基于数据内容的异构无线传感器网络成簇算法研究
摘要
近年来,随着微机电技术、传感器技术和无线通信技术的进步,推动了低功耗多功能的传感器的快速发展,使其在微小体积内便能够集成信息采集、数据处理和无线通信等功能。无线传感器网络就是由部署在监测区域内的大量微型传感器节点组成,通过无线通信的方式形成一个多跳的自组织网络系统,从而协作地感知、采集和处理网络覆盖区域的监测信息,并发送给观察者。传感器节点一般依靠电池供电,其能量有限并且由于工作环境等因素的限制难以补充,因此,如何高效节约能量来最大化网络生命周期是无线传感器网络设计的首要问题。
本文首先对无线传感器网络的概念、体系结构、特点、关键技术及应用领域等做了简要介绍；然后对无线传感器网络中现有的主要路由协议进行了深入的分析研究与比较。
鉴于目前实际应用中异构无线传感器网络的普遍存在及应用需要,在充分考虑异构无线传感器网络中节点初始能量不同,采集信息不同的基础之上,本文提出了基于数据内容的异构无线传感器网络成簇算法--CADC。在CADC算法中,根据节点采集的数据内容进行分簇,也就是同种类型的节点之间进行成簇,以达到数据融合率最优,且簇首的选择综合考察了剩余能量、距离远近和能耗速率等因素,达到了负载均衡的目的。最后通过在仿真平台OMNET++上进行仿真实验,将提出基于数据内容的异构传感器网络成簇算法与LEACH算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果表明本文提出的CADC算法适用于那些采集多种数据的应用场景,具有更好的性能,可以有效延长网络生存时间。
In recent years, with the progress of MEMS technology, sensor technology and wireless communication technology, the development of low-power multi-sensor is promoted sharply so that it will be able to integrate within a small volume of information collection, data processing and wireless communications and other functions. Wireless sensor network is composed of a large number of minisensor nodes which is deployed in monitoring region to form a multi-hop's self-organizing network system through wireless communication, which can percept, acquire and process monitoring information of network coverage area, and send it to observers. It is difficult to add energy because of the limitation on environmental constraints while it is generally rely on battery-powered sensor nodes, therefore, how to effectively conserve energy to maximize the network life cycle is the first wireless sensor network design problem.
In this paper, we first introduce the concepts, structures, features, key technologies and application fields of WSN briefly, and then analyze and compare the routing protocols for WSN which are mainly used.
As for common existing and application need of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks in current practical applications, we propose a clustering algorithm CADC for heterogeneous sensor networks that base on data content after consideration upon initial energy difference of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks and information collection. In the CADC algorithm, Networks cluster according to data contents collected by the nodes, which means clustering the same type of nodes in order to achieve the optimal data fusion rate, and the selection of cluster head is based on comprehensive survey of the residual energy, distance, and energy consumption rate and other factors to achieve load balancing purposes. Finally we do the comparison between the algorithm put forward in the paper and the LEACH algorithm through simulation experiment using the simulation platform OMNET++.The results show that our CADC algorithm owns better performance and may extend the network lifetime effectively. It applies scenarios that collecting multiple data.
本文首先对无线传感器网络的概念、体系结构、特点、关键技术及应用领域等做了简要介绍；然后对无线传感器网络中现有的主要路由协议进行了深入的分析研究与比较。
鉴于目前实际应用中异构无线传感器网络的普遍存在及应用需要,在充分考虑异构无线传感器网络中节点初始能量不同,采集信息不同的基础之上,本文提出了基于数据内容的异构无线传感器网络成簇算法--CADC。在CADC算法中,根据节点采集的数据内容进行分簇,也就是同种类型的节点之间进行成簇,以达到数据融合率最优,且簇首的选择综合考察了剩余能量、距离远近和能耗速率等因素,达到了负载均衡的目的。最后通过在仿真平台OMNET++上进行仿真实验,将提出基于数据内容的异构传感器网络成簇算法与LEACH算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果表明本文提出的CADC算法适用于那些采集多种数据的应用场景,具有更好的性能,可以有效延长网络生存时间。
In recent years, with the progress of MEMS technology, sensor technology and wireless communication technology, the development of low-power multi-sensor is promoted sharply so that it will be able to integrate within a small volume of information collection, data processing and wireless communications and other functions. Wireless sensor network is composed of a large number of minisensor nodes which is deployed in monitoring region to form a multi-hop's self-organizing network system through wireless communication, which can percept, acquire and process monitoring information of network coverage area, and send it to observers. It is difficult to add energy because of the limitation on environmental constraints while it is generally rely on battery-powered sensor nodes, therefore, how to effectively conserve energy to maximize the network life cycle is the first wireless sensor network design problem.
In this paper, we first introduce the concepts, structures, features, key technologies and application fields of WSN briefly, and then analyze and compare the routing protocols for WSN which are mainly used.
As for common existing and application need of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks in current practical applications, we propose a clustering algorithm CADC for heterogeneous sensor networks that base on data content after consideration upon initial energy difference of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks and information collection. In the CADC algorithm, Networks cluster according to data contents collected by the nodes, which means clustering the same type of nodes in order to achieve the optimal data fusion rate, and the selection of cluster head is based on comprehensive survey of the residual energy, distance, and energy consumption rate and other factors to achieve load balancing purposes. Finally we do the comparison between the algorithm put forward in the paper and the LEACH algorithm through simulation experiment using the simulation platform OMNET++.The results show that our CADC algorithm owns better performance and may extend the network lifetime effectively. It applies scenarios that collecting multiple data.
引文
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33. Duane-Melo EJ,Liu M. Analysis of energy consumption and lifetime of heterogeneous wireless seni or networks. In. Proc. of the GLOBECOM 2002. IEEEPress,2002:21-25.
34. Smaragdakis G, Matta I, Bestavros A. SEP:A stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[C]. In:Proc. of the Int'l Workshop on SANPA 2004.2004.
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36.多级能量异构无线传感器网络的能量预测和可靠聚簇路由协议。计算机学报,2009,Vol.32：2393-2402.
37. Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks[C]. Proceedings of the 33th Hawaii International Conference on System Science, 2000.
38. HEINZELMAN W, CHANDRAKASAN A, BALAKRISHNAN H. An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks [J].IEEE Transactions On Wireless Communications. 2002,1 (4):660-670.
39. Younis O, Fahmy S. HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, DistributedClustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks [C].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):660-669.
40. Chengzhi Long; Lihong Li; Weiling Wu. An Improved Scheme of SEP in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application,2008. PACIIA'08. Pacific-Asia Workshop. IEEE,2008 Page(s):655-659.
41. ChunlongGuo, Lizhi Charlie Zhong, JanMRabaey. Low power distributed MAC for Ad Hoc sensor radio networks[C], IEEE,2001.2944-2948.
42. [42]N.Vlajic, D.Xia.Wireless Sensor Networks:To Cluster or Not To Cluster[C]. IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Niagara Falls, Buffalo-NY, June 2006.26-29.
43. http://www.omnetpp.org/.
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45. JavaSim.http://www.j-sim.org/.
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47.吴剑锋,郭英,范海宁.OMNeT++网络仿真器的设计原理分析.微计算机应用,2006,27(5)：550-552.
48. Mallanda C D.SENSORSIMULATOR:Simulation Framework for Sensor Networks[M]. Louisiana State University,May,2005.
49. Akyildiz IF, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y.A Survey on Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
50.李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报,2003,13(10)：1717.
51. Vieira, M.A.M, Coelho, C.N and etc. Survey on wireless sensor network devices. Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation,2003. Proceedings.
52.孙姬,陈霞,谈振辉.无线传感器网络路由技术浅析.
53. A surveyor Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. http://www.cs.umbc.edu/-kermall/mypapers/Akkayaes_Younis_JoAdHocRe vised.pdf.
54. Shih E, Chos, Ickes N, et al. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the ACM Mobicom 2001.Rome, ACM Press,2001:272-286.
55. D. Estrin, R Govindan, J. Heinemann, S. Kumar. Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Wireless Networks. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE international Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,263-270,1999.
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57.李炯,汪文勇,潘家根.无线传感器网络洪泛路由研究.计算机科学,2006, Vol33 No.5:74-76.
58. Hass ZJ, Halpern JY, Li L Gossip-based ad hoc routing. In:Proc. Of the IEEE INFOCOM. New York:IEEE Communications Society, 2002.1707-1716.
59. Sahrawi K, Gao J, Ail Awadhi V, Pottie GJ. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications,2000, 7(5):16～27.
60. M. Jiang, J. Li, Y.C. Tay. Cluster Based Routing Protocol. Internet Draft, 1999.
61. Wendi B. Heinzelman, Anantha P. Chandrakasan and Hari Balakrishnan. Application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks.
62. Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Bal Krishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks [A].Proceedings of the 33 rd Hawaii International Conf. On System Sciences[C]. Maui, Hawaii. IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014.
63. Jamil Ibriq, Imad Mahgoub. Cluster-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks:Issues and Challenges.
64. Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D.TEEN:A protocol for enhanced efficiency in WSNs. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, San Francisco, CA, USA, April 2001.
65. Younis O, Fahmy S. HEED:a hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks [C]. IEEE Trans on Mobile Computing. 2004,3(4):660-669.
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2. Akyildiz LF, Su WL, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
3. LF.Akyildiz, W.Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E.Cayirci.Wireless sensor networks:a survey[J]. Computer Networks,2001:56-63
4. T.He, S.Krishnamurthy, J.A.Stankovic, et al.An energy-efficient surveillance system using wireless sensor networks[A]. MobiSys'04, Boston, MA, 2004:349-357.
5. D.Li, K.D.Wong, YH.Hu, and A.M.Sayeed.Detection, classification, and tracking of targets[J], IEEE Signal Processing Mag,2002(19):17-29.
6. Sensor Webs[EB/OL]. http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/
7. Jyh-How Huang, Saqib Amjad and Shivakant Mishra, CenWits:A Sensor-Based Loosely Coupled Search and Rescue System Using Witnesses[A], in Proc.of Sensys05,2005:124-139.
8. N.Noury, T.Herve, V.Rialle et al.Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor[A], IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology,2000:607-610.
9. Martiliea K, el al.GLACSWEB:A Sensor Web for Glaciers[A], in Proc.of EWSN 04,2004:453-462.
10. ARGO.ARGO-Global Ocean Sensor Network[EB/OL]. http://www.argo. ucsd.edu
11. Harvard Univ[EB/OL].hRp://www.Eecs.harvard.edu/wemer/projects/volcano
12. Alan Mainwaring, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, et al.Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring[A].Proc.WSNA'02,2002:88-97.
13. P.Juang, H.Oki, Y.Wang, et al Energy-Efficient Computilig for Wildlife Tracking:Design Tradeoffs and Early Experiences with ZebraNet[A].Proc.
ASPLOSX,2002:61-72.
14. Zack Butler, Peter Corke, Ron Peterson, et al. Networked Cows:Virtual Fences for Controlling Cows[A]. Proc.WAMES,2004:1011-1020.
15. Beckwith R, et al. Pervasive Computing and Proactive Agriculture[A].Proc.PERVASIVE,2004:326-338.
16.乔晓军,张馨,王成等。无线传感器网络在农业中的应用[J]。农业工程学报,2005(S2)：233-240.
17. ALERT[EB/OL]. http://www.altersystem.org
18. Essa LA.Ubiquitous Sensing for Smart and Aware Environments[J]. IEEE Personal Communications.2000:47-49.
19. Holmquist, L.E., Gellersen,H.W., Kortuem, G et al. Building Intelligent Environments with Smart-Its[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 2004,24(1):56-64.
20. Kang P.et al. Smart Messages:A Distributed Computing Platform for Networks of Embedded Systems[J]. The Computer Journal,2004, 47(4):475-494.
21. Schramm, P., Naroska, E., Resch,P.et al. A Service Gateway for Networked Sensor Systems[J]. IEEE Pervasive Computing,2004,3(1):66-74.
22. Wanat R. Enabling Ubiquitous Sensing with RFID[J]. IEEE Computer,2004, 37(4):84-86.
23.袁凌云,朱云龙,瞿立成。分布式无线交通监控系统的研究与实现[J]。计算机工程,2006(8)：105-109.
24. Akyildiz IF, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. Wireless sensor networks:A survey. Computer Networks,2002,38.
25. Cui L, Ju HL, Miao Y, Li TP, Liu W, Zhao Z. Overview of wireless sensor networks. Journal of Computer Research and Development,2005,42.
26. Niculescu D, Americ NL. Communication paradigms for sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine 2005,43(3).
27. Wendi B. Heinzelman, Anantha P. Chandrakasan and Hari Balakrishnan. Application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks.
28. Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Bal Krishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks [A].Proceedings of the 33 rd Hawaii International Conf. On System Sciences[C]. Maui, Hawaii. IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014.
29. Jamil Ibriq, Imad Mahgoub. Cluster-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks:Issues and Challenges.
30. Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D.TEEN:A protocol for enhanced efficiency in WSNs. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, San Francisco, CA, USA, April 2001.
31. Younis O, Fahmy S. HEED:a hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks[C]. IEEE Trans on Mobile Computing. 2004,3(4):660-669.
32. Lindsey S, Raghavendra S. PEGASIS:Power efficient gathering in sensor information systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, volume 3,1125-1130.
33. Duane-Melo EJ,Liu M. Analysis of energy consumption and lifetime of heterogeneous wireless seni or networks. In. Proc. of the GLOBECOM 2002. IEEEPress,2002:21-25.
34. Smaragdakis G, Matta I, Bestavros A. SEP:A stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[C]. In:Proc. of the Int'l Workshop on SANPA 2004.2004.
35.卿利,朱清新,王明文。异构传感器网络的分布式能量有效成簇算法。软件学报,2006,17(3)：481-489。
36.多级能量异构无线传感器网络的能量预测和可靠聚簇路由协议。计算机学报,2009,Vol.32：2393-2402.
37. Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks[C]. Proceedings of the 33th Hawaii International Conference on System Science, 2000.
38. HEINZELMAN W, CHANDRAKASAN A, BALAKRISHNAN H. An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks [J].IEEE Transactions On Wireless Communications. 2002,1 (4):660-670.
39. Younis O, Fahmy S. HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, DistributedClustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks [C].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):660-669.
40. Chengzhi Long; Lihong Li; Weiling Wu. An Improved Scheme of SEP in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application,2008. PACIIA'08. Pacific-Asia Workshop. IEEE,2008 Page(s):655-659.
41. ChunlongGuo, Lizhi Charlie Zhong, JanMRabaey. Low power distributed MAC for Ad Hoc sensor radio networks[C], IEEE,2001.2944-2948.
42. [42]N.Vlajic, D.Xia.Wireless Sensor Networks:To Cluster or Not To Cluster[C]. IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Niagara Falls, Buffalo-NY, June 2006.26-29.
43. http://www.omnetpp.org/.
44. The Network Simulator-ns2.http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
45. JavaSim.http://www.j-sim.org/.
46. TinyOS Tutorial.http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-1.x/doc/tutorial/.
47.吴剑锋,郭英,范海宁.OMNeT++网络仿真器的设计原理分析.微计算机应用,2006,27(5)：550-552.
48. Mallanda C D.SENSORSIMULATOR:Simulation Framework for Sensor Networks[M]. Louisiana State University,May,2005.
49. Akyildiz IF, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y.A Survey on Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
50.李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报,2003,13(10)：1717.
51. Vieira, M.A.M, Coelho, C.N and etc. Survey on wireless sensor network devices. Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation,2003. Proceedings.
52.孙姬,陈霞,谈振辉.无线传感器网络路由技术浅析.
53. A surveyor Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. http://www.cs.umbc.edu/-kermall/mypapers/Akkayaes_Younis_JoAdHocRe vised.pdf.
54. Shih E, Chos, Ickes N, et al. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the ACM Mobicom 2001.Rome, ACM Press,2001:272-286.
55. D. Estrin, R Govindan, J. Heinemann, S. Kumar. Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Wireless Networks. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE international Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,263-270,1999.
56.唐勇,周明天,张欣.无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展.软件学报.Vol17, No 3.410-421.
57.李炯,汪文勇,潘家根.无线传感器网络洪泛路由研究.计算机科学,2006, Vol33 No.5:74-76.
58. Hass ZJ, Halpern JY, Li L Gossip-based ad hoc routing. In:Proc. Of the IEEE INFOCOM. New York:IEEE Communications Society, 2002.1707-1716.
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