无线传感器网络拓扑控制算法的研究
摘要
随着半导体技术、微系统技术、通信技术、计算机技术的飞速发展,20世纪90年代在美国开始出现具有现代意义的无线传感器网络技术。其后,无线传感器网络的相关研究工作也有序地开展起来。无线传感器网络(Wireless sensor network)由大量的微型传感器节点组成,体积微小的传感器节点通常靠携带能量十分有限的电池供电。无线传感器网络中电池能量是每个节点最宝贵的资源,由于传感器节点电池能量有限,且不易更换,因此,如何高效使用能量来最大化网络的生命周期和能量的持续供应是我们设计的一个重要原则。对于自组织的无线传感器网络而言,网络拓扑控制对网络性能影响很大。良好的拓扑结构除了能够提高路由协议和MAC协议的效率外,其另外的一个重要目标就是在保证网络连通性和覆盖度的情况下,尽量合理高效的使用网络能源,延长网络的生存时间。本文就是在拓扑控制的基础上,围绕高效使用网络能量,尽可能长的延长网络寿命来研究的。
本文分别对功率控制和层次型拓扑控制两种算法进行了分析研究。针对无线传感器网络的特点,在簇头选举阶段考虑了节点的剩余能量,我们分别在标准的集中式LEACH算法和分布式LEACH算法的基础上,引入太阳能节点,采用简单的启发式,节点采用这样一个能源来处理数据,传输数据,以及执行其它任务,而不消耗节点电池自身的能量。仿真结果表明,该算法可以使节点靠太阳能驱动更频繁的担任簇头来完成能源密集型任务,节省了自身携带的电池能源,并保证了能量的持续供应,有利于延长传感器节点的生存时间,进而延长整个网络的生命周期。
With the rapid development of semiconductor technology, micro-system technology, communications technology and computer technology, the wireless sensor network technology comes first in the Unite States 1990s. After that, some related research about wireless sensor network is started orderly. Wireless sensor network is composed of large number of tiny sensor nodes which usually carry the batteries with very limited energy to supply power. The battery power is the most valuable resource of each node in wireless sensor network. Because the battery power of sensor node is very limited, and difficult to replace. So the important principle of the design is how efficient use of energy and the continuous supply of energy to maximize the network's life cycle. For self-organizing wireless sensor networks, the topology plays a great impact on network performance. Good topology can improve the efficiency of routing protocol and MAC protocol. Besides, another important goal of topology is to make full use of the network's energy and to extend the network's life time in the case of ensuring network connectivity and coverage. The main contents of this paper is to around the efficient use of network's energy, and as long as possible to extend the network's life time on the base of topology control.
This paper analyzes and researches the algorithms about power control and hierarchical topology control. Directing the characteristic of wireless sensor networks, in the stage of cluster head election, we consider the residual energy of sensor nodes. We pull in solar nodes on the base of centralized leach algorithm and distributed leach algorithm, and adopt simple heuristic. With such energy nodes process data, transport data and implement other tasks without consuming battery's own energy. Simulation results show that, the algorithm can make nodes more frequently as the cluster head which are driven by solar energy to complete energy-intensive tasks. It saves their own battery power, and ensures a continuous supply of energy that helps prolong the survival time of sensor nodes, further prolongs the life cycle of the entire network.
本文分别对功率控制和层次型拓扑控制两种算法进行了分析研究。针对无线传感器网络的特点,在簇头选举阶段考虑了节点的剩余能量,我们分别在标准的集中式LEACH算法和分布式LEACH算法的基础上,引入太阳能节点,采用简单的启发式,节点采用这样一个能源来处理数据,传输数据,以及执行其它任务,而不消耗节点电池自身的能量。仿真结果表明,该算法可以使节点靠太阳能驱动更频繁的担任簇头来完成能源密集型任务,节省了自身携带的电池能源,并保证了能量的持续供应,有利于延长传感器节点的生存时间,进而延长整个网络的生命周期。
With the rapid development of semiconductor technology, micro-system technology, communications technology and computer technology, the wireless sensor network technology comes first in the Unite States 1990s. After that, some related research about wireless sensor network is started orderly. Wireless sensor network is composed of large number of tiny sensor nodes which usually carry the batteries with very limited energy to supply power. The battery power is the most valuable resource of each node in wireless sensor network. Because the battery power of sensor node is very limited, and difficult to replace. So the important principle of the design is how efficient use of energy and the continuous supply of energy to maximize the network's life cycle. For self-organizing wireless sensor networks, the topology plays a great impact on network performance. Good topology can improve the efficiency of routing protocol and MAC protocol. Besides, another important goal of topology is to make full use of the network's energy and to extend the network's life time in the case of ensuring network connectivity and coverage. The main contents of this paper is to around the efficient use of network's energy, and as long as possible to extend the network's life time on the base of topology control.
This paper analyzes and researches the algorithms about power control and hierarchical topology control. Directing the characteristic of wireless sensor networks, in the stage of cluster head election, we consider the residual energy of sensor nodes. We pull in solar nodes on the base of centralized leach algorithm and distributed leach algorithm, and adopt simple heuristic. With such energy nodes process data, transport data and implement other tasks without consuming battery's own energy. Simulation results show that, the algorithm can make nodes more frequently as the cluster head which are driven by solar energy to complete energy-intensive tasks. It saves their own battery power, and ensures a continuous supply of energy that helps prolong the survival time of sensor nodes, further prolongs the life cycle of the entire network.
引文
[1]Bao L, Carcia-Aceves J J. Topology management in ad hoc networks. In:Proc 4th ACM Int'l Symp on Mobile Ad Hoc Netwirking&Computing (MobiHoc 2003), Annapolis, Maryland.2003.129-140
[2]Narayanaswamy S,Kawadia V,S, kumar P R. Power control in ad-hoc networks: Theory, architecture, algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW protocol. In: Proc European Wireless Conf, Florence, Italy,2002.156-162
[3]Ramanathan R, Rosales-Hain R. Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment. In:Proc 9th Join Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), Tel-Aviv, Israel. March 2000
[4]Li N, Hou J C.Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks:Problems and solutions, In:Proc 13th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Socidties (INFOCOM),2004
[5]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor networks with applications to network management. DCS Technical Report DCS-TR-441, Rutgers University. May 2001
[6]Santi P. Silence is golden with high probability:Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks, In:1st Eurpean Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Jan 2004
[7]Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Commonicationa,2002
[8]Younis O, Fahmy S. Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks:A hybrid, energy-efficient approach. In:Proc 13th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communicayions Societies (INFOCOM), March 2004
[9]Kubisch M, Karl H, Wolisz A, Zhong L C, Rabaey J M. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks. IEEE WCNC 2003
[10]杨非,基于能量路由在无线传感器网络中的应用研究：[硕士学位论文],北京：北方工业大学,2009
[11]Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R., Estrin D, Heidemann J, Silva F:Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking. Transactions on Networking, Feb.2003.
[12]Li N, Hou J C, Sha L. Design and analysis of an MST-based topology control algorithm. In:Proc 12th Joint Conf on IEEE Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2003), San Francisco, CA. Apr.2003
[13]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geograph-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing, In:Proc 7th Annual Int'l Conf on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCOM), Rome, Italy. July 2001.
[14]Santi P. Silence is golden with high probability:Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks. In:1st Eurpean Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Jan 2004
[15]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor networks with applications to network management. DCS Technical Report DCS-TR-441, Rutgers University. May 2001
[16]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等,尤线传感器网络,清华大学出版社,2005年5月,第一版.3一52>319390.
[17]D.Braginsky, D. Estrin Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks.In: Proc.lst Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications, Atlanta,GA,2002
[18]Akyildiz I, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E:Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey. Computer Networks,38:393-422,2002.
[19]Bandyopadhyay S, Coyle E:An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for WirelessSensorNetworks. Infocom 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA
[20]丁翠,牛长流.WSN中基于太阳能感知的分簇算法,第十四届全国青年通信学术会议,2009,941-944
[21]Banerjee S, Khuller S:A Clustering Scheme for Hierarchical, Control in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. IEEE, Infocom 2001, Anchorage, AK, USA, April 2001
[22]Ghiasi S, Srivastava A., Yang X., Sarrafzadeh M:Optimal, Energy Aware Clustering in Sensor Networks. Sensors 2002,2,258-269.
[23]Handy M, Hasse M., Timmermann D:Low Energy, Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic, Cluster-Head Selection. IEEE Mobile and Wireless, Communications Networks 2002, Stockholm, Sweden, September 2002.
[24]Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H:Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless, Microsensor Networks. International Conference, on System Sciences, Hawaii, January 2000.
[25]Heinzetman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H:An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.1, No.4, Oct.2002.
[26]于海斌,种鹏等,智能尤线传感器网络系统,科学出版社,2006年1月,第一版.190299.
[2]Narayanaswamy S,Kawadia V,S, kumar P R. Power control in ad-hoc networks: Theory, architecture, algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW protocol. In: Proc European Wireless Conf, Florence, Italy,2002.156-162
[3]Ramanathan R, Rosales-Hain R. Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment. In:Proc 9th Join Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), Tel-Aviv, Israel. March 2000
[4]Li N, Hou J C.Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks:Problems and solutions, In:Proc 13th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Socidties (INFOCOM),2004
[5]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor networks with applications to network management. DCS Technical Report DCS-TR-441, Rutgers University. May 2001
[6]Santi P. Silence is golden with high probability:Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks, In:1st Eurpean Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Jan 2004
[7]Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Commonicationa,2002
[8]Younis O, Fahmy S. Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks:A hybrid, energy-efficient approach. In:Proc 13th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communicayions Societies (INFOCOM), March 2004
[9]Kubisch M, Karl H, Wolisz A, Zhong L C, Rabaey J M. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks. IEEE WCNC 2003
[10]杨非,基于能量路由在无线传感器网络中的应用研究：[硕士学位论文],北京：北方工业大学,2009
[11]Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R., Estrin D, Heidemann J, Silva F:Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking. Transactions on Networking, Feb.2003.
[12]Li N, Hou J C, Sha L. Design and analysis of an MST-based topology control algorithm. In:Proc 12th Joint Conf on IEEE Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2003), San Francisco, CA. Apr.2003
[13]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geograph-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing, In:Proc 7th Annual Int'l Conf on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCOM), Rome, Italy. July 2001.
[14]Santi P. Silence is golden with high probability:Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks. In:1st Eurpean Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Jan 2004
[15]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor networks with applications to network management. DCS Technical Report DCS-TR-441, Rutgers University. May 2001
[16]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等,尤线传感器网络,清华大学出版社,2005年5月,第一版.3一52>319390.
[17]D.Braginsky, D. Estrin Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks.In: Proc.lst Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications, Atlanta,GA,2002
[18]Akyildiz I, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E:Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey. Computer Networks,38:393-422,2002.
[19]Bandyopadhyay S, Coyle E:An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for WirelessSensorNetworks. Infocom 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA
[20]丁翠,牛长流.WSN中基于太阳能感知的分簇算法,第十四届全国青年通信学术会议,2009,941-944
[21]Banerjee S, Khuller S:A Clustering Scheme for Hierarchical, Control in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. IEEE, Infocom 2001, Anchorage, AK, USA, April 2001
[22]Ghiasi S, Srivastava A., Yang X., Sarrafzadeh M:Optimal, Energy Aware Clustering in Sensor Networks. Sensors 2002,2,258-269.
[23]Handy M, Hasse M., Timmermann D:Low Energy, Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic, Cluster-Head Selection. IEEE Mobile and Wireless, Communications Networks 2002, Stockholm, Sweden, September 2002.
[24]Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H:Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless, Microsensor Networks. International Conference, on System Sciences, Hawaii, January 2000.
[25]Heinzetman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H:An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.1, No.4, Oct.2002.
[26]于海斌,种鹏等,智能尤线传感器网络系统,科学出版社,2006年1月,第一版.190299.
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