知识产权保护对经济增长的影响：一个基于垂直创新的技术扩散模型[J].当代经济科学,2003(3)：33-41
15.何平,苏胜娣,韩敬花.实施UPOV1991文本对科研育种的挑战及应对措施[J].农业科技管理,2008(6)：15-18.
16.黄季焜,林海,胡瑞法,罗斯高,卡尔·普瑞.推进转基因抗虫棉对次要害虫农药施用的影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2007(1)：4-12.
17.黄武,林祥明.植物新品种保护对育种者研发行为影响的实证研究[J].中国农村经济,2007(4)：69-74.
18.黄祖辉,钱峰燕.技术进步对我国农民的收入影响及政策分析[J].中国农村经济,2003(12)：11-17.
19.加藤一郎.民法的论理与利益衡量[M].有斐阁,1974年出版.
20.科斯,A·阿尔钦,D·诺斯等著.财产权利与制度变迁—产权学派与新制度学派译文集[M].上海三联书店1994年版
21.课题组.昂贵的代价-我国大豆产业发展战略与国际竞争力研究[J].国际贸易,2002(10)：10-14.
22.赖明勇、张新、彭水军、包群.经济增长的源泉-人力资本、研究开发与技术外溢[J].中国社会科学,2005(2)：32-46.
23.李道国,谭涛.国际植物新品种保护联盟公约背景下的农民留种行为分析[J].中国农村经济,2006年(3)：23-27.
24.李长久.加拿大农业发展对中国的启示[J].经济晾望,2008(11)：36-38. 华中农业大学2010届博士学位论文：基于IPRs的农业生物技术研发福利效应与政策研究—以转基因棉花为例
25.李剑.美国植物品种法律保护制度研究[J].法律适用,2008(6)：87-91.
26.李剑.植物新品种权的权利限制[J].电子知识产权,2008(6)：41-44.
27.李明德.美国知识产权法[M].法律出版社2003年版.
28.刘鉴强.对健康和环境有风险?转基因在美国遭到阻击——专访“绿色和平”科学顾问杜琳·斯德宾斯基教授[N/OL].具体参见http://www.people.com.
29.刘进宝,刘洪.农业技术进步与农民农业收入增长弱相关性分析[J].中国农村经济,2004(9)：26-37.
30.刘银良.生物技术的知识产权保护[M].知识产权出版社2009年版.
31.卢锋.我国棉花国际贸易“贱卖贵买”现象研究[J].经济研究,2000(2)：3-16.
32.罗斯科.庞德.通过法律的社会控制—法律的任务[J].沈宗灵,董世忠译,商务印书馆1984
33.刘作翔.权利冲突的几个理论问题[J].中国法学,2002年(2)：56-71.
34.潘苏,谭砚文.主要棉花生产国棉花补贴政策的比较分析[J].世界农业,2007(12)：30-32.
35.仇焕广,黄季焜,杨军.关于消费者对转基因技术和食品态度研究的讨论[J].中国科技论坛,2007(3)：105-108.
36.任寰.论知识产权法的利益平衡原则[J].知识产权,2005年(3)：13-18.
37.萨缪尔森.经济学(第16版)[M].华夏出版社1999年版.
38.孙国华,朱景文.法理学[M].北京大学出版社1995年版.
39.苏军,黄季焜,乔方彬.转Bt基因抗虫棉生产的经济效益分析.农业技术经济,2000(5)：26-31.
40.苏岳静,胡瑞法,黄季焜,范存会.农民抗虫棉技术选择行为及其影响因素分析[J].棉花学报,2004(5)：259-264.
41.孙炜琳,王端波.农业植物新品种保护面临的瓶颈及原因分析[J].农业经济问题,2008年第12期：19-24.
42.谭晶荣.棉花生产量、贸易量变动与国际棉价波动的实证分析-以棉花生产国和贸易国为例[J].国际贸易问题2007(7)：31-37.
43.谭砚文.美国2008新农业法案中的棉花补贴政策及其启示[J].农业经济问题,2009(4)：103-109.
44.谭砚文,温思美,李崇光.中国棉花国际贸易对国际市场棉花价格影响的实证分析-对中国棉花“贱卖贵买”现象的质疑[J].中国农村经济,2005(1)：11-16.
45.王兆阳,辛贤.大国开放条件下棉花市场价格决定研究[J].中国农村观察,2004(3)：35-43.
46.魏衍亮.生物技术的专利保护研究[M].知识产权出版社2004年版.
47.吴汉东.知识产权本质的多维度解读[J].中国法学,2006年(5)：97-106.
48.吴汉东.科技、经济、法律协调机制中的知识产权法[J].法学研究,2001(6)：128-148.
49.吴汉东.知识产权的私权与人权属性—以《知识产权协议》与《世界人权公约》为对象[J].法学研究,2003年(3)：66-78.
50.吴汉东.知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展[J].法学研究,2005(3)：126-140.
51.吴汉东,王毅.中国传统文化与著作权制度略论[J].法学研究,1994(1)：18-24.
52.吴立增,刘伟平,黄秀娟.植物新品种保护对品种权人的经济效益影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2005(3)：54-60.
53.王泽鉴.民法物权,第二册[M].中国政法大学2001年版.
54.西奥多·W·舒尔茨.改造传统农业[M].商务印书馆,2003.
55.项新华,张正,庞星火.北京市城区居民的转基因食品知识、态度、行为及影响因素分析[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2005(3)：217-219.
56.信乃诠.加拿大的农业科技及其组织管理[J].世界农业,2009(4)：52-55.
57.杨全发、韩樱.知识产权保护与跨国公司对外直接投资策略[J].经济研究,2006(4)：28-34
58.尹翔硕.创新能力、模仿能力与知识产权保护中的执行成本—论TRIPs条件下发展中国家知识产权侵权的必然性[J].世界经济研究,2008(3)：21-26.
59.余建斌,李大胜.中国农业生产的技术效率及其影响因素分析[J].统计与决策,2008(14)：83-86.
60.袁秀挺.知识产权权利限制研究—着重于知识产权制度的内部考察[D].北京大学2003年博士学位论文。
61.袁瑛,吴丽.转基因悄然而胜[J].具体参见《商务周刊》2008年9月,http://business.sohu.com/20080910/n259479542.shtml.
62.展进涛,黄武,陈超.植物新品种保护制度对育种投资结构的影响分析[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6)：49-54.
63.张彩萍,黄季焜.现代农业生物技术研发的政策取向[J].农业技术经济,2002(3)：23-28.
64.张海森,杨军,韩一军,刘英杰.美国取消棉花补贴对世界及我国棉业经济的影响[J].农业经济问题,2006(1)：75-78.
65.张社梅.国产转基因棉花科研与应用的经济分析[D].中国农业科学院农业经济研究所2007年博士学位论文.
66.张社梅,赵芝俊,朱希刚.国产转基因棉花科研投资收益的定量分析[J].中国农村经济2008(7)：14-23.
67.张文显.法理学[M].法律出版社1997年版.
68.张晓都.专利实质条件—从发明与实用新型专利的实质条件到生物技术发明的可专利性[M].法律出版社2002年版.
69.张亚斌、易先忠.南方国家知识产权保护与南北经济收敛[J].财经研究,2006(6)：132-143.
70.张亚斌,吴江,易先忠.知识产权保护与南北技术扩散[J].世界经济研究,2007(1)：8-11.
71.张运华.中国农业生产效率分析[J].统计与决策,2007(2)：62-64.
72.郑成思,张晓都.专利条件实质[M].法律出版社2002年版.
73.邹薇、代谦.技术模仿、人力资本积累与经济赶超.中国社会科学,2003(5)：26-38
74.张启发院士领衔的中国科学院学部“我国转基因作物研究和产业化发展策略”咨询组.我国转基因作物研究和产业化发展策略的建议[R].具体参见http://www.happyboyer.cn/html/Dir/2004/09/29/8456.htm
75.朱雪忠,杨远斌.转基因植物的专利保护探讨[J].知识产权研究,2005年(4)：34-38.
76. Alan V.Deardoff. Welfare effect of global patent protection [J]. Economica,1992 (59):35-51.
77. Albert K.A. Acquaye, Greg Traxler. Monopoly power, price discrimination, and access to biotechnology innovations [J].AgBioForum,2005 (8):127-133. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
78. Alexandre Gohin, Giancarlo Moschini. Evaluating the market and welfare impacts of agricultural policies in developed countries:comparison of partial and general equilibrium measures [J].Review of agricultural economics,2006(28):195-211.
79. Altson,J.M., G.W. Norton and P.GPardey. Scinece under scarcity:principles and practices for agricultural research evaluation and priority setting[M].Ithaca NY:Cornell University Press,1995.
80. Alston,et,al.the effect of imperfect competition on the size and distribution of research benefits[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1997 (79):1252-1265.
81. Amy Jocelyn Glass,et,at. Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment[J].Journal of international economics,2002(56):189-204.
82. Arnab K.Basu and Matin Qaim.On the adoption of genetically modified seeds in developing countries and the optimal types of government intervention[J].American journal of agricultural economics,2007(8):784-804.
83. Avinash Dixit. A general model of R&D competition and policy[J].The rand journal of economics,1988(19):317-326.
84. Avinash Dixit. Monopolistic competition and optimum product diversity [J].The American economic review,1977(06):297-308.
85. Babcock,et,al.The impacts of damage control on the quantity and quality of output:estimating pest control effectiveness [J]. American Journal of agricultural economics,1992(74):163-172
86. Brennan,M.et,al.An innovation market approach to analyzing impacts of mergers and acquisitions in the plant biotechnology [J].AgBioForum,2005(8):89-99. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
87. Brigitte van Beuzekom,et,al. OECD biotechnology statistics-2006[M].
88. Bruce A.Lebman.Intellectual property:America's comparative advantage in the 21st century [J].The Columbia journal of world business,1996(31):6-16.
89. Canola council. Canola annual report 2008:a great perspective[R].
90. Carl E. Pray, et, al.The economics of agricultural biotechnology research [W].ESA working paper, 2003, June, NO.03-07.
91. Carl E.Pray,et,al.Five years of Bt cotton in China-the benefit continue[J]. Plant journal, 2002(31):423-430.
92. Chang, H,1990, patent scope, antitrust policy and cumulative innovation [J].Rand journal of economics,1990(26):26-57.
93. Chidi Oguamanam. Genetic use restriction (or terminator) technologies (GURTs) in agricultural biotechnology:the limits of technological alternatives to intellectual property [J].Canadian journal of law and technology,59-76. http://cjlt.dal.ca/vol4_nol/pdfarticles/oguamanam.pdf.
94. CGRFA/WG-PGR-1/01/7.Potential impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) on agricultural biodiversity and agricultural production systems[R]. First session, Rome,2-4,July,2001.
95. Clive James. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops:2007", ISAAA briefs 37.
96. Collins, H is quoted in "Terminator technology not terminated," in agra/industrial biotechnology legal letter [J].January,2000, Vol 1.No.1, P4.
97. Daniell, H. Molecular strategies for gene containment in transgenic crops[J]. Nat. Biotechnol.2002 (20):581-587.
98. David Nimmer, The end of copyright,48vand.L.REV.1385,1416(1995).
99. David T.Coe and Elhanan Helpman.International R&D spillovers [J].European economic review, 1995(39):859-887.
100. Debasis Mondal, Manash Ranjan Jupta. Innovation,Imitation and intellectual property rights:a note on Helpman's model[J].Journal of economics,2006(87):29-53.
101. Diwan,I, Rodrik,D,1991, patents. appropriate technology and north-south trade [J]. Journal of international economics,1991(30):27-47.
102. Eaton,et,al. Genetic use restrictiontechnologies(GURTs):potential economic impacts at national and international levels[R].March,2002,Report 6.02.01,Agricultural economic research institute(LEI),the Hague.
104. Edwin L.-C.Lai, et, al,1998, International intellectual property rights protection and the rate of Product innovation, Journal of development economics,1998(55):133-153.
105. Edwin L.-C.Lai, et,al.The north's intellectual property rights stand for the south[J].Journal of international economics,2003(59):183-209.
106. ETC Group. Who owns nature? Corporate power and the final frontier in the co modification of life. November,2008.
107. ETC Group. Terminator rejected:a victory for the people[EB/OL].Please see www.etcgroup.org, News released 24,March,2006.
108. Fernandez,et,al.Economic,Environment and policy impacts of using genetically engineered crops for pest management[C].selected paper presented at the 1998 Nerea meeting,Ithaca,NY,1998,June,22-23.
109. Fernandez,et,al.Farm-level effects of adopting herbicide tolerant soybeans in the USA[R].Unpublished paper, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture,1999.
110. Fernandez,et,al.Genetically engineered crops for pest management in US agricultural, farm frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxins in field populations of Heliothis Virescens[C]., Proceeding of the national academy of science of the USA,2000(94):3519-3523.
111. Flack-Zepeda,et,al. Surplus distribution from the introduction of biotechnology innovation[J].American journal of agricultural economics,2000,May:360-369.
112. F.P.Ramsey,1928,A mathematical theory of saving, The economic journal,1928(38):543-559.
113. Fulton, M.et, al.Agricultural biotechnology and industry structure, AgBioForum,2001(4):137-151. Available on the World Wide Web:http://www.agbioforum.org.
114. Fuglie, et, al. Agricultural research and development:public and private investments under alternative markets and institutions [M].AER 735, USDA, ERS,1996.
115. Gaskell, G.et, al. Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the US [J]. Science,1999(16):384-387.
116. Giancarlo Moschini and Harvey Lapan.Intellectual property rights and welfare effects of agricultural R&D [J].American Journal of agricultural economics,1997, November:261-273.
117. Giancarlo Moschini. Economic benefits and costs of biotechnologies innovations in agriculture [W], working paper,01-WP 264, January 2001.
118. Gianessi,et,al. Agricultural biotechnology:insect control benefits[R].Wash ton DC:National center for food and agricultural policy,July,1999.
119. Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman.Product development and international trade [J].Journal of political economy,1989(97):1261-1283.
120. Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman.Endogenous product cycles [J].The economic journal,1991 September:1214-1229.
121. G. Hardin. The Tragedy of the commons [J].Science,1968,162:1243-1248.
122. Glenn C.Loury.Market structure and innovation [J].The quarterly journal of economics, 1979(93):395-410.
123. Gould D.M.and Gruben W.C. the role of intellectual property rights in economic growth [J].Journal of development economics,1996(48):323-350.
124. Gould F,et,al,1997,Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxins in field populations of Heliothis Virescens,Proceeding of the national academy of science of the USA[R].1997(94):3519-3523.
125. Graham Brookes, Peter Barfoot.GM Crops:The Global Economic and Environmental Impact-The First Nine Years 1996-2004[J]. AgBioForum,2005(8):187-196.
126. Guanming Shi. Intellectual property rights, genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs), and strategic behavior [J].Selected paper prepared for presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual meeting, Long beach, California, July 23-26,2006.
127. Hal R·Varian"Intermediate microeconomics:a modern approach (six edition) [M].W.W.North & Company. New York.London,2003.
128. Harvey E.Lapan, Giancarlo Moschini. Innovation and trade with endogenous market failure:the case of genetically modified products [W].working paper,02-WP-302, May,2002.
129. Harvey E.Lapan, Giancarlo Moschini. Innovation and trade with endogenous market failure:the case of genetically modified products [J].American Journal of agricultural economics, 2004(3):634-648.
130. HeadleyJ. Estimating the productivity of agricultural pesticides[J].American Journal of agricultural economics,1968(50):13-23.
131. http://www.cbd.int/decisions/list.shtml?meeting=cop-05.
132. Helpman, E. Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights [J].Econometrica, 1993(61):1247-1280.
133. H.R REP.NO.60222,60th cong.,2d Sess.7,1909.
134. Hyde,et,al.The economic of Bt cotton:Vauling Protection from European corn borer[J].Review of agricultural economics,1999(21):442-454
135. Ian Moore, Marketa Samalova, Smita Kurup. Transactivated and chemically inducible gene expression inplants [J].The plant journal,2006(45):651-683.
136. IFIC. Food Biotechnology:A Study of U.S. Consumer Attitudinal Trends[R].2008,www://ific.org/research/biotechres03.cfm.
137. ISAAA.Executive summary, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops:2008,The First Thirteen Years,1996 to 2008[EB/OL], http://www.isaaa.org.
138. Jikun Huang, et,al. Plant Biotechnology in China[J].Science,2002(25):674-677.
139. Jikun Huang, et, al. Insect-Resistant GM Rice in Farmers' Fields:Assessing Productivity and Health Effects in China [J].Science,29 April,2005, Vol.308. no.5722, pp.688-690.
140. Jikun Huang et, al.Awareness, acceptness and willingness to buy genetically modified foods in urban China [J].Appetite,2006(46):144-151.
141. Jikun Huang et, al.Eight years of Bt cotton in farmer field in China:is the reduction of insecticide use sustainable [W].working paper, CCAP,2006.
142. Jikun Huang et, al,2008, genetically modified rice, yields and pesicide:assessing farm-level productivity effects in China [J].Economic development and cultural change,2008(56):241-263.
143. Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu,Hans van Meijl,Frank van Tongeren. Biotechnology boost to crop productivity in China:trade and welfare implications[J].Journal of development economics,2004(75):27-54.
144. John Kay. The economics of intellectual property rights[J].International review of law and economics,1993(13):337-348.
145. Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo. The Seed Industry in US Agricultural:An exploration of data and information on crop seed market, regulation, industry structure, and research and development[R].2004.
146. J.R.Branston. A counterfactual price analysis of British electivity privatization [J].Utilities Policies, 2000(9):31-46.
147. Just, Hueth and Schmitz. The welfare economics of public policy-a practical approach to project and policy evaluation[M].Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc:US Massachusetts,2004.
148. Keith E.Maskus, et, al.How trade-related are intellectual property rights [J].Journal of international economics,1995(39):227-248.
149. Keith E.Maskus.The role of intellectual property rights in encourging forgin direct investment and technology transfer[C].Prapared for the conferenfe"Public-private initiatives after Trips:Designing a golbal Agenda. Working paper,July,1997.
150. Keith O.Fuglie,et,al.Economic returns to public agricultural research[R].USDA,ERS,Economic brief number 10,September,2007.
151. King, J.L.et, al.Mergers, acquisitions, and stocks of agricultural biotechnology intellectual property [J]. AgBioForum,2005(8):83-88. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
152. Kongming Wu,et,al,2008, Suppression of Cotton Bollworm in Multiple Crops in China in Areas with Bt Toxin-Containing Cotton[J].Science,19 September,2008(321):1676-1678.
153. Konstantinos Giannakas, et, al.Infringement of intellectual property rights:cause and consequences [J].American journal of agricultural economics,2002, May:482-494.
154. Lei Yang and Keith E.Maskus,2008, Intellectual property rights, technology transfer and exports in developing countries [J].Journal of development economics,2008, July:1-22.
155. Lence, Hayes, Mccunn, Smith and Niebu. Welfare impacts of intellectual property protection in the seed industry[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2005 (87):951-968.
156. Lence and Hayes. Welfare impacts of cross-country spillovers in agricultural research [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2008 (90):197-215.
157. Lence and Hayes. Technology Fees versus GURTs in the Presence of Spillovers:World Welfare Impacts [J]. AgBioForum,2005,8(2&3),172-186. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
158. Lichtenberg, E., D.Ziberman.The econometrics of damage control:why specification matters [J].American Journal of agricultural economics,1986(68):261-273.
159. Luis A.Rivera-Batiz and Paul M.Romer.Economic integration and endogenous growth [J].Quarterly journal of economics,1991,May:531-555.
160. Marianna Khachaturyan, Amalia Yiannaka. The market acceptance and welfare impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTS) [C]. Paper prepared for presentation at the 98th EAAE Seminar'Marketing Dynamics within the Global Trading System:New Perspectives', Chania, Crete, Greece as in:29 June-2 July,2006.
161. Mark Goodwin consulting. Socio-economic value report on the Canadian canola industry For the Canola Council of Canada[R].2009, January.
162. Martin Qaim, David Zilberman. Yield Effects of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries [J]. Science 7 February,2003.Vol.299. no.5608, pp.900-902.
163. Martin Qaim, Greg Traxler,2005, Round up ready soybeans in Argentina:farm level and aggregate welfare effects [J].Agricultural economics,2005(32):73-86.
164. Matin Qaim and Alain de Janvry. Genetically modified crops, corporate pricing strategies, and farms'adoption:the case of Bt cotton in Argentina[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2003 (85):814-828.
165. Matin Qaim, Subramanian, Naik and Zilberman. Adoption of Bt cotton and impact variability: Insights from India[J].Review of Agricultural Economics,2006 (28):48-58.
166. Maureen O'Callaghan,et,al.Effects of plants genetically modified for insect resistance on nontarget organisms [J].Annual Review.Entomol,2005(50):271-292.
167. Mellissa J. Hills, et, al. Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs):strategies to impede transgene movement [J].Trends in plant science,2007(12):177-183.
168. Michael A. Heller. The tragedy of anticommons:property in the transition from Marx to Markets [J].Harvard Law Review,1998(111):667-673.
169. Michael Waterson.The economics of product patents [J].The American economic review,1990(80):860-869.
170. M. O'Brien,E. Mullins. Relevance of genetically modified crops in light of future environmental and legislative challenges to the agri-environment[R]. Annals of Applied Biology ISSN 0003-4746,2008
171. Moschini and Lapan.Intellectual property rights and the welfare effects of agricultural R&D[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1997 (79):1229-1242.
172. Moschini,Lapan,Sobolevsky. Roundup ready soybeans and welfare effects in the soybean complex [J].Agribusiness,2000(1):33-55.
173. M.Scott Taylor. Trips, trade and growth, International economic review,1994(35):361-381.
174. OECD.Compendium of patent statistics 2008[M].
175. Paul A.Samuelson. Evaluation of real national income [J]. Oxford economic papers, new series, 1950(2):1-29.
176. Paul M.Romer.Endogenous technological change, The journal of political economy,1990(98):71-102.
177. Patterson, et, al, The nature of copyright:a law of usrs'right[M].The university of Georgia press,1991.
178. Peter Reinisch. Biotechnology in Europe:turning the corner[F/OL]. Available at:http://www.life-science-ventures.de/downloads/EVCJSept-Oct2005Biotech_TurningtheCorner .pdf.
179. Peter Goldsmith, et, al.Intellectual property piracy in a north-south context:empirical evidence [J].Agricultural economics,2006(35):335-349.
180. Philippe Aghion, et, al.A model of growth through creative destruction [J].Econometrica, 1992(60):323-351.
181. Pray, Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu and Rozelle. Five years of Bt cotton in China-the benefits continue[J].The Plant Journal,2002(4),423-430.
182. Qaim and Alain de Janvry,2003,Genetically modified crops,corporate pricing strategies,and farms' adoption:the case of Bt cotton in Argentina[J].American journal of agriculturaleconomics,November:814-828.
183. Rabobank. The World Seed Market:Developments and Strategies [M].Netherlands,1996.
184. Robet M.Solow. Technical change and aggregate production function [J].The review of economics and statistics,1957(39):312-320.
185. Robet M.Solow. A contribution of the theory of economic growth[J].Quarterly journal of economics,1957(70):65-94.
186. Robert J.Barro and Xavier Sala-I-Martin,1997, Technological diffusion, Convergence and growth [J]. Journal of economic growth,1997(2):1-27.
187. Richard Gilbert and Carl Sharpiro.Optimal patent length and breadth [J].Brand journal of economics,1990(21):106-112.
188. Richard J.Sexton, Terri A. Sexton. Measuring research benefit in an imperfect market:reply to Holloway [J].2000(22):129-131.
189. Romer, P.M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 1990(98):71-102.
190. R. Pound.A survey of Social Interest[J].Harvard Law Review 57,1943
191. Sergio H.Lence, et, al.Welfare impacts of intellectual property protection in the seed industry [J].American journal of agriculturaleconomics,2005, November:951-968.
192. Sergio H.Lence, et, al.Welfare impacts of cross-country spillovers in agricultural research [J]. American journal of agriculturaleconomics,2008, February:197-215.
193. Sharmila Vishwasrao.Intellectual property rights and the mode of technology transfer [J].Journal of development economics,1994(44):381-402.
194. Sobolevsky, Moschini and Lapan. Genetically modified crop innovations and product differentiation:trade and welfare effects in the soybean complex[W].working paper,02-WP 319,November 2002.
195. Sobolevsky, Moschini and Lapan. Genetically modified crops and product differentiation:trade and welfare effects in the soybean complex[J],.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2005 (87):621-644.
196. Srinivasan et,al. Impact of terminator technologies in developing countries:a framework for economic analysis [M/OL].CAB international 2002.Economic and social issues in agricultural biotechnology, chapter 9.
197. Srinivasan, Thirtle. Understanding the emergence of terminator technologies [J].Journal of international development,2000(12):1147-1158.
198. Steven.B.Garland, et, al, The Canadian patent system:an appropriate balance between the public and the patentee,16c.I.P.R44,1994.
199. Susanto Basu,David N.Weil,1998,Appropriate technology and growth, The quarterly journal of economics,1998(113):1025-1054.
200. Swagata "Ban" Banerjee, Steven W. Martin. An estimation of producer returns from Bt cotton with varying refuge sizes [J].crop production,2008(27):1003-1008.
201. Timo Goeschl,et,al.Genetic use restriction technologies and the diffusion of yield gains to developing countries [J].Journal of international development,2000(12):1159-1178.
202. Timo Goeschl, et, al. The impact of genetic use restriction technologies on developing countries:a forecast [M/OL].CAB international 2002.Economic and social issues in agricultural biotechnology, chapter 10.
203. Tom Lee and Louis L.Wilde.Market structure and innovation reformulation, the quarterly journal of economics,1980(94):430-436.
204. Wallace E.Huffman, et, al.Do formula or competitive grant funds have greater impacts on state agricultural productivity? American journal of agricultural economics,2006, November, P783-798.
205. Willard W. Cochrane. Farm prices, myth and reality [M].University of Minnesota Press,1958.
206. William D.Mcbride, Nora Books. Survey evidence on producer use and costs of genetically modified seed [J].Agribusiness,2000(1):6-20.
①具体参见郑成思、张晓都：《专利条件实质》,P243,法律出版社2002年版。
②具体参见李明德：《美国知识产权法》,P47,法律出版社2003年版。
③事实上在该法案通过之前美国种子贸易协会曾数次游说国会试图将有性繁殖的种子也纳入到该法案中,具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
①具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P260-261,知识产权出版社2009年版。
②具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
①具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
②具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P261,知识产权出版社2009年版。
③具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P258,知识产权出版社2009年版。
①具体参见李剑：《植物新品种权的权利限制》,《电子知识产权》2008年第6期,P41-44。
②具体参见UPOV1991,Article 15 (1).
③关于实质性衍生品种包括的具体范围可参见UPOV1991, Article14 (2) b.
④该案件是4个案件中最为重要的,被称为生物技术专利保护中的里程碑案件,美国联邦最高法院1980年对该案件的判决揭开了现代生物技术专利保护的序幕。其中Diamond为时任美国国家专利局局长,而Charkrabarty为印度籍美国科学家,当时受雇于通用电气公司(G E),受GE支持,Charkarabarty于1972年向美国国家专利局(USPTO)递交专利申请。
①具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P100,知识产权出版社2009年版。
②具体参见李剑：《美国植物品种法律保护制度研究》,《法律适用》2008年第6期,P87-91。
③具体参见刘银良：《生物技术的知识产权保护》,P102,知识产权出版社2009年版。
①具体参见魏衍亮：《生物技术的专利保护研究》,P55,知识产权出版社2004年版。
②欧洲专利公约第53条是对不能取得专利发明的规定,而(b)则指出“植物或动物品种或者实质上是生产动植物的生物学方法。本规定不适用于微生物学的方法以及用该方法获得的产品”