中韩现代亲属称谓语研究
摘要
亲属关系是人类社会中普遍存在的一种人际关系,相应地标记这种关系的亲属称谓语也就成为世界上每一种语言都具有的成分。基于亲属关系在人类不同社会中的普遍存在,亲属称谓语也就成为了各种人类语言中共有的词汇现象,并且属于词汇系统中相当稳固的一类词汇类聚——基本词汇的范畴。所以亲属称谓语称得上是语言比较研究的极富价值和意义的材料。
这篇论文主要由六个部分组成。
第一部分主要说明亲属称谓语的概念以及基本特点。亲属称谓语是指人类社会中体现特定的人在特定的家庭或社会关系中的特定的身份(包括辈分)、家族地位、性别等而得出来的,反映人们的家族关系的一套名称。它具有系统性、稳定性、发展性和色彩意义丰富的特点,并且与文化有着密不可分的关系。
第二部分对于汉语、韩语的亲属称谓语的面称、背称系统,做了全面、系统的分析和比较。汉韩面称、背称亲属称谓系统在整体构成的相同点包括:第一,类型上具有共性。这两个亲属称谓系统从体系构成上来看,没有表现出词汇空缺的现象。而且更为重要的是这两个系统都表现出了体系严密而复杂的特点。第二,数量上具有共性。称谓总量比较多,共名比较少,共名代表的亲属一般不太多。第三,格局上的共性。父方亲属关系有多少称谓,母方亲属关系相应地就有多少称谓,整个亲属称谓体系呈现出二元对称的格局。不同点包括:第一,韩语更加重视区分性别因素。第二,韩语更加重视区分长幼。第三,韩语重男轻女的倾向更加明显。韩语中以父系为中心、重男轻女的倾向较之汉语更甚,这在夫妻之间的称谓上表现得尤为突出。
汉韩亲属称谓系统在敬称和谦称上的共同之处有很多,比如敬称系统中都有用词素“令”、“尊”构成的词,而谦称系统中也都有用“家”、“舍”、“愚”、“小”等词素构成的词,这是因为韩语大量吸收了汉语词,并且还仿照汉语的构词方式利用汉字自造了许多韩语汉字词,比如“令息”、“椿府丈”等等,这些词无论在造词方式、结构规律,还是在词素选择上,与汉语词都有一脉相承之处,再加上韩语吸收了大量未经改造的汉语词,这就使得汉韩亲属称谓语的敬、谦系统中存在不少的共性特征。但是汉语、韩语又毕竟是两种不同的语言,因此在具体的构词结果上,又显示出了一定的差异性,即使用相同构词手段和词素材料制造的词也会有不同,比如汉语独有的“令亲”、“尊翁”、“家姐”、“舍妹”、“愚兄”;韩语独有的“令息”、“令抱”、“家婿”、“舍伯”、“愚妻”等等就是很好的证明。
第三部分,就汉韩亲属称谓语的构词、意义和构形进行了对比分析。就词的结构类型来说,汉韩语的亲属称谓语都还不具有类型上的普遍性——亲属称谓语并没有体现出词全部的结构类型,在复合词中两种语言都以偏正式为主要结构形式。另一方面,汉韩亲属称谓语在结构方式上也存在一定的差别,最明显的表现就是汉语的亲属称谓语都是由多个词素构成的合成词,而由单个词素构成的单纯词极少,只有“哥”、“妈”、“姥姥”等少数几个。而韩语的亲属称谓语中则存在不少的单纯词,另外,韩语中没有被汉语亲属称谓语广泛使用的重叠式。
就意义来说,汉韩亲属称谓语中包含的义素大致相同,常见的共有七大成分,即“生育关系”、“配偶关系”、“辈分(长/同/晚辈)”、“系属(父/母系;直/旁系;夫/妇系)”、“血或姻亲(血/姻亲)”、“长幼(长/幼年纪)”和“性别(男/女性)”。除此之外,韩语与汉语唯一的不同就是多出了“称呼者的性别”这一项。
就构形特点来说,韩语的构形法比汉语要匮乏得多。
第四部分比较了汉语和韩语亲属称谓语的泛化、简化特点。拟亲属关系的产生,导致了拟亲属称谓语的出现。也可以说,拟亲属称谓语,就是亲属称谓语的泛化。在日常交往中,人们往往比照亲属之间的年龄、辈分的特点,借用亲属称谓语来称呼对方,这种模拟亲属关系来称呼非亲属人员的称谓语就是拟亲属称谓语。汉韩两国在这个问题上的共同点有:1、泛化对象上的倾向性。汉韩亲属称谓语发生泛化的对象上,都表现为直系或者近亲属称谓语更容易出现泛化的现象。2、泛化方式上的类似。汉语亲属称谓语在泛化时其实是存在两种大的方式的——意义方式的泛化和构词方式的泛化,两者相对比,后者比前者具有明显的形式特征。3、使用范围上的广泛,不仅仅可以用在关系密切的朋友之间,关系一般的熟人,甚至是完全陌生的路人都可以用亲属称谓语来称呼。4、使用主体上的相同。在泛化称谓语的使用主体上,汉语和韩语都随着主体身份的不同表现出了许多相同的类型化特点。性别上,女性多于男性。年龄上,年少者多于年长者。在同样注重礼仪教化,提倡尊老爱幼的中国和韩国社会里,少者尊称长者早已成为了一种习惯,无论关系亲疏,孩子的父母总会让孩子以亲属称谓语称呼对方。素质上,文化程度低者多于高者。不同点主要是韩语在称呼与母亲年龄相仿的女性长辈时称谓语比汉语匮乏。汉语中的亲属称谓语常常通过附加一些前缀成分来表现其已泛化的结果,在韩语中这种现象却极不发达。汉语中亲属称谓语泛化的现象虽然比较丰富,但某些个别的亲属称谓语泛化的范围十分地有限。
第五部分围绕亲属称谓语对汉语和韩语从语言文化方面进行了比较分析。首先,汉语和韩语对亲属关系的区分都比较细致,标记亲属关系概念的词都较多,即汉韩亲属称谓语系统都是两种语言中数量较为丰富、内容较为详实的词群类聚。这一点在与西语,如英语亲属称谓语系统的比较中显得犹为突出。其次,汉韩亲属称谓语都是以直系宗亲亲属称谓语作为源点来推衍旁系、外亲、姻亲等其他体系的称谓语的,从而形成了以直系亲属称谓语为核心的称谓语体系。第三,在构词上,汉韩亲属称谓语都表现为偏正结构的复合词占据绝对优势,构词的结果上也几乎都是体现为名词。最后,在意义上,汉韩亲属称谓语都一致地以单义词为主体,多义词都比较有限,而且多出的义项中又基本都是表非亲属关系的更多。不同点主要有:首先,表敬功能的实现方式不同。汉语属于孤立语,韩语属于粘着语,两种语言在类型归属上的差异首先就衍生出了许多不同,具体到亲属称谓语的范畴中,最明显的表现就是在表敬功能的实现上两者完全不同。众所周知,韩语语言系统中敬语成分本身就十分发达,而汉语则相反,其表敬的方式有限,即使是主要体现在称谓语上也无法与韩语相提并论。其次,音节数量不同。汉语亲属称谓语中双音节的形式犹为突出,这是现代汉语词语双音节化的结果。现代汉语中的亲属称谓语受这一趋势的影响,也都向双音节的形式靠拢——原为单音节的词,可以通过附加别的成分或重叠自身变成双音节的词。然而,韩语中并不存在双音化的趋势,词的音节多少并没有特别的倾向性,所以可以不受限制地用较多的成分将亲属关系描述得更细,从而更直观地指向称谓对象。再次,词语类型不同。汉语的亲属称谓语都是属于汉语系统自身的固有词,而韩语的亲属称谓语中则存在不少吸收自汉语的外来词。作为一衣带水的友好邻邦,中韩两国交流密切,两国人民感情深厚,而且无论是在伦理观念、道德准则,还是在社会风俗、民族习惯等方面,中国文化对韩国都产生了极其深远的影响,这也使得两国在文化上具有很多的共同之处,这一特点表现在中韩亲属称谓语上就是两者所具有的文化共性远多于个性。
第六部分,我们就本文尚未解决的问题进行了简单的讨论。1、亲属称谓语和方言的关系。将两国的亲属称谓语的比较研究,结合方言角度来进行,必将有更大的收获。2、亲属称谓语的时代发展。本文对于语言的横向比较关注较多,对于其纵向比较,关注较少。3、亲属称谓语与文献资料的收集。对于亲属称谓语的研究,在文献资料收集、整理这一方面的工作,略微有些薄弱。无论是国内还是国外,这都是一个比较欠缺的问题。4、亲属称谓语与语言影响研究。亲属称谓语,是研究两种以及两种以上语言之间影响、交流程度的一个很好的角度。这也是本文选题的出发点之一。但是,由于水平有限,仅就中韩两国的亲属称谓语作了比较粗浅的比较。若要将研究做得更加深入,应当把视角放宽,不仅仅局限于两种语言,而是要沿着近代文化交流的主线,分析各国、各民族在文化互动中产生的词汇系统的变化。5、亲属称谓语与其上位概念、同位概念的关系研究。亲属称谓语的上位概念是称谓语。同位概念是称谓语中与亲属称谓语有着同样划分标准的其他词语系统,如职业称谓语、非家族关系称谓语等。
The relative relations is in the human society the universal existenceone kind of interpersonal relationship,correspondingly marks thiskind of relations the relative called the predicate also becomes thelanguage ingredient which in the world in each language all has.Basedon the relative relations in the human different society's universalexistence,the relative word has also become one kind of glossaryphenomenon which each kind of human language Chinese Communist Partyhas,moreover or in the language glossary system the quite stable onekind of glossary classified collectionbelongs to the basic glossarythe category.Therefore the relative called the predicate becomes thedifferent language comparison to have the value and significant thematerial.
This paper mainly is composed by six parts.
The first part mainly spoke the relative to call the predicate theconcept as well as the essential feature.The relative called thepredicate is refers to in human society to manifest the specificperson relates in the specific family or the society the specificstatus (including rank),the family status,the sex and so on obtains,had reflected people's family relates set of names.It has thesystematic characteristic,the stability,the development and thecolor by the content rich characteristic,and has the inseparablerelations with the culture.
The second part regarding Chinese,Han Yu relative called thepredicate the surface name,the back call the system,did has beencomprehensive,systematically the analysis and the comparison.ChineseHan Miancheng,the back called the relative the name system includesin the whole constitution same spot:First,in the type has thegeneral character.These two relatives name system constitutes fromthe system looked that,has not displayed the glossary vacancy thephenomenon,only is does not correspond in some names terminologyquantities.Moreover more more importantly these two systems alldisplayed the system strict and the complex characteristic.Second,inthe quantity has the general character.Name total quantity quitemany,altogether quite few,the famous representative's relativegenerally not too are altogether many.Third,in pattern generalcharacter.The father's side relative relations has how many names,the female side relative relations correspondingly has how many names,the entire relative name system presents the dual symmetrical pattern.The different spot includes:First,Han Yu even more takes todifferentiate the sex factor.Second,Han Yu even more takes todifferentiate the old and young.Third,Han Yu regards men as superiorto women tendency more obvious Han Yuzhong even more displayed by thepaternal line the tendency which for the center,regarded men assuperior to women,this displayed the outstandingly in husbands' andwives' name.
The Chinese Han relative name system and modestly called in therespectful designation the something in common has very much,forinstance in the respectful designation system all the useful morpheme"the command","reveres" the constitution word,but in the modest namesystem all useful "the family","the shed","simpleminded", "is alsosmall" and so on the morpheme constitution word,this is because theHan language has massively absorbed the Chinese word,and alsoimitated Chinese the construction word way from to make many Hanlanguage Chinese character word using the Chinese character,forinstance "made the rest","Chinese toon government office ten feet"and so on,these words regardless of were making the word way,thestructure rule, Or in the morpheme choice,all has with the Chineseword inherits place,in addition the Han language absorbed have beenmassive without the transformation Chinese word, this caused theChinese Han relative to call the predicate respect,in the modestsystem had many general character characteristic.But the Chinese,Hanare two different languages after all,therefore in concreteconstruction word result,also demonstrated the certain difference,namely the use isomorphism word method and the morpheme materialmanufacture word also could have the difference,for instance Chinesewas in sole possession of "your relative","your father","the eldersister","my younger sister", "I";The Han language is in solepossession of "the rest","the command is hugged","the familyson-in-law","the shed uncle","the simpleminded wife" and so on isthe very good proof.
The third part,the Chinese Han relative called the predicate theconstruction word, the significance and the configuration have carriedon the contrast analysis.Said on the word structure type that,theChinese Han Yu relative called the predicate all does not have in thetype the universal-relative called the predicate has not certainlymanifested the word complete structure type,in compound word twolanguages both take officially as main structural style.On the otherhand,the Chinese Han relative called the predicate also has thecertain difference in the structure way,the most obvious performanceis Chinese relative called the predicate all is by many morphemeconstitution compound word,but Pure word are extremely few by thesingle morpheme constitution,only has "the elder brother","themother","grandmother" and so on minority several.But Han Yu relativecalled in the predicate exists many Pure word,moreover,Han Yuzhonghas not been called by Chinese relative the predicate widespread use Overlap form.
Said on the significance that,the Chinese Han relative called in thepredicate contains righteousness element approximately same,commonaltogether has seven big ingredients,namely "the birth relates","thespouse relates","the rank(is long/with/younger generation)","is(the father/matriarchally;Straight/collateral branch; Thehusband/woman is)"," the blood or the relations by marriage(blood/relations by marriage)"," the old and young(long/youngage)"and" the sex(male/female)".In addition,Han Yu and Chinese onlywere different is left "the name sex" much this item.
Said on the configuration characteristic that,Han Yu configurationFrance and Belgium Chinese must be much more deficient.
The fourth part has compared Chinese and the Han language exudes, thesimplification characteristic.Draws up the relative relations theproduction,caused to draw up the relative to call the predicate theappearance.Also may say that,draws up the relative to call thepredicate,is the relative called the predicate exudes.In dailycontact, the people often according to relative's between age,therank characteristic,borrow the relative to call the predicate callsopposite party,this kind simulates the relative relations to call thenon-relative personnel the name predicate is draws up the relative tocall the predicate.The Chinese Han both countries includes in thisquestion common ground:1st, exudes on the object tendentiousness.TheChinese Han relative called the predicate has exudes on the object,all displays for direct line or the close relative called thepredicate is easier appears exudes the phenomenon.2nd,exudes in waybeing similar.Chinese relative called the predicate when exudesactually is has two big ways-the significance way to exude and theconstruction word way exudes,two relativity,latter has the obviousform characteristic compared to former.3rd,in use scope widespread,not merely may use between the relational close friend,relates thecommon acquaintance,even is the completely strange passers-by all mayuse the relative to call the predicate calls.4th, on use main bodysame.In exudes called the predicate on the use main body,Chinese andHan Yudu differently displayed.many same types characteristics alongwith the main body status.In the sex,the female are many to themale.In the age,young are many to the senior.In the similarattenion etiquette enlightenment,advocated the respect for elderlyand care for children China and in the South Korean society,the fewpolite name elder has already become one custom,regardless of therelational friend or stranger, child's parents general meeting letsthe child to the relative call the predicate calls opposite party.Inthe quality,years of schooling low are many to high.The differentspot mainly is Han Yu in the feminine elder when which the name andthe mother age is similar called the predicate is more deficient thanChinese.In Chinese relative name frequently through attaches someprefix ingredients to display its already exudes the result,this kindof phenomenon extremely is not actually developed in Han Yuzhong. InChinese the relative called the predicate exudes phenomenon althoughquite rich,but certain individual relatives called the predicateexudes the scope is extremely limited.
The fifth part the language culture aspect has carried on thecomparative analysis to Chinese and Han Yucong.First,Chinese and HanYu to relative relations discrimination all quite careful,marks therelative relations concept the word all many,namely the Chinese Hanrelative name language system all is in two languages the quantity isrich, the content more detailed word group classified collection.Thispoint in with occidental language,if in English relative namelanguage system comparison appears for is still prominent.Next,theChinese Han relative called the predicate all is by the direct lineancestor and relative relative called the predicate pushes as thesource spreads out the collateral branch,the relative on mother ordaughter side,the relations by marriage and so on other systems namepredicates,thus has formed take the direct line relative name as thecore name predicate system.Third,in the construction word,theChinese Han relative called the predicate all displays for thestructure compound word occupies the absolute superiority,in theconstruction word result also nearly all is manifests for the noun.Finally,in the significance,the Chinese Han relative called thepredicate all identically take Shan Yici as the main body,thepolysemant all quite limited,moreover are many in righteousness itembasic all is the table non-relative relations are more.The differentspot mainly has:First,the table respects the function therealization way to be different.Chinese belongs Isolation language,the Hanlanguage belongs Coherence language,two languages first grew in the typeownership difference many differently, made concrete to the relativecalled the predicate in the category,the most obvious performance wasrespects the function in the table in the realization two to becompletely different.It is well known,in Han language languagesystem Respect language ingredient itself extremely developed,but Chinese thenopposite,its table respects the way is limited,even if is mainlymanifests in called in the predicate also is unable with Han Yu toplace on a par.Next,the syllable quantity is different.Chineserelative called in the predicate the double syllable form for is stillprominent,this is the modern Chinese words and expressions doublesyllable result.In the modern Chinese relative calls the predicatethis tendency influence,also all closes up to the double syllableform-originally for the monosyllable note word,may through attachother ingredient or overlap oneself to tum the double syllable theword.However,Han Yuzhong certainly does not have the double soundtendency,word syllable how many certainly not specialtendentiousness,therefore may not limit describes with moreingredients the relative relations thin,thus direct-viewing aims atthe name object.The words and expressions type is once moredifferent.Chinese relative called the predicate all belongs to theChinese system own inherent word,but Han Yu relative called in thepredicate has many absorptions from the Chinese external word.
In brief,took close friendly neighboring country,China and SouthKorea exchange close,both countries people sentiment is deep,moreover regardless of is in ethics idea, the moral criterion,or inaspect and so on social custom,national custom,the Chinese culturehas all had the extremely profound influence to South Korea,this alsoenables both countries to have very many somethings in common in theculture,this characteristic displays in the Chinese and South Koreanrelative called in the predicate is the cultural general characterwhich two has are far many to the individuality.
The sixth part,we the question which not yet solved on this articlehave carried on the simple discussion.1st,the relative calls thepredicate and the dialect relations.Both countriesrelative called the predicate the comparison research,the uniondialect angle carries on,will certainly to have a bigger harvest.2nd,the relative calls the predicate the time development.Thisarticle regarding language crosswise comparison attention more,regarding its longitudinal comparison,the attention are less.Therelative called the predicate the lasted change,along with the timedevelopment,its speed is extremely quick.3rd,the relative calls the predicate and the literaturematerial collection.Compare with the glossary system in other wordgroups,the relative called the predicate this word group displayedthe very strong seal and control,therefore we definitely wereallowed to in these two languages relative to call the predicatecarried on the exhausting-like statistics,made the furtherqualitative analysis in the statistical foundation,sought in thesetwo languages the name system when the significance and theconstruction word form two aspects characteristics,and the dynamicapplication displayed characteristic. But this need massive literaturestatistical data makes the support.The relative called the predicateis has received several generation of people warm matters of concern.The righteousness element analysis theory most classical illustrationis the relative called the predicate the semantic field delimits withrighteousness element analysis.But,this are many is from thesemantic angle the attention which carries on to it.Regarding therelative called the predicate the research,in the literatureacquisition of information, reorganizes this on the one hand the work,somewhat is slightly weak.Regardless of is the home or overseas,thisall is a question which a comparison is short of.4th,the relativecalls the predicate and the language influence research.The relativecalls the predicate,is studies two as well as between two abovelanguages affects,an exchange degree very good angle.This also isone of starting points which this article selects a topic.But,because the level is limited,only on the China and South Korearelative called the predicate has made the quite shallow comparison.If will study does thoroughly,will have to relax the angle of view,not merely will limit to two languages,but will be must along themodern times cultural exchange master line,the analysis variouscountries, various nationalities the glossary system change which willproduce in the cultural interaction.5th,the relative calls thepredicate if on the position concept,the same position conceptrelational research.The relative called the predicate on positionconcept calls the predicate.The same position concept is called inthe predicate with the relative called the predicate has similarlydivides the standard other words and expressions systems,like theoccupation called the predicate,the non-family relate calls thepredicate and so on.
这篇论文主要由六个部分组成。
第一部分主要说明亲属称谓语的概念以及基本特点。亲属称谓语是指人类社会中体现特定的人在特定的家庭或社会关系中的特定的身份(包括辈分)、家族地位、性别等而得出来的,反映人们的家族关系的一套名称。它具有系统性、稳定性、发展性和色彩意义丰富的特点,并且与文化有着密不可分的关系。
第二部分对于汉语、韩语的亲属称谓语的面称、背称系统,做了全面、系统的分析和比较。汉韩面称、背称亲属称谓系统在整体构成的相同点包括:第一,类型上具有共性。这两个亲属称谓系统从体系构成上来看,没有表现出词汇空缺的现象。而且更为重要的是这两个系统都表现出了体系严密而复杂的特点。第二,数量上具有共性。称谓总量比较多,共名比较少,共名代表的亲属一般不太多。第三,格局上的共性。父方亲属关系有多少称谓,母方亲属关系相应地就有多少称谓,整个亲属称谓体系呈现出二元对称的格局。不同点包括:第一,韩语更加重视区分性别因素。第二,韩语更加重视区分长幼。第三,韩语重男轻女的倾向更加明显。韩语中以父系为中心、重男轻女的倾向较之汉语更甚,这在夫妻之间的称谓上表现得尤为突出。
汉韩亲属称谓系统在敬称和谦称上的共同之处有很多,比如敬称系统中都有用词素“令”、“尊”构成的词,而谦称系统中也都有用“家”、“舍”、“愚”、“小”等词素构成的词,这是因为韩语大量吸收了汉语词,并且还仿照汉语的构词方式利用汉字自造了许多韩语汉字词,比如“令息”、“椿府丈”等等,这些词无论在造词方式、结构规律,还是在词素选择上,与汉语词都有一脉相承之处,再加上韩语吸收了大量未经改造的汉语词,这就使得汉韩亲属称谓语的敬、谦系统中存在不少的共性特征。但是汉语、韩语又毕竟是两种不同的语言,因此在具体的构词结果上,又显示出了一定的差异性,即使用相同构词手段和词素材料制造的词也会有不同,比如汉语独有的“令亲”、“尊翁”、“家姐”、“舍妹”、“愚兄”;韩语独有的“令息”、“令抱”、“家婿”、“舍伯”、“愚妻”等等就是很好的证明。
第三部分,就汉韩亲属称谓语的构词、意义和构形进行了对比分析。就词的结构类型来说,汉韩语的亲属称谓语都还不具有类型上的普遍性——亲属称谓语并没有体现出词全部的结构类型,在复合词中两种语言都以偏正式为主要结构形式。另一方面,汉韩亲属称谓语在结构方式上也存在一定的差别,最明显的表现就是汉语的亲属称谓语都是由多个词素构成的合成词,而由单个词素构成的单纯词极少,只有“哥”、“妈”、“姥姥”等少数几个。而韩语的亲属称谓语中则存在不少的单纯词,另外,韩语中没有被汉语亲属称谓语广泛使用的重叠式。
就意义来说,汉韩亲属称谓语中包含的义素大致相同,常见的共有七大成分,即“生育关系”、“配偶关系”、“辈分(长/同/晚辈)”、“系属(父/母系;直/旁系;夫/妇系)”、“血或姻亲(血/姻亲)”、“长幼(长/幼年纪)”和“性别(男/女性)”。除此之外,韩语与汉语唯一的不同就是多出了“称呼者的性别”这一项。
就构形特点来说,韩语的构形法比汉语要匮乏得多。
第四部分比较了汉语和韩语亲属称谓语的泛化、简化特点。拟亲属关系的产生,导致了拟亲属称谓语的出现。也可以说,拟亲属称谓语,就是亲属称谓语的泛化。在日常交往中,人们往往比照亲属之间的年龄、辈分的特点,借用亲属称谓语来称呼对方,这种模拟亲属关系来称呼非亲属人员的称谓语就是拟亲属称谓语。汉韩两国在这个问题上的共同点有:1、泛化对象上的倾向性。汉韩亲属称谓语发生泛化的对象上,都表现为直系或者近亲属称谓语更容易出现泛化的现象。2、泛化方式上的类似。汉语亲属称谓语在泛化时其实是存在两种大的方式的——意义方式的泛化和构词方式的泛化,两者相对比,后者比前者具有明显的形式特征。3、使用范围上的广泛,不仅仅可以用在关系密切的朋友之间,关系一般的熟人,甚至是完全陌生的路人都可以用亲属称谓语来称呼。4、使用主体上的相同。在泛化称谓语的使用主体上,汉语和韩语都随着主体身份的不同表现出了许多相同的类型化特点。性别上,女性多于男性。年龄上,年少者多于年长者。在同样注重礼仪教化,提倡尊老爱幼的中国和韩国社会里,少者尊称长者早已成为了一种习惯,无论关系亲疏,孩子的父母总会让孩子以亲属称谓语称呼对方。素质上,文化程度低者多于高者。不同点主要是韩语在称呼与母亲年龄相仿的女性长辈时称谓语比汉语匮乏。汉语中的亲属称谓语常常通过附加一些前缀成分来表现其已泛化的结果,在韩语中这种现象却极不发达。汉语中亲属称谓语泛化的现象虽然比较丰富,但某些个别的亲属称谓语泛化的范围十分地有限。
第五部分围绕亲属称谓语对汉语和韩语从语言文化方面进行了比较分析。首先,汉语和韩语对亲属关系的区分都比较细致,标记亲属关系概念的词都较多,即汉韩亲属称谓语系统都是两种语言中数量较为丰富、内容较为详实的词群类聚。这一点在与西语,如英语亲属称谓语系统的比较中显得犹为突出。其次,汉韩亲属称谓语都是以直系宗亲亲属称谓语作为源点来推衍旁系、外亲、姻亲等其他体系的称谓语的,从而形成了以直系亲属称谓语为核心的称谓语体系。第三,在构词上,汉韩亲属称谓语都表现为偏正结构的复合词占据绝对优势,构词的结果上也几乎都是体现为名词。最后,在意义上,汉韩亲属称谓语都一致地以单义词为主体,多义词都比较有限,而且多出的义项中又基本都是表非亲属关系的更多。不同点主要有:首先,表敬功能的实现方式不同。汉语属于孤立语,韩语属于粘着语,两种语言在类型归属上的差异首先就衍生出了许多不同,具体到亲属称谓语的范畴中,最明显的表现就是在表敬功能的实现上两者完全不同。众所周知,韩语语言系统中敬语成分本身就十分发达,而汉语则相反,其表敬的方式有限,即使是主要体现在称谓语上也无法与韩语相提并论。其次,音节数量不同。汉语亲属称谓语中双音节的形式犹为突出,这是现代汉语词语双音节化的结果。现代汉语中的亲属称谓语受这一趋势的影响,也都向双音节的形式靠拢——原为单音节的词,可以通过附加别的成分或重叠自身变成双音节的词。然而,韩语中并不存在双音化的趋势,词的音节多少并没有特别的倾向性,所以可以不受限制地用较多的成分将亲属关系描述得更细,从而更直观地指向称谓对象。再次,词语类型不同。汉语的亲属称谓语都是属于汉语系统自身的固有词,而韩语的亲属称谓语中则存在不少吸收自汉语的外来词。作为一衣带水的友好邻邦,中韩两国交流密切,两国人民感情深厚,而且无论是在伦理观念、道德准则,还是在社会风俗、民族习惯等方面,中国文化对韩国都产生了极其深远的影响,这也使得两国在文化上具有很多的共同之处,这一特点表现在中韩亲属称谓语上就是两者所具有的文化共性远多于个性。
第六部分,我们就本文尚未解决的问题进行了简单的讨论。1、亲属称谓语和方言的关系。将两国的亲属称谓语的比较研究,结合方言角度来进行,必将有更大的收获。2、亲属称谓语的时代发展。本文对于语言的横向比较关注较多,对于其纵向比较,关注较少。3、亲属称谓语与文献资料的收集。对于亲属称谓语的研究,在文献资料收集、整理这一方面的工作,略微有些薄弱。无论是国内还是国外,这都是一个比较欠缺的问题。4、亲属称谓语与语言影响研究。亲属称谓语,是研究两种以及两种以上语言之间影响、交流程度的一个很好的角度。这也是本文选题的出发点之一。但是,由于水平有限,仅就中韩两国的亲属称谓语作了比较粗浅的比较。若要将研究做得更加深入,应当把视角放宽,不仅仅局限于两种语言,而是要沿着近代文化交流的主线,分析各国、各民族在文化互动中产生的词汇系统的变化。5、亲属称谓语与其上位概念、同位概念的关系研究。亲属称谓语的上位概念是称谓语。同位概念是称谓语中与亲属称谓语有着同样划分标准的其他词语系统,如职业称谓语、非家族关系称谓语等。
The relative relations is in the human society the universal existenceone kind of interpersonal relationship,correspondingly marks thiskind of relations the relative called the predicate also becomes thelanguage ingredient which in the world in each language all has.Basedon the relative relations in the human different society's universalexistence,the relative word has also become one kind of glossaryphenomenon which each kind of human language Chinese Communist Partyhas,moreover or in the language glossary system the quite stable onekind of glossary classified collectionbelongs to the basic glossarythe category.Therefore the relative called the predicate becomes thedifferent language comparison to have the value and significant thematerial.
This paper mainly is composed by six parts.
The first part mainly spoke the relative to call the predicate theconcept as well as the essential feature.The relative called thepredicate is refers to in human society to manifest the specificperson relates in the specific family or the society the specificstatus (including rank),the family status,the sex and so on obtains,had reflected people's family relates set of names.It has thesystematic characteristic,the stability,the development and thecolor by the content rich characteristic,and has the inseparablerelations with the culture.
The second part regarding Chinese,Han Yu relative called thepredicate the surface name,the back call the system,did has beencomprehensive,systematically the analysis and the comparison.ChineseHan Miancheng,the back called the relative the name system includesin the whole constitution same spot:First,in the type has thegeneral character.These two relatives name system constitutes fromthe system looked that,has not displayed the glossary vacancy thephenomenon,only is does not correspond in some names terminologyquantities.Moreover more more importantly these two systems alldisplayed the system strict and the complex characteristic.Second,inthe quantity has the general character.Name total quantity quitemany,altogether quite few,the famous representative's relativegenerally not too are altogether many.Third,in pattern generalcharacter.The father's side relative relations has how many names,the female side relative relations correspondingly has how many names,the entire relative name system presents the dual symmetrical pattern.The different spot includes:First,Han Yu even more takes todifferentiate the sex factor.Second,Han Yu even more takes todifferentiate the old and young.Third,Han Yu regards men as superiorto women tendency more obvious Han Yuzhong even more displayed by thepaternal line the tendency which for the center,regarded men assuperior to women,this displayed the outstandingly in husbands' andwives' name.
The Chinese Han relative name system and modestly called in therespectful designation the something in common has very much,forinstance in the respectful designation system all the useful morpheme"the command","reveres" the constitution word,but in the modest namesystem all useful "the family","the shed","simpleminded", "is alsosmall" and so on the morpheme constitution word,this is because theHan language has massively absorbed the Chinese word,and alsoimitated Chinese the construction word way from to make many Hanlanguage Chinese character word using the Chinese character,forinstance "made the rest","Chinese toon government office ten feet"and so on,these words regardless of were making the word way,thestructure rule, Or in the morpheme choice,all has with the Chineseword inherits place,in addition the Han language absorbed have beenmassive without the transformation Chinese word, this caused theChinese Han relative to call the predicate respect,in the modestsystem had many general character characteristic.But the Chinese,Hanare two different languages after all,therefore in concreteconstruction word result,also demonstrated the certain difference,namely the use isomorphism word method and the morpheme materialmanufacture word also could have the difference,for instance Chinesewas in sole possession of "your relative","your father","the eldersister","my younger sister", "I";The Han language is in solepossession of "the rest","the command is hugged","the familyson-in-law","the shed uncle","the simpleminded wife" and so on isthe very good proof.
The third part,the Chinese Han relative called the predicate theconstruction word, the significance and the configuration have carriedon the contrast analysis.Said on the word structure type that,theChinese Han Yu relative called the predicate all does not have in thetype the universal-relative called the predicate has not certainlymanifested the word complete structure type,in compound word twolanguages both take officially as main structural style.On the otherhand,the Chinese Han relative called the predicate also has thecertain difference in the structure way,the most obvious performanceis Chinese relative called the predicate all is by many morphemeconstitution compound word,but Pure word are extremely few by thesingle morpheme constitution,only has "the elder brother","themother","grandmother" and so on minority several.But Han Yu relativecalled in the predicate exists many Pure word,moreover,Han Yuzhonghas not been called by Chinese relative the predicate widespread use Overlap form.
Said on the significance that,the Chinese Han relative called in thepredicate contains righteousness element approximately same,commonaltogether has seven big ingredients,namely "the birth relates","thespouse relates","the rank(is long/with/younger generation)","is(the father/matriarchally;Straight/collateral branch; Thehusband/woman is)"," the blood or the relations by marriage(blood/relations by marriage)"," the old and young(long/youngage)"and" the sex(male/female)".In addition,Han Yu and Chinese onlywere different is left "the name sex" much this item.
Said on the configuration characteristic that,Han Yu configurationFrance and Belgium Chinese must be much more deficient.
The fourth part has compared Chinese and the Han language exudes, thesimplification characteristic.Draws up the relative relations theproduction,caused to draw up the relative to call the predicate theappearance.Also may say that,draws up the relative to call thepredicate,is the relative called the predicate exudes.In dailycontact, the people often according to relative's between age,therank characteristic,borrow the relative to call the predicate callsopposite party,this kind simulates the relative relations to call thenon-relative personnel the name predicate is draws up the relative tocall the predicate.The Chinese Han both countries includes in thisquestion common ground:1st, exudes on the object tendentiousness.TheChinese Han relative called the predicate has exudes on the object,all displays for direct line or the close relative called thepredicate is easier appears exudes the phenomenon.2nd,exudes in waybeing similar.Chinese relative called the predicate when exudesactually is has two big ways-the significance way to exude and theconstruction word way exudes,two relativity,latter has the obviousform characteristic compared to former.3rd,in use scope widespread,not merely may use between the relational close friend,relates thecommon acquaintance,even is the completely strange passers-by all mayuse the relative to call the predicate calls.4th, on use main bodysame.In exudes called the predicate on the use main body,Chinese andHan Yudu differently displayed.many same types characteristics alongwith the main body status.In the sex,the female are many to themale.In the age,young are many to the senior.In the similarattenion etiquette enlightenment,advocated the respect for elderlyand care for children China and in the South Korean society,the fewpolite name elder has already become one custom,regardless of therelational friend or stranger, child's parents general meeting letsthe child to the relative call the predicate calls opposite party.Inthe quality,years of schooling low are many to high.The differentspot mainly is Han Yu in the feminine elder when which the name andthe mother age is similar called the predicate is more deficient thanChinese.In Chinese relative name frequently through attaches someprefix ingredients to display its already exudes the result,this kindof phenomenon extremely is not actually developed in Han Yuzhong. InChinese the relative called the predicate exudes phenomenon althoughquite rich,but certain individual relatives called the predicateexudes the scope is extremely limited.
The fifth part the language culture aspect has carried on thecomparative analysis to Chinese and Han Yucong.First,Chinese and HanYu to relative relations discrimination all quite careful,marks therelative relations concept the word all many,namely the Chinese Hanrelative name language system all is in two languages the quantity isrich, the content more detailed word group classified collection.Thispoint in with occidental language,if in English relative namelanguage system comparison appears for is still prominent.Next,theChinese Han relative called the predicate all is by the direct lineancestor and relative relative called the predicate pushes as thesource spreads out the collateral branch,the relative on mother ordaughter side,the relations by marriage and so on other systems namepredicates,thus has formed take the direct line relative name as thecore name predicate system.Third,in the construction word,theChinese Han relative called the predicate all displays for thestructure compound word occupies the absolute superiority,in theconstruction word result also nearly all is manifests for the noun.Finally,in the significance,the Chinese Han relative called thepredicate all identically take Shan Yici as the main body,thepolysemant all quite limited,moreover are many in righteousness itembasic all is the table non-relative relations are more.The differentspot mainly has:First,the table respects the function therealization way to be different.Chinese belongs Isolation language,the Hanlanguage belongs Coherence language,two languages first grew in the typeownership difference many differently, made concrete to the relativecalled the predicate in the category,the most obvious performance wasrespects the function in the table in the realization two to becompletely different.It is well known,in Han language languagesystem Respect language ingredient itself extremely developed,but Chinese thenopposite,its table respects the way is limited,even if is mainlymanifests in called in the predicate also is unable with Han Yu toplace on a par.Next,the syllable quantity is different.Chineserelative called in the predicate the double syllable form for is stillprominent,this is the modern Chinese words and expressions doublesyllable result.In the modern Chinese relative calls the predicatethis tendency influence,also all closes up to the double syllableform-originally for the monosyllable note word,may through attachother ingredient or overlap oneself to tum the double syllable theword.However,Han Yuzhong certainly does not have the double soundtendency,word syllable how many certainly not specialtendentiousness,therefore may not limit describes with moreingredients the relative relations thin,thus direct-viewing aims atthe name object.The words and expressions type is once moredifferent.Chinese relative called the predicate all belongs to theChinese system own inherent word,but Han Yu relative called in thepredicate has many absorptions from the Chinese external word.
In brief,took close friendly neighboring country,China and SouthKorea exchange close,both countries people sentiment is deep,moreover regardless of is in ethics idea, the moral criterion,or inaspect and so on social custom,national custom,the Chinese culturehas all had the extremely profound influence to South Korea,this alsoenables both countries to have very many somethings in common in theculture,this characteristic displays in the Chinese and South Koreanrelative called in the predicate is the cultural general characterwhich two has are far many to the individuality.
The sixth part,we the question which not yet solved on this articlehave carried on the simple discussion.1st,the relative calls thepredicate and the dialect relations.Both countriesrelative called the predicate the comparison research,the uniondialect angle carries on,will certainly to have a bigger harvest.2nd,the relative calls the predicate the time development.Thisarticle regarding language crosswise comparison attention more,regarding its longitudinal comparison,the attention are less.Therelative called the predicate the lasted change,along with the timedevelopment,its speed is extremely quick.3rd,the relative calls the predicate and the literaturematerial collection.Compare with the glossary system in other wordgroups,the relative called the predicate this word group displayedthe very strong seal and control,therefore we definitely wereallowed to in these two languages relative to call the predicatecarried on the exhausting-like statistics,made the furtherqualitative analysis in the statistical foundation,sought in thesetwo languages the name system when the significance and theconstruction word form two aspects characteristics,and the dynamicapplication displayed characteristic. But this need massive literaturestatistical data makes the support.The relative called the predicateis has received several generation of people warm matters of concern.The righteousness element analysis theory most classical illustrationis the relative called the predicate the semantic field delimits withrighteousness element analysis.But,this are many is from thesemantic angle the attention which carries on to it.Regarding therelative called the predicate the research,in the literatureacquisition of information, reorganizes this on the one hand the work,somewhat is slightly weak.Regardless of is the home or overseas,thisall is a question which a comparison is short of.4th,the relativecalls the predicate and the language influence research.The relativecalls the predicate,is studies two as well as between two abovelanguages affects,an exchange degree very good angle.This also isone of starting points which this article selects a topic.But,because the level is limited,only on the China and South Korearelative called the predicate has made the quite shallow comparison.If will study does thoroughly,will have to relax the angle of view,not merely will limit to two languages,but will be must along themodern times cultural exchange master line,the analysis variouscountries, various nationalities the glossary system change which willproduce in the cultural interaction.5th,the relative calls thepredicate if on the position concept,the same position conceptrelational research.The relative called the predicate on positionconcept calls the predicate.The same position concept is called inthe predicate with the relative called the predicate has similarlydivides the standard other words and expressions systems,like theoccupation called the predicate,the non-family relate calls thepredicate and so on.
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[1]全炫兑:《汉语社会交际称谓语研究——兼及中韩称谓语比较》.上海师范大学博士论文,2001年4月,6-7页
[1]夏孝才:《亲属关系词中的文化差异》,载于《湖南大学学撤》,2001年6月,第15卷第12期,第155页。
[2]贾彦德:《汉语语义学》,北京大学出版社2001年版,第351页。
[3]黎昌抱:《英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究》,载于《台州师专学报》,1999年8月,第21卷第4期第75页。
[4]叶南:《论汉语称谓语的文化内涵》,载于《西南民族学院学报·哲学社会科学版》,2001年6月,总22卷第6期,第221页。
[5]汤云航、赵淑芬:《汉语亲属称谓语与传统伦理文化》,载于《承德民族师专学报》,2001年8月,第21卷第3期,第155页。
[1]崔在锡《韩国的亲族用语》民言社,1991年6-7页
[1]利奇:语义学,上海外语教育出版社,1987年
[2]邱震强:《汉语表亲属关系的义素系统的封闭性》,载《柳州职业技术学院学报》2003年12月,第3卷第4期,第47页。
[3]罗湘英:《亲属称谓的词缀化现象》,载《汉语学习》2000年8月,第四期.第74页。
[1]王迪:浅析普通话里重叠式亲属词的感情色彩消费导刊·文化研究,2007.7,197页
[1]张希玲:汉语拟亲属称谓语的应用及其文化意识透视,学术交流,2007年2月,141-142页
[1]裘燕萍:《汉英亲属称谓系统的对比研究》,载于《绍兴文理学院学报》2002年4月,第22卷第2期,第85页。
[1]许之所,车静:论农村与城市亲属称谓的泛化及差异,社会文化,2006.3,84-85页
[1]潘攀:论亲属称谓语的简化[M],江汉大学学报,1999年8月,75页
[1]高名凯.德·索绪尔和他的《普通语言学教程》[A].语言学论从第六集[C].北京:商务印书馆,1980.
[1]李树新:论汉语称谓的困境与缺环,内蒙古社会科学(汉文版)Nov.2004
[1]夏孝才:亲属关系词中的文化差异[J],湖南大学学报,2001年6月.154页
[1]夏孝才:亲属关系词中的文化差异[J],湖南大学学报,2001年6月,154页
[1]朱晓文:称谓语的多角度研究[J],上海:修辞学习,2005年第4期,72页
[2]朱晓文:称谓语的多角度研究[J],上海:修辞学习,2005年第4期,73页
1、葛本仪:《现代汉语词汇学》,山东人民出版社,2001年
2、会炫兑:《汉语社会交际称谓语研究——兼及中韩称谓语比较》,上海师范大学博士论文,2001年4月
3、李霞:《女性主义人类学与汉人亲属制度研究》,载《妇女研究论丛》,2002年9月
4、黎昌抱:《英汉社交称谓的闻俗差异》,载《丽水师范专科学院学报》,1999年6月,第21卷第3期
5、黎昌抱:《英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究》,载《台州师专学报》,1999年8月,第21卷第4期
6、刘辰洁李国慧:《现代韩国语称谓系统计其文化印记》,载《边疆经济与文化》,2005年第5期
7、罗湘英:《亲属称谓的词缀化现象》,载《汉语学习》2000年8月,第四期,第74页。
8、潘文:《普通话亲属称谓形式化初探》,载《南京师大学报(社会科学版)》,2001年10月,第6期
9、邱震强:《汉语表亲属关系的义素系统的封闭性》,载《柳州职业技术学院学报》2003年12月,第3卷第4期
10、齐沪扬朱琴琴:《上海市徐汇区大中小学生称谓语使用情况调查》,载《语言文字应用》,2001年第2期
11、汤云航、赵淑芬:《汉语亲属称谓语与传统伦理文化》,载于《承德民族师专学报》,2001年8月,第21卷第3期
12、王化建:《英汉标准称谓词对比研究》,载《牡丹江大学学报》,2007年3月
13、王琪:《亲属称谓“公”、“私”考》,载《唐都学刊》,2006年5月
14、王迪:《浅析普通话里重叠式亲属词的感情色彩》,载《消费导刊》2007年7月
15、夏孝才:《亲属关系词中的文化差异》,载《湖南大学学报》,2001年6月,第15卷第12期
16、杨丽琴:《汉语称谓的文化透视》,载《保定师范专科学校学报》,2003年1月,第16卷第1期
17、叶南:《论汉语称谓语的文化内涵》,载《西南民族学院学报·哲学社会科学版》,2001年6月,总22卷第6期
18、岳庆平:《家族文化与现代化》,载《社会科学战线》,1994,(6)
19、朱晓文:《称谓语的多角度研究》,载《修辞学习》,2005年第4期
20、夏孝才:《亲属关系词中的文化差异》[J],湖南大学学报,2001年6月,154页
21、李树新:《论汉语称谓的困境与缺环》,内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2004年
22、高名凯.德·索绪尔和他的《普通语言学教程》[A].语言学论丛第六集[C],商务印书馆,1980年
23、许之所,车静:《论农村与城市亲属称谓的泛化及差异》,社会文化,2006年3月,84-85页
24、张希玲:《汉语拟亲属称谓语的应用及其文化意识透视》,学术交流,2007年2月,141-142页
25、裘燕萍:《汉英亲属称谓系统的对比研究》,载于《绍兴文理学院学报》2002年4月,第22卷第2期,第85页。
26、高怡萍:《亲属与社会群体的建构》,载《广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2000年1月,第22卷第1期
27、恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,人民出版社,1977年
28、弗里德曼著,刘晓春译:《中国东南的宗族组织》,上海人民出版社,2000年
29、费孝通:《乡土中国生育制度》,北京大学出版社,1998年
30、贾彦德:《汉语语义学》,北京大学出版社,2001年
31、崔在锡:《韩国的亲族用语》,民言社,1991年
32、利奇:《语义学》,上海外语教育出版社,1987年
33、摩尔根:《古代社会》,商务印书馆,1977年
34、黄伯荣:《现代汉语》,高等教育出版社,2002年8月第2次印刷
35、中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室,《现代言语词典》,商务印书馆,2005年
36、#12
37、#12
38、#12
39、#12
40、#12
41、#12
42、#12
43、#12
44、#12
45、#12
46、#12
47、#12
48、#12
49、#12
50、#12
51、#12
52、#12
53、#12
54、#12
55、#12
56、#12
57、#12
58、#12
59、#12
60、#12
61、李孝淑:《韩中同形异义语的对照研究》,韩国外国语大学校,1999年
62、郑恩惠:《韩中汉字语的异质化研究》,梨花女子大学校,1998年
63、#12
64、#12
65、#12
66、#12
67、#12
68、#12
69、#12
70、#12
71、#12
72、(?):《国语内容研究(3)》,国学资料院,1994年.
73、#12
74、#12
75、(?):《国语敬语法研究》,集文堂,1997年
76、李圭昌:《国语尊代法论》,集文堂,1992年
77、《标准国语大词典》,(?),1999
78、胡士云:《说“爷”和“爹”》,载于《语言研究》,1994年第1期
79、李明:《试谈语言交际中的文化差异》,载于《黑龙江社会科学》,1996年第1期
80、刘小湘:《中外称谓和对外汉语教学》,载于《修辞学习》,1992年第3期
81、陈刚:《北京人对母亲称谓的演变》,载于《语文研究》,1983年第2期
[1]杨丽琴:《汉语称谓的文化透视》,载于《保定师范专科学校学报》,2003年1月,第16卷第1期,第65页。
[1]叶南:《论汉语称谓语的文化内涵》,载于《西南民族学院学报·哲学社会科学版》,2001年6月,总22卷第6期,第221页。
[2]潘文:《普通话亲属称谓形式化初探》,载于《南京师大学报(社会科学版)》,2001年10月,第6期,第104页。
[1]葛本仪:《现代汉语词汇学》,山东人民出版社,2001年,第182页
[1]王化建:《英汉标准称谓词对比研究》,牡丹江大学学报,2007年3月,46页
[2]刘辰洁 李国慧:《现代韩国语称谓系统及其文化印记》[J],边疆经济与文化,2005年第5期,60页
[1]黎吕抱:《英汉社交称谓的闻俗差异》,载于《丽水师范专科学院学报》,1999年6月,第21卷第3期,第42页。
[1]全炫兑:《汉语社会交际称谓语研究——兼及中韩称谓语比较》.上海师范大学博士论文,2001年4月,6-7页
[1]夏孝才:《亲属关系词中的文化差异》,载于《湖南大学学撤》,2001年6月,第15卷第12期,第155页。
[2]贾彦德:《汉语语义学》,北京大学出版社2001年版,第351页。
[3]黎昌抱:《英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究》,载于《台州师专学报》,1999年8月,第21卷第4期第75页。
[4]叶南:《论汉语称谓语的文化内涵》,载于《西南民族学院学报·哲学社会科学版》,2001年6月,总22卷第6期,第221页。
[5]汤云航、赵淑芬:《汉语亲属称谓语与传统伦理文化》,载于《承德民族师专学报》,2001年8月,第21卷第3期,第155页。
[1]崔在锡《韩国的亲族用语》民言社,1991年6-7页
[1]利奇:语义学,上海外语教育出版社,1987年
[2]邱震强:《汉语表亲属关系的义素系统的封闭性》,载《柳州职业技术学院学报》2003年12月,第3卷第4期,第47页。
[3]罗湘英:《亲属称谓的词缀化现象》,载《汉语学习》2000年8月,第四期.第74页。
[1]王迪:浅析普通话里重叠式亲属词的感情色彩消费导刊·文化研究,2007.7,197页
[1]张希玲:汉语拟亲属称谓语的应用及其文化意识透视,学术交流,2007年2月,141-142页
[1]裘燕萍:《汉英亲属称谓系统的对比研究》,载于《绍兴文理学院学报》2002年4月,第22卷第2期,第85页。
[1]许之所,车静:论农村与城市亲属称谓的泛化及差异,社会文化,2006.3,84-85页
[1]潘攀:论亲属称谓语的简化[M],江汉大学学报,1999年8月,75页
[1]高名凯.德·索绪尔和他的《普通语言学教程》[A].语言学论从第六集[C].北京:商务印书馆,1980.
[1]李树新:论汉语称谓的困境与缺环,内蒙古社会科学(汉文版)Nov.2004
[1]夏孝才:亲属关系词中的文化差异[J],湖南大学学报,2001年6月.154页
[1]夏孝才:亲属关系词中的文化差异[J],湖南大学学报,2001年6月,154页
[1]朱晓文:称谓语的多角度研究[J],上海:修辞学习,2005年第4期,72页
[2]朱晓文:称谓语的多角度研究[J],上海:修辞学习,2005年第4期,73页
1、葛本仪:《现代汉语词汇学》,山东人民出版社,2001年
2、会炫兑:《汉语社会交际称谓语研究——兼及中韩称谓语比较》,上海师范大学博士论文,2001年4月
3、李霞:《女性主义人类学与汉人亲属制度研究》,载《妇女研究论丛》,2002年9月
4、黎昌抱:《英汉社交称谓的闻俗差异》,载《丽水师范专科学院学报》,1999年6月,第21卷第3期
5、黎昌抱:《英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究》,载《台州师专学报》,1999年8月,第21卷第4期
6、刘辰洁李国慧:《现代韩国语称谓系统计其文化印记》,载《边疆经济与文化》,2005年第5期
7、罗湘英:《亲属称谓的词缀化现象》,载《汉语学习》2000年8月,第四期,第74页。
8、潘文:《普通话亲属称谓形式化初探》,载《南京师大学报(社会科学版)》,2001年10月,第6期
9、邱震强:《汉语表亲属关系的义素系统的封闭性》,载《柳州职业技术学院学报》2003年12月,第3卷第4期
10、齐沪扬朱琴琴:《上海市徐汇区大中小学生称谓语使用情况调查》,载《语言文字应用》,2001年第2期
11、汤云航、赵淑芬:《汉语亲属称谓语与传统伦理文化》,载于《承德民族师专学报》,2001年8月,第21卷第3期
12、王化建:《英汉标准称谓词对比研究》,载《牡丹江大学学报》,2007年3月
13、王琪:《亲属称谓“公”、“私”考》,载《唐都学刊》,2006年5月
14、王迪:《浅析普通话里重叠式亲属词的感情色彩》,载《消费导刊》2007年7月
15、夏孝才:《亲属关系词中的文化差异》,载《湖南大学学报》,2001年6月,第15卷第12期
16、杨丽琴:《汉语称谓的文化透视》,载《保定师范专科学校学报》,2003年1月,第16卷第1期
17、叶南:《论汉语称谓语的文化内涵》,载《西南民族学院学报·哲学社会科学版》,2001年6月,总22卷第6期
18、岳庆平:《家族文化与现代化》,载《社会科学战线》,1994,(6)
19、朱晓文:《称谓语的多角度研究》,载《修辞学习》,2005年第4期
20、夏孝才:《亲属关系词中的文化差异》[J],湖南大学学报,2001年6月,154页
21、李树新:《论汉语称谓的困境与缺环》,内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2004年
22、高名凯.德·索绪尔和他的《普通语言学教程》[A].语言学论丛第六集[C],商务印书馆,1980年
23、许之所,车静:《论农村与城市亲属称谓的泛化及差异》,社会文化,2006年3月,84-85页
24、张希玲:《汉语拟亲属称谓语的应用及其文化意识透视》,学术交流,2007年2月,141-142页
25、裘燕萍:《汉英亲属称谓系统的对比研究》,载于《绍兴文理学院学报》2002年4月,第22卷第2期,第85页。
26、高怡萍:《亲属与社会群体的建构》,载《广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2000年1月,第22卷第1期
27、恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,人民出版社,1977年
28、弗里德曼著,刘晓春译:《中国东南的宗族组织》,上海人民出版社,2000年
29、费孝通:《乡土中国生育制度》,北京大学出版社,1998年
30、贾彦德:《汉语语义学》,北京大学出版社,2001年
31、崔在锡:《韩国的亲族用语》,民言社,1991年
32、利奇:《语义学》,上海外语教育出版社,1987年
33、摩尔根:《古代社会》,商务印书馆,1977年
34、黄伯荣:《现代汉语》,高等教育出版社,2002年8月第2次印刷
35、中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室,《现代言语词典》,商务印书馆,2005年
36、#12
37、#12
38、#12
39、#12
40、#12
41、#12
42、#12
43、#12
44、#12
45、#12
46、#12
47、#12
48、#12
49、#12
50、#12
51、#12
52、#12
53、#12
54、#12
55、#12
56、#12
57、#12
58、#12
59、#12
60、#12
61、李孝淑:《韩中同形异义语的对照研究》,韩国外国语大学校,1999年
62、郑恩惠:《韩中汉字语的异质化研究》,梨花女子大学校,1998年
63、#12
64、#12
65、#12
66、#12
67、#12
68、#12
69、#12
70、#12
71、#12
72、(?):《国语内容研究(3)》,国学资料院,1994年.
73、#12
74、#12
75、(?):《国语敬语法研究》,集文堂,1997年
76、李圭昌:《国语尊代法论》,集文堂,1992年
77、《标准国语大词典》,(?),1999
78、胡士云:《说“爷”和“爹”》,载于《语言研究》,1994年第1期
79、李明:《试谈语言交际中的文化差异》,载于《黑龙江社会科学》,1996年第1期
80、刘小湘:《中外称谓和对外汉语教学》,载于《修辞学习》,1992年第3期
81、陈刚:《北京人对母亲称谓的演变》,载于《语文研究》,1983年第2期