现代汉语中的英语借词研究
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摘要
语言借用是语言间相互接触的结果,其中以词汇借用最为典型。改革开放后,由于英汉语言接触的纵深发展,现代汉语中的英语借词不断增加,并已成为汉语词汇不可缺少的一部分。分析现代汉语中的英语借词,不仅对于汉语词汇系统的研究具有重要意义,而且有助于进一步了解汉语在英汉接触环境下的发展情况。
本文首先对现代汉语中的英语借词进行分类,把英语借词分为“意译词”、“音译词”、“混合词”、“音义兼顾词”和“字母词”,并分别对各类借词进行深入的探讨。然后在观察和分析大量语料的基础上,分别就英语借词对现代汉语在词汇、语义以及构词法等方面的影响进行论述。最后经过分析两种对于英语借词的不同看法和态度,表明本文持积极肯定的态度。全文共有七章,其主体部分分为五章。第二章是关于语言接触与语言借用相关理论的论述;第三章探讨英语借词对现代汉语词汇的影响;第四章探讨英语借词对现代汉语词义的影响;第五章指出英语借词对汉语构词法的影响;第六章探讨对待英语借词的不同态度。
在研究中发现:第一,英语借词大大丰富了现代汉语词汇,改变了汉语词汇的面貌;第二,英语借词引起了一些汉语词义的变化,主要表现在:英语词语的意义变化引起汉语对应词意义的变化;由于汉英对应词语本义的差异引起的汉语词语意义的变化;第三,英语借词进入汉语的同时,为现代汉语带来新的语素。新语素主要有:英语借词中的某个语素从借词中分离出来,形成构成汉语新词的新生成分;某些借词以语素的身份参与新词语的构造;英语借词带来的新词缀。由此可见,英语借词对现代汉语产生了积极的影响,并对汉语的发展起到了推动作用。
Linguistic borrowing is the most usual effect of language contact and lexical borrowing is a typical type of linguistic borrowing. Since language contact was intensified in depth and breadth after the economic reforms and opening to the West, English loanwords in contemporary Chinese have been on the increase and become a part of the Chinese language. The analysis of English loanwords in contemporary Chinese is of great significance to the research on Chinese vocabulary system, and it is helpful to comprehend the development of the Chinese language in Chinese-English contacts.
In the thesis, first of all, English loanwords are classified into "semantic loans", "phonetic loans", "hybrids", "loan blends" and "letter words". Every type of loanwords is explored in detail. And then based on the linguistic materials, the influences of English loan words on contemporary Chinese are discussed from lexical, semantic and word-formation aspects. At last, two kinds of attitudes toward English loanwords are mentioned and the positive attitude is retained in this thesis. The whole thesis consists of seven chapters, the main part of which contains five chapters. The second chapter deals with the theory of language contact and linguistic borrowing. The third chapter examines the influences of English loanwords on contemporary Chinese lexicon. The fourth chapter discusses the influences of English loanwords on the semantics in contemporary Chinese. The fifth chapter points out the influences of English loanwords on Chinese word-formation. The sixth chapter explores the different attitudes towards English loanwords.
There are some findings in this study. Firstly, English loanwords enrich contemporary Chinese vocabulary greatly and change the features of Chinese lexicon. Secondly, English loanwords have brought about semantic changes of some Chinese words. The changes manifest themselves mainly in the following aspects: the semantic change of English words contributes to the changes in the meaning of the relative Chinese words, and the semantic differentiation between English and Chinese leads to the change of meanings of Chinese word. Thirdly, English loan words bring new morphemes to contemporary Chinese. The new morphemes include the new word-forming components which are detached from English loanwords, the English loans which themselves become active components in word building, and the new affixes which have appeared in Chinese due to the borrowings from English. It is clear that English loanwords have positive influence on contemporary Chinese and promote the development of the Chinese language.
本文首先对现代汉语中的英语借词进行分类,把英语借词分为“意译词”、“音译词”、“混合词”、“音义兼顾词”和“字母词”,并分别对各类借词进行深入的探讨。然后在观察和分析大量语料的基础上,分别就英语借词对现代汉语在词汇、语义以及构词法等方面的影响进行论述。最后经过分析两种对于英语借词的不同看法和态度,表明本文持积极肯定的态度。全文共有七章,其主体部分分为五章。第二章是关于语言接触与语言借用相关理论的论述;第三章探讨英语借词对现代汉语词汇的影响;第四章探讨英语借词对现代汉语词义的影响;第五章指出英语借词对汉语构词法的影响;第六章探讨对待英语借词的不同态度。
在研究中发现:第一,英语借词大大丰富了现代汉语词汇,改变了汉语词汇的面貌;第二,英语借词引起了一些汉语词义的变化,主要表现在:英语词语的意义变化引起汉语对应词意义的变化;由于汉英对应词语本义的差异引起的汉语词语意义的变化;第三,英语借词进入汉语的同时,为现代汉语带来新的语素。新语素主要有:英语借词中的某个语素从借词中分离出来,形成构成汉语新词的新生成分;某些借词以语素的身份参与新词语的构造;英语借词带来的新词缀。由此可见,英语借词对现代汉语产生了积极的影响,并对汉语的发展起到了推动作用。
Linguistic borrowing is the most usual effect of language contact and lexical borrowing is a typical type of linguistic borrowing. Since language contact was intensified in depth and breadth after the economic reforms and opening to the West, English loanwords in contemporary Chinese have been on the increase and become a part of the Chinese language. The analysis of English loanwords in contemporary Chinese is of great significance to the research on Chinese vocabulary system, and it is helpful to comprehend the development of the Chinese language in Chinese-English contacts.
In the thesis, first of all, English loanwords are classified into "semantic loans", "phonetic loans", "hybrids", "loan blends" and "letter words". Every type of loanwords is explored in detail. And then based on the linguistic materials, the influences of English loan words on contemporary Chinese are discussed from lexical, semantic and word-formation aspects. At last, two kinds of attitudes toward English loanwords are mentioned and the positive attitude is retained in this thesis. The whole thesis consists of seven chapters, the main part of which contains five chapters. The second chapter deals with the theory of language contact and linguistic borrowing. The third chapter examines the influences of English loanwords on contemporary Chinese lexicon. The fourth chapter discusses the influences of English loanwords on the semantics in contemporary Chinese. The fifth chapter points out the influences of English loanwords on Chinese word-formation. The sixth chapter explores the different attitudes towards English loanwords.
There are some findings in this study. Firstly, English loanwords enrich contemporary Chinese vocabulary greatly and change the features of Chinese lexicon. Secondly, English loanwords have brought about semantic changes of some Chinese words. The changes manifest themselves mainly in the following aspects: the semantic change of English words contributes to the changes in the meaning of the relative Chinese words, and the semantic differentiation between English and Chinese leads to the change of meanings of Chinese word. Thirdly, English loan words bring new morphemes to contemporary Chinese. The new morphemes include the new word-forming components which are detached from English loanwords, the English loans which themselves become active components in word building, and the new affixes which have appeared in Chinese due to the borrowings from English. It is clear that English loanwords have positive influence on contemporary Chinese and promote the development of the Chinese language.
引文
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[2]Bloomfield,L.2001.Language[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[3]Bynon,T.1977.Historical Linguistics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[4]Chan,M & H.Kwok.1982.A study of lexical borrowing from English in Hong Kong Chinese[M].Hong Kong:Center of Asian Studies.
[5]Chao,Y.R.1976.Interlingual and interdialectal borrowing in Chinese[A].In S.D.Anwar (Ed.).Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics:Essays by Yuen Ren Chao[C].Stanford:Stanford University Press.PP.184-200.
[6]Chen,P.1999.Modern Chinese[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[7]Haugen,E.1950.The analysis of linguistic borrowing[J].Language 26:210-231.
[8]Hsu,J.L.1994.Englishization and language change in modern Chinese in Taiwan[J].World English 13(2):167-184.
[9]Jespersen,O.1968.Language:Its nature,development and origin[M].London:Allen Photolithography.
[10]Kubler,C.C.1985.A study of Europeanized grammar in modern written Chinese[M].Taipei:Student Book Co.,Ltd.
[11]Li,C.1962.New features in Chinese grammatical usage[M].Berkeley:Center for Chinese Studies,University of California.
[12]Li,D.1996.Issues in bilingualism and biculturalism:A Hong Kong case study[M].New York:P Lang.
[13]Li,D.1999.Linguistic convergence:impact of English on Hong Kong Cantonese[J].Asian Englishes 2(1):5-36.
[14]Packard,J.2000.The Morphology of Chinese[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[15]Sapir,L.1921.Language[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace Jovanovich.
[16]Sawer,M.1995.Handling neologisms in teaching and learning modern standard Chinese[J].Australian Review of Applied Linguistics,Series S,12:202-228.
[17]Thomason,S.G.& T,Kaufman.1988.Language contact,creolization,and genetic linguistics[M].Berkeley:University of California Press.
[18]Thomason,S.G.2001.Language contact:An introduction[M].Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
[19]T'sou,B.K.2001.Language contact and lexical innovation[A].In M.Lackner,I.Amelung & J.Kurtz(Eds.).New terms for new ideas:Western knowledge and lexical change in late imperial China[C].J Brill:Berlin.PP.35-56.
[20]Weinreich,U.1964.Languages in contact:Findings and problems[M].New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
[21]Winter,W.1973.Linguistics:Some General Considerations[A].In Thomas A.Sebeok (ed.)1973 Current Trends in Linguistics[C].Hague:Mouuton.
[22]曹炜,2004,《现代汉语词汇研究》[M]。北京:北京大学出版社。
[23]陈建民,1996,改革开放以来中国大陆的词汇变异[J],《语言文字应用》第1期,86-92页。
[24]陈燕,2005,《语言借用与社会心理研究》[M]。厦门:厦门大学出版社。
[25]陈原,1980,《语言与社会生活——社会语言学札记》[M]。北京:三联书店出版社。
[26]董秀梅,2002,关于改革开放以来汉语吸收外来词的思考,《聊城师院学报》第2期,120-122页。
[27]杜瑞清,姜亚军,2001,近二十年“中国英语”研究评述[J],《外语教学与研究》第1期,37-41页。
[28]高名凯,刘正埮,1958,《现代汉语外来词研究》[M]。北京:文字改革出版社。
[29]郭鸿杰,2002a,从形态学的角度论汉语中的英语借词对汉语构词法的影响[J],《上海交通大学学报》(社会科学版)第4期,104-108页。
[30]郭鸿杰,2002b,二十年来现代汉语中的英语借词及其对汉语语法的影响[J],《解放军外国语学院学报》第5期,1-4页。
[31]郭鸿杰,周芹芹,2003a,现代汉语新词语的构词特点——兼评《新华新词语词典》[J],《解放军外国语学院学报》第4期,40-43页。
[32]郭鸿杰,周国强,2003b,20年来英语对中国大陆现代汉语词法和句法的影响[J],《外语教学》第5期,18-22页。
[33]郭鸿杰,2005,《英语对现代汉语的影响——语言认知研究法》[M]。上海:上海交通大学出版社。
[34]胡晓清,1998,《外来语》[M]。北京:新华出版社。
[35]胡兆云,2001,《语言接触与英汉借词研究》[M]。济南:山东大学出版社。
[36]黎昌抱,2001,英汉外来词对比研究[J],《外语教学》第5期,92-96页。
[37]罗常培,1950,《语言与文化》[M]。北京:北京大学出版社。
[38]李文中,1993,中国英语与中国式英语[J],《外语教学与研究》第4期,18-24页。
[39]李作南,李仁孝,1996,反对滥用洋名洋文,纠正汉字使用上的不规范现象[J],《语文学刊》第6期,16-21页。
[40]吕叔湘,1983,《中国文法要略》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
[41]马西尼,1997,《现代汉语词汇的形成——十九世纪汉语外来词研究》[M],黄河清译。上海:汉语大词典出版社。
[42]潘国文,叶步青,韩洋,1993,《汉语的构词法研究》[M]。台北:学生书局。
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