滇池流域施肥对作物产量、品质的影响及其环境风险
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摘要
滇池是中国西南地区最大的高原湖泊，滇池流域由于其得天独厚的气候条件和区位优势，成为全国有名的蔬菜花卉生产基地，集约化的农业生产方式和土地高强度利用，使滇池流域环境的承载能力面临巨大挑战，滇池污染日趋严重。如何实现该地区的农业生产中农作物的高产稳产、改善作物品质和降低施肥的环境风险成为亟待解决的问题。为此，在滇池流域一个典型的农业生产区—云南省昆明市呈贡县大渔乡开展了施肥对作物产量、品质的影响及其环境风险的田间试验研究。
西芹产量随施肥量的增加缓慢增加，甜椒产量与施肥量显著负相关，氮磷对生菜产量反映敏感。磷肥对西芹没有增产效果，对甜椒有显著的减产效果，钾肥对甜椒产量没有显著影响，对西芹有显著的增产效果。相对于习惯施肥量，当季甜椒、西芹、生菜在减少氮磷50％～100％的情况下作物不减产。
氮磷过量生菜、西芹外观品质差。氮肥与西芹、甜椒硝酸盐累积显著正相关，磷肥与甜椒硝酸盐显著正相关，适量施磷降低西芹硝酸盐含量，过量施磷显著增加西芹硝酸盐含量；增施钾肥显著降低西芹硝酸盐含量。滴灌施肥和降低氮磷用量显著改善康乃馨品质。
三种蔬菜对钾需要量最大、氮次之、磷最少。三种蔬菜习惯施肥氮的投入量是吸收量的4.8—10倍，磷是9.3—21.9倍，钾处于亏缺状态，最大达到-239kg．hm~(-2)。
土壤硝态氮含量与施氮量显著正相关，表层土壤累积速率最快，适量施磷能显著降低土壤中的硝态氮含量，过量施磷将显著增加土壤中的硝态氮含量。滴灌施肥显著减少土壤中的硝酸盐累积和向下的迁移量。增施钾肥能降低土壤中的硝酸盐含量。西芹、甜椒习惯施肥处理土壤硝态氮累积量为：1400.5kg．hm~(-2)、894.5 kg．hm~(-2)。
若以Olsen-P 70mg．kg~(-1)作为土壤磷流失的环境警戒值，即使是在完全不施磷肥的情况下，种植一季西芹、生菜后，土壤速效磷的含量仍然在环境警戒值以上，施磷量与土壤速效磷含量极显著正相关，增加施氮量显著增加土壤中的速效磷含量。滴灌施肥显著降低土壤速效磷的含量。
整个生育期土壤速效钾在不断下降，土壤碱解氮不断累积，土壤速效钾含量随施钾量增加而增加。增施磷肥显著增加土壤碱解氮含量。滴灌施肥降低土壤碱解氮含量。
从作物产量、品质和环境风险三方面来考虑，习惯施肥量导致作物减产、降低了作物品质、引起土壤养分富集而带来极大的环境风险。而在大量施用有机肥、土壤养分又很丰富的情况下，降低氮磷化肥50～90％，可以增加作物的产量、改善作物品质和降低氮磷化肥的潜在环境风险。
Dianchi lake is the biggest plateau lake in southwest of China. Thanks to its appropriate weather condition and area advantage, Dianchi lake drainage area has become famous producing base of vegetables and flowers in China. However, owing to intensive agricultural production and cropland intensive use, the environment in Dianchi Lake is faced with a challenge. Pollution of Dianchi Lake becomes severity increasingly. How to realize the area's crops yield stability, to improve crops quality and to reduce environmental risk of fertilization has become an urgent problem to be solved. Therefore, in this paper, study on effect of fertilization on crops yield, quality and environmental risk has been carried out in Yunnan.
The yield of celery is increasing slowly with increase of fertilizer input. It is significant negative correlation between sweet pepper yield and fertilizer input. Lettuce yield is sensitive to N and P input. Effect of fertilizer P on celery yield is not significant, which is significant to reduction of sweet pepper yield. Effect of fertilizer K on sweet pepper yield is not significant, which is significant to increase of celery yield. Compared with conventional fertilization, the yield of the three vegetables is not reducted under reducing 50%-100% N and P in current season.
Excessive amount of applying N and P brings about apparent quality of lettuce and celery worse. The correlation between NO3- in celery and sweet pepper and N input is significantly positive, which is the same between NO3- in sweet pepper and P input. Appropriate P input is able to reduce NO3- in celery, while excessive P input increases it. Increasing K input reduces NO3- in celery. Fertigation and reduction of N and P input improve carnation's quality.
Uptake of K by the three vegetables is biggest, N takes second place and P is the third. N input is 4.8-10 times of N uptake by the three vegetables, P being 9.3-21.9 and K having a deficit up to -239kg.hm-2.
The correlation between N input and NO3--N in soil is significantly positive. The velocity of NO3--N accumulation is fastest in surface soil. Appropriate P input is able to reduce NO3--N in soil, while excessive P input increases it. Fertigation significantly reduce NO3--N in soil and the amount of NO3--N downflow. Increasing K input can reduce NO3--N in soil.
Supposing Olsen-P 70mg.kg-1 as the breakpoint of P runoff in soil, Olsen-P in soil is still over the breakpoint under no P input after harvest of celery and lettuce. The correlation between P input and Olsen-P in soil is significantly positive. Increasing N input increases Olsen-P in soil significantly. Fertigation significantly reduce Olsen-P in soil.
During the whole crops growth period, available K in soil is reducing. Available K in soil is increasing with increase of K input. Available N is continuously accumulating in the whole growth period. The correlation between N input and available N in soil is significantly positive. Increasing P input increases available N in soil. Fertigation significantly reduce available N in soil.
西芹产量随施肥量的增加缓慢增加，甜椒产量与施肥量显著负相关，氮磷对生菜产量反映敏感。磷肥对西芹没有增产效果，对甜椒有显著的减产效果，钾肥对甜椒产量没有显著影响，对西芹有显著的增产效果。相对于习惯施肥量，当季甜椒、西芹、生菜在减少氮磷50％～100％的情况下作物不减产。
氮磷过量生菜、西芹外观品质差。氮肥与西芹、甜椒硝酸盐累积显著正相关，磷肥与甜椒硝酸盐显著正相关，适量施磷降低西芹硝酸盐含量，过量施磷显著增加西芹硝酸盐含量；增施钾肥显著降低西芹硝酸盐含量。滴灌施肥和降低氮磷用量显著改善康乃馨品质。
三种蔬菜对钾需要量最大、氮次之、磷最少。三种蔬菜习惯施肥氮的投入量是吸收量的4.8—10倍，磷是9.3—21.9倍，钾处于亏缺状态，最大达到-239kg．hm~(-2)。
土壤硝态氮含量与施氮量显著正相关，表层土壤累积速率最快，适量施磷能显著降低土壤中的硝态氮含量，过量施磷将显著增加土壤中的硝态氮含量。滴灌施肥显著减少土壤中的硝酸盐累积和向下的迁移量。增施钾肥能降低土壤中的硝酸盐含量。西芹、甜椒习惯施肥处理土壤硝态氮累积量为：1400.5kg．hm~(-2)、894.5 kg．hm~(-2)。
若以Olsen-P 70mg．kg~(-1)作为土壤磷流失的环境警戒值，即使是在完全不施磷肥的情况下，种植一季西芹、生菜后，土壤速效磷的含量仍然在环境警戒值以上，施磷量与土壤速效磷含量极显著正相关，增加施氮量显著增加土壤中的速效磷含量。滴灌施肥显著降低土壤速效磷的含量。
整个生育期土壤速效钾在不断下降，土壤碱解氮不断累积，土壤速效钾含量随施钾量增加而增加。增施磷肥显著增加土壤碱解氮含量。滴灌施肥降低土壤碱解氮含量。
从作物产量、品质和环境风险三方面来考虑，习惯施肥量导致作物减产、降低了作物品质、引起土壤养分富集而带来极大的环境风险。而在大量施用有机肥、土壤养分又很丰富的情况下，降低氮磷化肥50～90％，可以增加作物的产量、改善作物品质和降低氮磷化肥的潜在环境风险。
Dianchi lake is the biggest plateau lake in southwest of China. Thanks to its appropriate weather condition and area advantage, Dianchi lake drainage area has become famous producing base of vegetables and flowers in China. However, owing to intensive agricultural production and cropland intensive use, the environment in Dianchi Lake is faced with a challenge. Pollution of Dianchi Lake becomes severity increasingly. How to realize the area's crops yield stability, to improve crops quality and to reduce environmental risk of fertilization has become an urgent problem to be solved. Therefore, in this paper, study on effect of fertilization on crops yield, quality and environmental risk has been carried out in Yunnan.
The yield of celery is increasing slowly with increase of fertilizer input. It is significant negative correlation between sweet pepper yield and fertilizer input. Lettuce yield is sensitive to N and P input. Effect of fertilizer P on celery yield is not significant, which is significant to reduction of sweet pepper yield. Effect of fertilizer K on sweet pepper yield is not significant, which is significant to increase of celery yield. Compared with conventional fertilization, the yield of the three vegetables is not reducted under reducing 50%-100% N and P in current season.
Excessive amount of applying N and P brings about apparent quality of lettuce and celery worse. The correlation between NO3- in celery and sweet pepper and N input is significantly positive, which is the same between NO3- in sweet pepper and P input. Appropriate P input is able to reduce NO3- in celery, while excessive P input increases it. Increasing K input reduces NO3- in celery. Fertigation and reduction of N and P input improve carnation's quality.
Uptake of K by the three vegetables is biggest, N takes second place and P is the third. N input is 4.8-10 times of N uptake by the three vegetables, P being 9.3-21.9 and K having a deficit up to -239kg.hm-2.
The correlation between N input and NO3--N in soil is significantly positive. The velocity of NO3--N accumulation is fastest in surface soil. Appropriate P input is able to reduce NO3--N in soil, while excessive P input increases it. Fertigation significantly reduce NO3--N in soil and the amount of NO3--N downflow. Increasing K input can reduce NO3--N in soil.
Supposing Olsen-P 70mg.kg-1 as the breakpoint of P runoff in soil, Olsen-P in soil is still over the breakpoint under no P input after harvest of celery and lettuce. The correlation between P input and Olsen-P in soil is significantly positive. Increasing N input increases Olsen-P in soil significantly. Fertigation significantly reduce Olsen-P in soil.
During the whole crops growth period, available K in soil is reducing. Available K in soil is increasing with increase of K input. Available N is continuously accumulating in the whole growth period. The correlation between N input and available N in soil is significantly positive. Increasing P input increases available N in soil. Fertigation significantly reduce available N in soil.
引文
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