基于粘弹特性的沥青疲劳—流变机理研究
摘要
沥青的抗疲劳能力对沥青路面长期使用性能具有显著影响,因此沥青的疲劳问题多年来一直是国内外研究的热点课题。大量研究认为,沥青的疲劳是损伤造成的,并基于损伤提出了采用累计耗散能比、耗散能变化率等作为疲劳评价指标。然而,随着人们对沥青性能研究的不断深入,沥青的自愈性和触变性受到了越来越多的关注和重视,研究者们已经开始注意到沥青的疲劳不仅与损伤有关,而且与沥青非线性粘弹的自愈能力和流变特性直接相关。因此,沥青疲劳特性及疲劳评价指标的研究应综合考虑损伤及流变特性的影响。基于以上原因,从沥青的粘弹特性入手,深入研究了沥青的自愈性、触变性,分析了触变性和自愈性对沥青疲劳特性的影响,并在此基础上分析确定了沥青的疲劳-流变机理,提出了沥青的疲劳评价指标。主要研究内容及成果概括如下:
在深入了解沥青疲劳特性研究方法的基础上,对原有的沥青疲劳特性研究方法进行了改进,考虑了触变性的影响,确定了基于流变特性的沥青疲劳特性的研究方法。
借助于动态剪切流变仪研究了沥青的自愈能力及间歇时间、间歇前沥青状态、温度、加载模式等因素对沥青自愈性的影响。研究表明:间歇时间越长,沥青性能恢复得越好;荷载作用次数越少,沥青性能恢复得越快;温度越高,沥青的性能恢复得越快;加载模式不同沥青的自愈能力不同。间歇加载模式下,沥青的疲劳曲线仅在大于间歇前模量(间歇前,荷载停止作用时的模量)的部分发生变化,当达到间歇前模量后仍然按照连续加载模式下沥青疲劳曲线的变化规律变化。结合动态剪切试验结果及沥青试样的横截面扫描图片分析得出:当荷载在沥青出现银纹前或刚刚出现银纹时停止作用,如果间歇时间足够长,沥青的模量是可以完全恢复的。
分别采用初始模量比(HI1)、斜率比(HI2)、荷载作用次数比(HI3)评价了各种沥青的自愈性。通过比较分析得出:初始模量比(HI1)适于评价沥青初始模量的恢复能力;荷载作用次数比(HI3)较适合评价沥青的长期愈合能力。
借鉴胶体材料触变性的研究方法,分别采用滞后圈法、阶跃试验法和动态模量法研究了沥青的触变性,并建立了相应的触变模型。研究表明:滞后圈法研究沥青的触变性,触变性的大小依赖于施加的最大剪变率。当剪变率过低时,粘度随着剪变率的增加先增大后减小,随着剪变率的增加,粘度增大的现象逐渐消失;伴随着剪变率的降低,沥青的粘度会渐渐恢复。指数触变模型可以较好地拟合单一剪变率的剪切试验结果。扩展指数函数可以较好地拟合动态剪切试验法下得到的贮能模量—时间关系曲线。并且拟合得到的特征时间系数越小,沥青初始模量的短期恢复速度越快。结合触变性和自愈性的研究成果得出:荷载作用初期,沥青模量的降低以及停止荷载作用后沥青模量的恢复完全是由触变性造成的。
通过分析不同荷载作用下沥青的修正模量—荷载作用次数关系曲线、相位角—荷载作用次数关系曲线和修正(复数)模量—相位角关系曲线,研究了沥青的疲劳-流变过程以及触变性对沥青疲劳过程的影响。研究得出:根据复数模量—相位角关系曲线的转折点可以较合理地确定触变性影响区。根据疲劳试验和应力(应变)扫描试验的复数模量—相位角关系曲线确定了四种沥青触变性影响区的分界点;根据触变性的研究成果及疲劳试验数据实现了触变性和损伤对沥青疲劳过程影响的分离。剔除触变性影响后沥青的疲劳曲线与试验测得的疲劳曲线存在明显差别。
最后,分析了目前常用的几种沥青疲劳评价指标(模量降低为初始模量的50%时所对应的荷载作用次数(50%G*)、累计耗散能比、耗散能变化率和相位角)的优缺点。各种指标均能在一定程度上反映沥青的疲劳特性,也均存在不足之处。采用将触变性影响分离后的50%G*作为沥青的疲劳评价指标可以较好地评价沥青的疲劳性能。
The ability of asphalt binder to resist accumulation of fatigue damage can have a profound effect on the long term performance of asphalt pavements. So the fatigue of asphalt binder has always been the hot research topic at home and overseas. Many researchers believe that the fatigue of asphalt binder is caused by damage, and some fatigue evaluation indices such as Dissipated Energe Ratio, Dissipated Rate were put forward. However, the healing and thixotropy of asphalt binder are getting more and more attention with the research about binder performance going on, and some researchers notice that the fatigue of asphalt binder is not only related to damage but also related to nonlinear viscoelastic healing and rheological characteristic of asphalt binder. So the researches of fatigue characteristic and fatigue evaluation index for asphalt binder should contain both of the influence of damage and rheology. For the above reasons, the healing and thixotropy of asphalt binder were researched deeply from the angle of viscoelastic characteristic of asphalt binder, the influences of thixotropy and healing on the fatigue characteristic of asphalt binder were analyzed. Based on these analysis the fatigue and rheology mechanism of asphalt binder was researched, and the fatigue evaluation index of asphalt binder was brought forward. The contents and results of the research are shown as follow.
The existing research method for fatigue characteristic of asphalt binder and mixture was modified after understanding the method deeply. The new research method is based on the rheological characteristic, and the influence of thixotropy was considered in this method.
The healing ability of asphalt binder and the influences of rest period, status before rest, temperature, loading cycles, and loading mode etc were researched by using dynamic shear rheometer. The research shows that the longer the rest period, the better asphalt binder heals. The shorter the loading time, the faster asphalt binder heals. The healing velocity increases with the increase in temperature. The healing ability of asphalt binder is different with different loading modes. Under intermittent loading mode, the fatigue curve of asphalt binder differs from the curve under continuous loading mode when the modulus is bigger than the modulus before rest periods applied. When the modulus is smaller than the modulus before rest period applied, the cuver under intermittent loading mode is the same to the curve under continuous loading mode. By comparing and analyzing the dynamic shear test results and the cross section of the specimens, it is concluded that if the loading stops before microcrack appearing or just at the time when microcrack appearing, the modulus can heal totally with enough rest periods.
Three evaluation indice were chosen to evaluate the healing characteristic of asphalt binder. The indice were modulus ratio (HI1), slope ratio (HI2) and cycle number ratio (HI3). The healing characteristics of five kinds of asphalt binder were analyzed. By comparing and analyzing the results, it shows that modulus ratio (HI1) is suitable for evaluating the healing ability of initial modulus of asphalt binder and cycle number ratio (HI3) is suitable for evaluating the long term healing ability of asphalt binder.
Using the thixotropy research methods in colliod materials as reference, the hysteresis method, stepwise test method and dynamic modulus method were used to research the thixotropy of asphalt binder and the corresponding thixotropy models were established. The research indicates that thixotropy depends on maximum shear rate applied to asphalt binder by using hysteresis method. When the shear rate is very low, the viscosity increases first then decreases with increase in shear rate. This phenomenon disappears when the shear rate is big enough. With decrease in shear rate, the viscosity of asphalt binder will recover slowly. Exponential function can fit the test results at single shear rate better. Extend exponential function obtained from dynamic modulus method can fit the relationship between storage modulus and time better. And the smaller the characteristic time coefficient, the faster the initial modulus heals in short term. The bigger the healing coefficient in kinetics thixotropy model, the better the healing ability of asphalt binder is. Comparing the research results of thixotropy and the results of healing, it shows that the decrease of modulus and the recovery of modulus after loading stops are caused by thixotropy at the beginning of loading.
The fatigue-rheology course of asphalt binder and the influence of thixotropy on binder fatigue were researched by analyzing the curve of normalized modulus versus number of cycles, the curve of phase angle versus number of cycles and the curve of normalized (complex) modulus versus phase angle. The results show that the thixotropy influence phase can be fixed well using the turning point at curve of complex modulus versus phase angle. Based on the curve of complex modulus versus phase angle of fatigue test and stress (strain) sweep test, the dividing point of thixotropy phase for the four kinds of asphalt binder were confirmed. The influences of thixotropy and damage on fatigue were separated based on the thixotropy research results and fatigue test data. The fatigue curve after eliminating the influence of thixotropy is greatly different from the curve obtained by the test.
Finally, the most common used fatigue indices of asphalt binder were analyzed, that is the cycles when the modulus gets to 50% of the initial value (50%G*), Dissipated Energe Ratio, Damage Rate and phase angle. All the indice can reflect the fatigue characteristic of asphalt binder in some extent, but they all have some deficiency. 50%G* after eliminating the influence of thixotropy was chosen as the fatigue evaluation index, and it can evaluate the fatigue performance of asphalt binder better.
在深入了解沥青疲劳特性研究方法的基础上,对原有的沥青疲劳特性研究方法进行了改进,考虑了触变性的影响,确定了基于流变特性的沥青疲劳特性的研究方法。
借助于动态剪切流变仪研究了沥青的自愈能力及间歇时间、间歇前沥青状态、温度、加载模式等因素对沥青自愈性的影响。研究表明:间歇时间越长,沥青性能恢复得越好;荷载作用次数越少,沥青性能恢复得越快;温度越高,沥青的性能恢复得越快;加载模式不同沥青的自愈能力不同。间歇加载模式下,沥青的疲劳曲线仅在大于间歇前模量(间歇前,荷载停止作用时的模量)的部分发生变化,当达到间歇前模量后仍然按照连续加载模式下沥青疲劳曲线的变化规律变化。结合动态剪切试验结果及沥青试样的横截面扫描图片分析得出:当荷载在沥青出现银纹前或刚刚出现银纹时停止作用,如果间歇时间足够长,沥青的模量是可以完全恢复的。
分别采用初始模量比(HI1)、斜率比(HI2)、荷载作用次数比(HI3)评价了各种沥青的自愈性。通过比较分析得出:初始模量比(HI1)适于评价沥青初始模量的恢复能力;荷载作用次数比(HI3)较适合评价沥青的长期愈合能力。
借鉴胶体材料触变性的研究方法,分别采用滞后圈法、阶跃试验法和动态模量法研究了沥青的触变性,并建立了相应的触变模型。研究表明:滞后圈法研究沥青的触变性,触变性的大小依赖于施加的最大剪变率。当剪变率过低时,粘度随着剪变率的增加先增大后减小,随着剪变率的增加,粘度增大的现象逐渐消失;伴随着剪变率的降低,沥青的粘度会渐渐恢复。指数触变模型可以较好地拟合单一剪变率的剪切试验结果。扩展指数函数可以较好地拟合动态剪切试验法下得到的贮能模量—时间关系曲线。并且拟合得到的特征时间系数越小,沥青初始模量的短期恢复速度越快。结合触变性和自愈性的研究成果得出:荷载作用初期,沥青模量的降低以及停止荷载作用后沥青模量的恢复完全是由触变性造成的。
通过分析不同荷载作用下沥青的修正模量—荷载作用次数关系曲线、相位角—荷载作用次数关系曲线和修正(复数)模量—相位角关系曲线,研究了沥青的疲劳-流变过程以及触变性对沥青疲劳过程的影响。研究得出:根据复数模量—相位角关系曲线的转折点可以较合理地确定触变性影响区。根据疲劳试验和应力(应变)扫描试验的复数模量—相位角关系曲线确定了四种沥青触变性影响区的分界点;根据触变性的研究成果及疲劳试验数据实现了触变性和损伤对沥青疲劳过程影响的分离。剔除触变性影响后沥青的疲劳曲线与试验测得的疲劳曲线存在明显差别。
最后,分析了目前常用的几种沥青疲劳评价指标(模量降低为初始模量的50%时所对应的荷载作用次数(50%G*)、累计耗散能比、耗散能变化率和相位角)的优缺点。各种指标均能在一定程度上反映沥青的疲劳特性,也均存在不足之处。采用将触变性影响分离后的50%G*作为沥青的疲劳评价指标可以较好地评价沥青的疲劳性能。
The ability of asphalt binder to resist accumulation of fatigue damage can have a profound effect on the long term performance of asphalt pavements. So the fatigue of asphalt binder has always been the hot research topic at home and overseas. Many researchers believe that the fatigue of asphalt binder is caused by damage, and some fatigue evaluation indices such as Dissipated Energe Ratio, Dissipated Rate were put forward. However, the healing and thixotropy of asphalt binder are getting more and more attention with the research about binder performance going on, and some researchers notice that the fatigue of asphalt binder is not only related to damage but also related to nonlinear viscoelastic healing and rheological characteristic of asphalt binder. So the researches of fatigue characteristic and fatigue evaluation index for asphalt binder should contain both of the influence of damage and rheology. For the above reasons, the healing and thixotropy of asphalt binder were researched deeply from the angle of viscoelastic characteristic of asphalt binder, the influences of thixotropy and healing on the fatigue characteristic of asphalt binder were analyzed. Based on these analysis the fatigue and rheology mechanism of asphalt binder was researched, and the fatigue evaluation index of asphalt binder was brought forward. The contents and results of the research are shown as follow.
The existing research method for fatigue characteristic of asphalt binder and mixture was modified after understanding the method deeply. The new research method is based on the rheological characteristic, and the influence of thixotropy was considered in this method.
The healing ability of asphalt binder and the influences of rest period, status before rest, temperature, loading cycles, and loading mode etc were researched by using dynamic shear rheometer. The research shows that the longer the rest period, the better asphalt binder heals. The shorter the loading time, the faster asphalt binder heals. The healing velocity increases with the increase in temperature. The healing ability of asphalt binder is different with different loading modes. Under intermittent loading mode, the fatigue curve of asphalt binder differs from the curve under continuous loading mode when the modulus is bigger than the modulus before rest periods applied. When the modulus is smaller than the modulus before rest period applied, the cuver under intermittent loading mode is the same to the curve under continuous loading mode. By comparing and analyzing the dynamic shear test results and the cross section of the specimens, it is concluded that if the loading stops before microcrack appearing or just at the time when microcrack appearing, the modulus can heal totally with enough rest periods.
Three evaluation indice were chosen to evaluate the healing characteristic of asphalt binder. The indice were modulus ratio (HI1), slope ratio (HI2) and cycle number ratio (HI3). The healing characteristics of five kinds of asphalt binder were analyzed. By comparing and analyzing the results, it shows that modulus ratio (HI1) is suitable for evaluating the healing ability of initial modulus of asphalt binder and cycle number ratio (HI3) is suitable for evaluating the long term healing ability of asphalt binder.
Using the thixotropy research methods in colliod materials as reference, the hysteresis method, stepwise test method and dynamic modulus method were used to research the thixotropy of asphalt binder and the corresponding thixotropy models were established. The research indicates that thixotropy depends on maximum shear rate applied to asphalt binder by using hysteresis method. When the shear rate is very low, the viscosity increases first then decreases with increase in shear rate. This phenomenon disappears when the shear rate is big enough. With decrease in shear rate, the viscosity of asphalt binder will recover slowly. Exponential function can fit the test results at single shear rate better. Extend exponential function obtained from dynamic modulus method can fit the relationship between storage modulus and time better. And the smaller the characteristic time coefficient, the faster the initial modulus heals in short term. The bigger the healing coefficient in kinetics thixotropy model, the better the healing ability of asphalt binder is. Comparing the research results of thixotropy and the results of healing, it shows that the decrease of modulus and the recovery of modulus after loading stops are caused by thixotropy at the beginning of loading.
The fatigue-rheology course of asphalt binder and the influence of thixotropy on binder fatigue were researched by analyzing the curve of normalized modulus versus number of cycles, the curve of phase angle versus number of cycles and the curve of normalized (complex) modulus versus phase angle. The results show that the thixotropy influence phase can be fixed well using the turning point at curve of complex modulus versus phase angle. Based on the curve of complex modulus versus phase angle of fatigue test and stress (strain) sweep test, the dividing point of thixotropy phase for the four kinds of asphalt binder were confirmed. The influences of thixotropy and damage on fatigue were separated based on the thixotropy research results and fatigue test data. The fatigue curve after eliminating the influence of thixotropy is greatly different from the curve obtained by the test.
Finally, the most common used fatigue indices of asphalt binder were analyzed, that is the cycles when the modulus gets to 50% of the initial value (50%G*), Dissipated Energe Ratio, Damage Rate and phase angle. All the indice can reflect the fatigue characteristic of asphalt binder in some extent, but they all have some deficiency. 50%G* after eliminating the influence of thixotropy was chosen as the fatigue evaluation index, and it can evaluate the fatigue performance of asphalt binder better.
引文
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