论模糊语言及其语用价值
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摘要
模糊语言学是一门新兴语言学边缘学科。从六十年代中期开始，国外不少学者从多种角度、不同层次对其进行了研究，且不乏富有启发性的专著和论文问世。中国对模糊语言研究起步于七十年代末，学者们也从语义学、语用学、词汇学、句法学、心理学，认知学等角度对模糊语言进行了多方位的探究。笔者认为对模糊语言的研究虽然面广，但透彻、系统的研究还是不够的。本文试图从语用学角度把模糊语言和其语用功能结合起来进行探讨，同时深入分析了模糊语言的语用价值。
全文分为五章。第一章对模糊语言进行了定义，同时概述了造成模糊语言的原因。鉴于模糊与歧义的概念较易混淆，笔者对它们作了较全面的比较。
第二章介绍了英语模糊语言的类型：模糊限制语，模糊词汇，模糊蕴涵。模糊限制语是模糊语言的核心，因此笔者较详细介绍了模糊限制语及其类型和它的语义特征的表现。
第三章分析了模糊语言与话语意义以及模糊语言与语境的关系。从分析模糊语言所表达的静态意义和动态意义入手，探讨了语义模糊和语用模糊的区别以及二者的相互依赖的不可分割性。其次讨论了语境对模糊语言的解释功能和制约功能，指出研究模糊语言不能离开语境。
第四章是本文的重点部分。本章首先介绍了模糊语言语用价值的理论基础，其次着重讨论了模糊语言的语用功能及在不同的语境中，人们利用模糊语言以达到某种特殊的语用目的或修辞效果。同时指出模糊语言被广泛地使用，具有极强的生命力。
第五章对全文进行归纳总结，并指出本课题研究的局限性和不足之处。
Vague linguistics is a marginal subject in linguistic research. Since the mid-1960s, researches on vague language have been undertaken by many foreign scholars who have conducted their studies from various aspects and layers and accomplished a great number of illuminating books and articles. In china, studies on vague language started in the late 1970s, Chinese scholars have also done a lot of researches on this subject from the angles of semantics, pragmatics, lexicology, syntax, psychology, cognitive psychology, etc. However, in the author's opinion, the researches are neither deep nor systematic enough. This thesis attempts to, from pragmatic aspect, provide a comparatively comprehensive discussion on vague language and its pragmatic function, and analyze the pragmatic value of vague language.
The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter gives the definition of vague language and explores its causes. Since vagueness and ambiguity are quite confusing, the author makes a comparatively thorough distinction between them.
In Chapter Two, types of vague language are introduced. As hedge is the core of vague language, the definition of hedge, its types and semantic features are further discussed.
In Chapter Three, the relationship between vague language and meaning and context is discussed. Firstly, by analyzing the static meaning and dynamic meaning expressed by vague language, the author explores the difference between semantic vagueness and pragmatic vagueness and their interdependence. Then, the interpretive and restricted functions of context to vague language are analyzed, which shows that studying vague language cannot be separated from context.
Chapter Four is the main part of this thesis. The author introduces the theoretical grounds for pragmatic value of vague language, analyzes pragmatic functions of vague language and people's intentional use of
vague language on different occasions to bring about certain pragmatic purpose and achieve rhetorical effect. At the same time, the author points out that vague language is widely used and has great vitality.
Chapter Five is the conclusive part, which gives a brief summary of the thesis and points out the limitations of the present study.
全文分为五章。第一章对模糊语言进行了定义，同时概述了造成模糊语言的原因。鉴于模糊与歧义的概念较易混淆，笔者对它们作了较全面的比较。
第二章介绍了英语模糊语言的类型：模糊限制语，模糊词汇，模糊蕴涵。模糊限制语是模糊语言的核心，因此笔者较详细介绍了模糊限制语及其类型和它的语义特征的表现。
第三章分析了模糊语言与话语意义以及模糊语言与语境的关系。从分析模糊语言所表达的静态意义和动态意义入手，探讨了语义模糊和语用模糊的区别以及二者的相互依赖的不可分割性。其次讨论了语境对模糊语言的解释功能和制约功能，指出研究模糊语言不能离开语境。
第四章是本文的重点部分。本章首先介绍了模糊语言语用价值的理论基础，其次着重讨论了模糊语言的语用功能及在不同的语境中，人们利用模糊语言以达到某种特殊的语用目的或修辞效果。同时指出模糊语言被广泛地使用，具有极强的生命力。
第五章对全文进行归纳总结，并指出本课题研究的局限性和不足之处。
Vague linguistics is a marginal subject in linguistic research. Since the mid-1960s, researches on vague language have been undertaken by many foreign scholars who have conducted their studies from various aspects and layers and accomplished a great number of illuminating books and articles. In china, studies on vague language started in the late 1970s, Chinese scholars have also done a lot of researches on this subject from the angles of semantics, pragmatics, lexicology, syntax, psychology, cognitive psychology, etc. However, in the author's opinion, the researches are neither deep nor systematic enough. This thesis attempts to, from pragmatic aspect, provide a comparatively comprehensive discussion on vague language and its pragmatic function, and analyze the pragmatic value of vague language.
The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter gives the definition of vague language and explores its causes. Since vagueness and ambiguity are quite confusing, the author makes a comparatively thorough distinction between them.
In Chapter Two, types of vague language are introduced. As hedge is the core of vague language, the definition of hedge, its types and semantic features are further discussed.
In Chapter Three, the relationship between vague language and meaning and context is discussed. Firstly, by analyzing the static meaning and dynamic meaning expressed by vague language, the author explores the difference between semantic vagueness and pragmatic vagueness and their interdependence. Then, the interpretive and restricted functions of context to vague language are analyzed, which shows that studying vague language cannot be separated from context.
Chapter Four is the main part of this thesis. The author introduces the theoretical grounds for pragmatic value of vague language, analyzes pragmatic functions of vague language and people's intentional use of
vague language on different occasions to bring about certain pragmatic purpose and achieve rhetorical effect. At the same time, the author points out that vague language is widely used and has great vitality.
Chapter Five is the conclusive part, which gives a brief summary of the thesis and points out the limitations of the present study.
引文
1. Channell, J. Vague Language[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.
2. Grice, H.P. Logic and Conversation[A]. P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.) Syntax and Semantics [C],1975, Vol. 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.
3. Lakoff, G. Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts [J]. Chicago Linguistic Society Papers 8:183-228.
4. Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics[M]. London: Longman, 1983.
5. Leech, Geoffrey N. English in Advertising: A Linguistic Study of Advertising in Great Britain [J]. London: Longmans. 1996.
6. Levinson, S. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
7. Mey, Jacob L. pragmatics: An Introduction [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
8. Qiao Zhang. Fuzziness-vagueness-generality-ambiguity[J]. Journal of Pragmatic, 1998, vol. 29.
9. Widdowson, H.G. Linguistics [M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．
10. Yule,G. Pragmatics [M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．
11．陈林华、李福印，交际中的模糊限制语．《外国语》[J]．1994，(5)
12．陈意德，论模糊修辞及其美学效应．《外语与外语教学》[J]2001，(3)
13．何兆熊，《语用学概要》[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1989．
14．何自然，模糊限制与言语交际．《外国语》[J]．1985，(5)
15．何自然，《语用学概论》[M]．湖南：湖南教育出版社，1987．
16．何自然，《语用学与英语学习》[M]．上海：上海外语出版社，1997．
17．何自然，再论语用含糊．《外国语》[J]．2000，(1)
18．金秋，英语词义的模糊性．《外国语》[J]．1988，(5)
19．李春华，李勇忠，语言的模糊性和语境的解释功能．《西安外国语学院学报》[J]．2000，(1)
20．李福印，《语义学教程》[1]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999。
21．李佐文，模糊限制语的人际功能．《天津外国语学院学报》[J]．2001，(3)
22．刘开亮、刘开军，论语言的模糊性质及其在不同语体中的表现．《常德师范学院学报》[J]．2003，(1)
23．苗东升，模糊学研究可望上—新台阶．《外语教学与研究》[J]．2001，(1)
24．尚晓明，语用学回眸．《外语学刊》[J]．2002，(2)
25．王嫦娟，模糊语言在文学作品中的文体功能．《外语教学》[J]．2001，(3)
26．吴国华，彭文钊，也谈模糊语言学的几个问题．《外语与外语教学》[J]．2001，(5)
27．吴建新．模糊语言的语用分析．《外语学刊》[J]．1989，(2)
28．伍铁平．《模糊语言学》[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000。
29．吴世雄、陈维振，中国模糊语言学：回顾与前瞻．《外语教学与研究》[J]．2001，(1)
30．项风靖，试析中文小说对话中的语用模糊及其限制策略．《西安外国语学院学报》[J]．2002，(2)
31．徐畅贤，论英语模糊限制语的语用功能．《外语论坛》[J]．2002，(2)
32．姚东升，近年来国内模糊语义学研究概述．《外语与外语教学》[J]．2001，(5)
33．姚鸿琨，近年来国内模糊语义学研究概述．《外语与外语教学》[J]．2001，(5)
34．张莉歌，语境与言语交际．《外语教学》[J]．2001，(3)
35．张煤、鲁善坤，论英语日常口语中的模糊词语．《四川外语学院学报》[J]．2000，(4)
2. Grice, H.P. Logic and Conversation[A]. P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.) Syntax and Semantics [C],1975, Vol. 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.
3. Lakoff, G. Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts [J]. Chicago Linguistic Society Papers 8:183-228.
4. Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics[M]. London: Longman, 1983.
5. Leech, Geoffrey N. English in Advertising: A Linguistic Study of Advertising in Great Britain [J]. London: Longmans. 1996.
6. Levinson, S. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
7. Mey, Jacob L. pragmatics: An Introduction [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
8. Qiao Zhang. Fuzziness-vagueness-generality-ambiguity[J]. Journal of Pragmatic, 1998, vol. 29.
9. Widdowson, H.G. Linguistics [M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．
10. Yule,G. Pragmatics [M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．
11．陈林华、李福印，交际中的模糊限制语．《外国语》[J]．1994，(5)
12．陈意德，论模糊修辞及其美学效应．《外语与外语教学》[J]2001，(3)
13．何兆熊，《语用学概要》[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1989．
14．何自然，模糊限制与言语交际．《外国语》[J]．1985，(5)
15．何自然，《语用学概论》[M]．湖南：湖南教育出版社，1987．
16．何自然，《语用学与英语学习》[M]．上海：上海外语出版社，1997．
17．何自然，再论语用含糊．《外国语》[J]．2000，(1)
18．金秋，英语词义的模糊性．《外国语》[J]．1988，(5)
19．李春华，李勇忠，语言的模糊性和语境的解释功能．《西安外国语学院学报》[J]．2000，(1)
20．李福印，《语义学教程》[1]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999。
21．李佐文，模糊限制语的人际功能．《天津外国语学院学报》[J]．2001，(3)
22．刘开亮、刘开军，论语言的模糊性质及其在不同语体中的表现．《常德师范学院学报》[J]．2003，(1)
23．苗东升，模糊学研究可望上—新台阶．《外语教学与研究》[J]．2001，(1)
24．尚晓明，语用学回眸．《外语学刊》[J]．2002，(2)
25．王嫦娟，模糊语言在文学作品中的文体功能．《外语教学》[J]．2001，(3)
26．吴国华，彭文钊，也谈模糊语言学的几个问题．《外语与外语教学》[J]．2001，(5)
27．吴建新．模糊语言的语用分析．《外语学刊》[J]．1989，(2)
28．伍铁平．《模糊语言学》[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000。
29．吴世雄、陈维振，中国模糊语言学：回顾与前瞻．《外语教学与研究》[J]．2001，(1)
30．项风靖，试析中文小说对话中的语用模糊及其限制策略．《西安外国语学院学报》[J]．2002，(2)
31．徐畅贤，论英语模糊限制语的语用功能．《外语论坛》[J]．2002，(2)
32．姚东升，近年来国内模糊语义学研究概述．《外语与外语教学》[J]．2001，(5)
33．姚鸿琨，近年来国内模糊语义学研究概述．《外语与外语教学》[J]．2001，(5)
34．张莉歌，语境与言语交际．《外语教学》[J]．2001，(3)
35．张煤、鲁善坤，论英语日常口语中的模糊词语．《四川外语学院学报》[J]．2000，(4)