《蝇王》人际意义的功能文体学分析
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摘要
《蝇王》是诺贝尔文学奖得主威廉·戈尔丁的代表作。它以一群滞留在孤岛上的英国男孩为例,探讨了人类文明是如何堕落的。这部作品以其复杂深刻的内涵被评为二十世纪最具影响力的文学作品之一。本文尝试运用系统功能语言学的理论对威廉·戈尔丁小说《蝇王》中的人际意义进行分析。
人际意义反映了人们运用语言进行人际交往的本质。韩礼德在功能主义框架中区分了语言的三个元功能,并在小句层面确定了表达这三个元功能的独立的语言资源。他提出人际意义主要是由语气和情态系统实现的。
20世纪70年代初以来,以系统功能语法为分析基础的功能文体学蓬勃发展。这是因为功能文体学不但拓宽了文体学研究的视野和范围,理论方面具有很强的系统性,而且强调了语言、语篇与社会语境的关系。功能文体学将文体视为“有动因的突出”。在文学作品中,某个突出的语言特征只要与作者整部作品意义的表达有密切的联系,就可被视为“有动因的突出”。虽然国内外的众多学者采用这一理论从功能角度对文学作品进行了大量的文体研究,但这些对文学作品文体的研究大多是从实现概念功能的及物性系统的理论角度出发,而对于在语篇中同样具有重要作用的人际功能没有给予足够的重视。
小说《蝇王》是戈尔丁的第一部作品,也是他最受关注的作品。国内外学者曾经从不同的角度对该小说做过研究,包括文学批评的和叙事学的视角等;但是迄今为止笔者仍未发现从系统功能语言学角度对其做过研究。本文以此为出发点,以韩礼德的功能文体的前景化理论、相关性准则理论、人际功能理论为基础,对这部文学作品进行分析。揭示小说主人公对待彼此的态度,推断他们之间的关系及其性格特征;探讨人际意义如何对小说主题意义的表达产生影响,表达人际意义的语言特征是如何实现其文体价值的,并且对文学教学提出启示。
论文共分五章。第一章是引言,简要说明研究的必要性,目的,意义和内容安排。第二章主要介绍文体和文体学,尤其是功能文体学和三大元功能,以及小说《蝇王》和国内外对其的研究成果,说明本文的研究方法。第三章着重阐述实现人际功能的语气,情态系统和情景语境。第四章对两位主人公在对话中所使用的小句类型、主语、情态动词和情态附加语的频率分布进行了统计、比较和分析。第五章为结论部分,指出韩礼德的人际意义理论在文学作品分析中的可行性,及其对于了解戈尔丁的风格的助益。但本论文只是从语气和情态系统入手分析相关的语言资源,探索人际意义,今后的研究可以更加全面地探讨人际意义与概念意义,人际意义与语篇意义,以及三大元功能的结合在文学作品分析中所起的作用。
Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel by Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding. It discusses how culture created by man fails, using as an example of a group of British schoolboys stuck on a desert island who try to govern themselves, but with disastrous results. In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present. This thesis tries to analyze the interpersonal meaning in it from the perspective of systemic functional grammar.
Interpersonal meaning can reflect the nature of interpersonal communication through language. Halliday distinguishes three metafunctions in his systemic functional grammar (SFG) and identifies in the clause level distinct linguistic resources that realize the three metafunctions respectively. In Hallidayan tradition, interpersonal meaning is mainly realized by mood system, modality system, adjuncts, etc.
Systemic functional stylistics (SFS) relying on SFG has flourished ever since the early 1970s. It not only broadens the view and scope of stylistic studies, but also stresses the relationship between language, text and context of situation. SFS considers style as“motivated prominence”. If a prominent language feature is connected with the theme of the work as a whole, it can be seen as“motivated prominence”. Though many scholars home and abroad have done studies on literary works in the perspective of function, most of them adopt the transitivity system in ideational function as their analytical tool neglecting interpersonal function which should be equally important in the text.
Lord of the Flies is Golding’s first novel and the most popular one. Numerous researchers have studied it from different aspects, such as literary critics, narratology,etc. However, none of them has studied it from the angle of SFS. This thesis intends to make a more objective and comprehensive study on it by drawing on the theories of foregrounding, criteria of relevance, and interpersonal meaning from Hallidayan SFG so as to find out how interpersonal meaning contributes to the expression of the theme of the whole novel, how the language features reflecting interpersonal meaning realize their stylistic values and the inspiration it can give to literature teaching.
This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter gives a general introduction to the whole thesis and states the necessity of doing this study. It also clarifies the aims, significance and organization of this thesis. Chapter two presents an overview of style and stylistics, esp. systemic functional stylistics and the three metafunctions of it. It provides a brief introduction to the novel, Lord of the Flies and a general survey of the researches done on it home and abroad. The analyzing methodology adopted in this thesis is also included in this part. Chapter three is concerned with the detailed description of the mood and modality system and situational context which contribute to the realization of interpersonal meaning. Chapter four analyzes the context of the novel and applies mood and modality system to the analysis of excerpts from the novel. Chapter five offers a conclusion to the whole thesis.
It is found that Hallidayan interpersonal meaning is very helpful in displaying the roles of interactants and their relationships and revealing the author’s style. This thesis limits itself to mood and modality system in exploring the interpersonal meaning in the novel, so further studies can be perfected in this aspect so as to testify the overlapping of the linguistic devices that help to realize the three metafucntions.
人际意义反映了人们运用语言进行人际交往的本质。韩礼德在功能主义框架中区分了语言的三个元功能,并在小句层面确定了表达这三个元功能的独立的语言资源。他提出人际意义主要是由语气和情态系统实现的。
20世纪70年代初以来,以系统功能语法为分析基础的功能文体学蓬勃发展。这是因为功能文体学不但拓宽了文体学研究的视野和范围,理论方面具有很强的系统性,而且强调了语言、语篇与社会语境的关系。功能文体学将文体视为“有动因的突出”。在文学作品中,某个突出的语言特征只要与作者整部作品意义的表达有密切的联系,就可被视为“有动因的突出”。虽然国内外的众多学者采用这一理论从功能角度对文学作品进行了大量的文体研究,但这些对文学作品文体的研究大多是从实现概念功能的及物性系统的理论角度出发,而对于在语篇中同样具有重要作用的人际功能没有给予足够的重视。
小说《蝇王》是戈尔丁的第一部作品,也是他最受关注的作品。国内外学者曾经从不同的角度对该小说做过研究,包括文学批评的和叙事学的视角等;但是迄今为止笔者仍未发现从系统功能语言学角度对其做过研究。本文以此为出发点,以韩礼德的功能文体的前景化理论、相关性准则理论、人际功能理论为基础,对这部文学作品进行分析。揭示小说主人公对待彼此的态度,推断他们之间的关系及其性格特征;探讨人际意义如何对小说主题意义的表达产生影响,表达人际意义的语言特征是如何实现其文体价值的,并且对文学教学提出启示。
论文共分五章。第一章是引言,简要说明研究的必要性,目的,意义和内容安排。第二章主要介绍文体和文体学,尤其是功能文体学和三大元功能,以及小说《蝇王》和国内外对其的研究成果,说明本文的研究方法。第三章着重阐述实现人际功能的语气,情态系统和情景语境。第四章对两位主人公在对话中所使用的小句类型、主语、情态动词和情态附加语的频率分布进行了统计、比较和分析。第五章为结论部分,指出韩礼德的人际意义理论在文学作品分析中的可行性,及其对于了解戈尔丁的风格的助益。但本论文只是从语气和情态系统入手分析相关的语言资源,探索人际意义,今后的研究可以更加全面地探讨人际意义与概念意义,人际意义与语篇意义,以及三大元功能的结合在文学作品分析中所起的作用。
Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel by Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding. It discusses how culture created by man fails, using as an example of a group of British schoolboys stuck on a desert island who try to govern themselves, but with disastrous results. In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present. This thesis tries to analyze the interpersonal meaning in it from the perspective of systemic functional grammar.
Interpersonal meaning can reflect the nature of interpersonal communication through language. Halliday distinguishes three metafunctions in his systemic functional grammar (SFG) and identifies in the clause level distinct linguistic resources that realize the three metafunctions respectively. In Hallidayan tradition, interpersonal meaning is mainly realized by mood system, modality system, adjuncts, etc.
Systemic functional stylistics (SFS) relying on SFG has flourished ever since the early 1970s. It not only broadens the view and scope of stylistic studies, but also stresses the relationship between language, text and context of situation. SFS considers style as“motivated prominence”. If a prominent language feature is connected with the theme of the work as a whole, it can be seen as“motivated prominence”. Though many scholars home and abroad have done studies on literary works in the perspective of function, most of them adopt the transitivity system in ideational function as their analytical tool neglecting interpersonal function which should be equally important in the text.
Lord of the Flies is Golding’s first novel and the most popular one. Numerous researchers have studied it from different aspects, such as literary critics, narratology,etc. However, none of them has studied it from the angle of SFS. This thesis intends to make a more objective and comprehensive study on it by drawing on the theories of foregrounding, criteria of relevance, and interpersonal meaning from Hallidayan SFG so as to find out how interpersonal meaning contributes to the expression of the theme of the whole novel, how the language features reflecting interpersonal meaning realize their stylistic values and the inspiration it can give to literature teaching.
This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter gives a general introduction to the whole thesis and states the necessity of doing this study. It also clarifies the aims, significance and organization of this thesis. Chapter two presents an overview of style and stylistics, esp. systemic functional stylistics and the three metafunctions of it. It provides a brief introduction to the novel, Lord of the Flies and a general survey of the researches done on it home and abroad. The analyzing methodology adopted in this thesis is also included in this part. Chapter three is concerned with the detailed description of the mood and modality system and situational context which contribute to the realization of interpersonal meaning. Chapter four analyzes the context of the novel and applies mood and modality system to the analysis of excerpts from the novel. Chapter five offers a conclusion to the whole thesis.
It is found that Hallidayan interpersonal meaning is very helpful in displaying the roles of interactants and their relationships and revealing the author’s style. This thesis limits itself to mood and modality system in exploring the interpersonal meaning in the novel, so further studies can be perfected in this aspect so as to testify the overlapping of the linguistic devices that help to realize the three metafucntions.
引文
Baker, J. R. Critical Essays on William Golding【M】. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1988.
Bloor, T & Bloor, M. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ London: Edward Arnald, 2001/1995.
Bybee, J & Fielschman, S. (eds.) Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: J. Benjamines, 1995.
Calandra, D. M. Cliffs Notes on Golding’s Lord of the Flies【M】. Nebraska: Cliffs Notes Inc., 1971.
Davis, D. A. A Conversation with Golding【J】. New Public, 1963: 28.
Dick, B. F. William Golding【M】. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.
Dickson, L.L. The Modern Allegories of William Golding【M】, Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990.
Dictionary of Literary Biography Year Book, 1983: 12.
Eggins, S. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics【M】. London: Printer, 1994.
Eggins, S. & Slade, D. Analyzing Casual Conversation【M】. London: Cassell, 1997.
Gindin, J. Modern Novelists: William Golding【M】. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.
Golding, W. Lord of the Flies【M】. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.
Halliday, M.A.K.“Linguistic function and literary style: an inquiry into the language of William Golding’s The inheritor”. In S. Chatman(ed.). Literary Style: A Symposium. Oxford: O.U.P., 1971, 330-365.
Halliday, M.A.K.“Modes of meaning and modes of expression”. In D.J. Allerton, E. Carney, D. Holcroft (eds.). Functions and Context in Linguistic Analysis. London: Cambridge University Press, 1979,(57-79).
Halliday, M. A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ London: Edward Arnald (Publishers) Limited, 2000/1994.
Halliday M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Socio-Semantic Perspective【M】. Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1985.
Hoye, L.E. Adverbs and Modality in English【M】. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1997.
Hynes, S. William Golding【M】. New York & London: Columbia University Press, 1968.
Ju, Yumei. English Stylistics【M】. Qingdao: Qingdao Ocean University Press, 1999.
Kress, G. & Hodge, B. Language and Ideology【M】. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
Leech, G. N. A linguistic Guide to English poetry【M】. London: Longman, 1969.
Leech , G. N. & Short, M. H. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fiction Prose【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press/ London: Longman Group Limited, 2001/1981.
Mukarovsky, J.“Standard Language and poetic Language”. In D.C. Freeman(ed.). Linguistics and Literary Style. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc., 1970, 40-56.
Page, N. William Golding Novels, 1954-67: a Casebook【M】. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1985.
Poynton, C. Language and Gender: Making the Difference【M】. Geelong, Vic.: DeakinUniversity Press, 1985.
Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ London: Edward Arnald (Publishers) Limited, 2000/1996.
Wales, K. ed. A dictionary of stylistics【M】. London: Longman, 1989.
Wright, L & Hope, J. Stylistics: A Practical Course Book【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Zhang, Delu. Role Relationships and Their Realization in Mood and Modality【J】. Text, 1991, 2: 289-318.
崔小云.对《傲慢与偏见》第十九章之功能文体分析【D】.西安:西北工业大学,2004.
高菲.《已故上校的女儿》中的人际意义研究【D】.武汉:华中师范大学,2009.
李战子.话语的人际意义研究【M】.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.
廖鹰.威廉·戈尔丁和《蝇王》【J】.南京广播电视大学学报,2000,4: 29-31.
刘世生.西方文体学论纲【M】.济南:山东教育出版社,1998.
申丹.西方现代文体学百年发展历程【J】.外语教学与研究, 2000,1: 22-28.
申丹.功能文体学再思考【J】.外语教学与研究,34(3):188-193.
王佐良&丁往道.英语文体学引论【M】.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1987.
闫素真.从功能语法角度分析小说《呼啸山庄》的人际意义【D】.乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2007.
张德禄.韩礼德功能文体学理论评述【J】.外语教学与研究, 1999,1: 43-49.
赵英杰.《了不起的盖茨比》的人际功能文体分析【D】.石家庄:河北师范大学,2009.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies#cite_note-0
Bloor, T & Bloor, M. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ London: Edward Arnald, 2001/1995.
Bybee, J & Fielschman, S. (eds.) Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: J. Benjamines, 1995.
Calandra, D. M. Cliffs Notes on Golding’s Lord of the Flies【M】. Nebraska: Cliffs Notes Inc., 1971.
Davis, D. A. A Conversation with Golding【J】. New Public, 1963: 28.
Dick, B. F. William Golding【M】. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.
Dickson, L.L. The Modern Allegories of William Golding【M】, Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990.
Dictionary of Literary Biography Year Book, 1983: 12.
Eggins, S. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics【M】. London: Printer, 1994.
Eggins, S. & Slade, D. Analyzing Casual Conversation【M】. London: Cassell, 1997.
Gindin, J. Modern Novelists: William Golding【M】. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.
Golding, W. Lord of the Flies【M】. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.
Halliday, M.A.K.“Linguistic function and literary style: an inquiry into the language of William Golding’s The inheritor”. In S. Chatman(ed.). Literary Style: A Symposium. Oxford: O.U.P., 1971, 330-365.
Halliday, M.A.K.“Modes of meaning and modes of expression”. In D.J. Allerton, E. Carney, D. Holcroft (eds.). Functions and Context in Linguistic Analysis. London: Cambridge University Press, 1979,(57-79).
Halliday, M. A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ London: Edward Arnald (Publishers) Limited, 2000/1994.
Halliday M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Socio-Semantic Perspective【M】. Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1985.
Hoye, L.E. Adverbs and Modality in English【M】. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1997.
Hynes, S. William Golding【M】. New York & London: Columbia University Press, 1968.
Ju, Yumei. English Stylistics【M】. Qingdao: Qingdao Ocean University Press, 1999.
Kress, G. & Hodge, B. Language and Ideology【M】. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
Leech, G. N. A linguistic Guide to English poetry【M】. London: Longman, 1969.
Leech , G. N. & Short, M. H. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fiction Prose【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press/ London: Longman Group Limited, 2001/1981.
Mukarovsky, J.“Standard Language and poetic Language”. In D.C. Freeman(ed.). Linguistics and Literary Style. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc., 1970, 40-56.
Page, N. William Golding Novels, 1954-67: a Casebook【M】. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1985.
Poynton, C. Language and Gender: Making the Difference【M】. Geelong, Vic.: DeakinUniversity Press, 1985.
Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ London: Edward Arnald (Publishers) Limited, 2000/1996.
Wales, K. ed. A dictionary of stylistics【M】. London: Longman, 1989.
Wright, L & Hope, J. Stylistics: A Practical Course Book【M】. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Zhang, Delu. Role Relationships and Their Realization in Mood and Modality【J】. Text, 1991, 2: 289-318.
崔小云.对《傲慢与偏见》第十九章之功能文体分析【D】.西安:西北工业大学,2004.
高菲.《已故上校的女儿》中的人际意义研究【D】.武汉:华中师范大学,2009.
李战子.话语的人际意义研究【M】.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.
廖鹰.威廉·戈尔丁和《蝇王》【J】.南京广播电视大学学报,2000,4: 29-31.
刘世生.西方文体学论纲【M】.济南:山东教育出版社,1998.
申丹.西方现代文体学百年发展历程【J】.外语教学与研究, 2000,1: 22-28.
申丹.功能文体学再思考【J】.外语教学与研究,34(3):188-193.
王佐良&丁往道.英语文体学引论【M】.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1987.
闫素真.从功能语法角度分析小说《呼啸山庄》的人际意义【D】.乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2007.
张德禄.韩礼德功能文体学理论评述【J】.外语教学与研究, 1999,1: 43-49.
赵英杰.《了不起的盖茨比》的人际功能文体分析【D】.石家庄:河北师范大学,2009.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies#cite_note-0