南方集体林区典型林分类型结构特征及生长模型研究
|
摘要
世界范围内的生态环境正在不断恶化,而森林作为可以对抗生态环境问题的最大陆地生态系统,正面临着持续不断的破坏和经营管理无力的两难境界,致使天然林面积迅速减少,人工林品质不断下降,森林功能逐渐退化。森林结构是森林的内在本质,森林功能是森林的外在表现形式,结构决定功能。如何明晰森林的结构?理解结构与功能的耦合关系?调整森林结构实现功能的最优化等等问题便成为了当前林学界最关键的问题?本文属于国家林业公益性行业科研专项“南方集体林区次生林抚育间伐与高效利用技术研究(项目编号201004032)”的部分研究内容。本文从林分结构(直径结构、树高结构、冠幅结构、林木水平分布格局、林木空间隔离程度及林木大小分化程度等)研究出发,利用基于不固定对象木空间分析方法下的大小比数对单木生长模型进行分类,并通过单木生长模型模拟林分生长及直径结构变化,构建基于直径结构形状参数和林分平均年龄的全林分生长模型。最终利用全林分生长模型实现林业生产从林分密度调整向径阶调整的转变。
直径结构方面：3种林分类型(南酸枣、苦槠和檫木)中混交林中小径阶所占比重普通低于45%,纯林中所占比重更小普通在20%以下；苦槠林一般都在15%以下。林分天然更新能力及群落演替稳定性均一般,特别是纯林已经出现不良趋势。形状参数在1.01-3.13之间,拟合后直径分布形状基本为左偏单峰山形。树高结构方面：混交林的树高跨度及标准差均高于纯林,林层数一般也多于纯林,混交林的垂直结构较复杂,对垂直空间的利用率要高于纯林。形状参数在1.49-3.99之间,混交林基本为左偏单峰形,而纯林基本为右偏单峰形。冠幅结构方面：形状参数在1.28-2.43之间,分布形状基本为左偏单峰山形。混交林的冠幅跨度及标准差均高于纯林,混交林的空中水平结构较复杂,对水平空间的利用率要高于纯林。
林木水平分布格局方面：3种林分类型的平均角尺度分别为0.61、0.62、0.55,均为聚集分布。林木中处于随机分布的比例一般都在20%以下,发展趋势是由均匀分布和随机分布向聚集分布转化。林木空间隔离程度方面：3种林分类型的平均混交度分别为0.47、0.25、0.51,除苦槠林为弱度混交外,其他2种类型均属中度混交。平均混交度与树种配置比例成正相关。纯林中同类树种大都成聚集分布,树种配置极其不合理的现象明显。林木竞争态势方面：南酸枣林中南酸枣和枫香均处于竞争优势地位,而杉木及檫木整体表现出竞争劣势地位；苦槠林中枫香处于微弱竞争优势地位,而苦槠整体上处于中庸偏劣势地位。檫木林中檫木、南酸枣、鹅掌楸、马尾松和苦槠均处于竞争优势地位,而杉木表现出竞争劣势地位。
不固定对象木的空间分析方法在3种空间分布结构方面的结果上均存在显著性或极显著性差异,且该方法下的对象木数与直径、树高、冠幅及大小比数均存在显著性或极显著性相关,从而认为基于不固定对象木的空间分析方法与基于固定4株对象木的空间分析方法为相互独立的方法,且基于不固定对象木的空间分析方法的结果更具说服力。
以林木竞争态势对单木生长模型进行分类拟合,将单木模型划分为竞争优势木(大小比数≥0.5)和竞争劣势木(大小比数<0.5)两大类,从而更加精确的表达现实林木的生长状态。在模型选择方面,综合考虑现有数据拟合效果、模型复杂度及未来预测效果,单木模型中南酸枣以Gompertz模型为最佳,檫木以Gauss模型和Logistic模型为最佳,苦槠以Logistic模型和Schumacher模型为最佳,马尾松以Schumacher模型和Logistic模型为最佳,杉木以Gauss模型和Gompertz模型为最佳,枫香以Gompertz模型为最佳。林分生长模拟方面：随着林分平均年龄的不断增长,整体上看连年生长基本上是先升后降,拐点基本出现在50年左右；中龄林(南酸枣林和檫木林)中,在排除林分平均年龄的影响,形状参数与连年生长成显著负相关。成熟林(苦槠林)中,形状参数与连年生长成极显著正相关。全林分模型构建上,2参数(林分平均年龄和形状参数)的生长模型均优于1参数(林分平均年龄)的生长模型。中龄林中林分平均年龄与林分连年生长成正相关,但贡献权重较小,形状参数整体表现为负相关,贡献权重较大；成熟林中林分平均年龄与林分连年生长成负相关,但贡献权重较小,形状参数整体表现为负相关,贡献权重较大；在混交林表现的更加明显。
该研究的主要创新点有以下3个方面：
1、利用影响圈界定对象木,构建了基于不固定对象木的空间分析方法,对南方集体林区3种典型林分类型空间结构进行了研究。
2、利用竞争态势对单木生长模型进行分类,更加符合林木现实生长。同时在对现有数据拟合效果的基础上,结合未来预测结果,进行模型最优选择。
3、基于林分直径结构的形状参数与林分平均年龄构建了南方集体林区3种典型林分类型6种子类型的全林分生长模型,实现了林分生产实践的林分密度调整向前迈进一步,发展到林分径阶调整的目标。
In the worldwild scalse ecological enviroment is worsening constantly and the forest system,as the largest ecological mainland ecosystem resisting ecological enviromental problems,was confronting the dilemma of continuous destruction and management asthenia,which made the decline of natural forest area,reduction of the planted forest quality and gradual degradation of forest function. The forest structure was the intrinsic nature, while its function was the external manifestation, thus structure determined function. How to clear forest structure? How to understand coupling relations between the structure and the function? It was the most essential question that realized the problems such as function optimization, and so on, by adjusting forest structure. This article's content is a part of the public welfare industry of the state forestry administration research projects:"Southern collective secondary forest tending and thinning and efficient use of technology research (The Item Number:201004032)".With the study of stand structure(such as diameter structure, tree height structure, crown width structure, horizontal distribution patterns of forest, space isolation degree of forest and size differentiation of forested.),the whole stand models based on the parameters of diameters structure shape and forest mean age were constructed in this article, by classifying individual tree growth models through neighbourhood comparison on the basis of the space analysis methods of non-fixing subject tree, simulating stand growth and changes of diameter structure through individual tree growth models. Finally, the transformation which was from adjustment of stand density to adjustment of diameter class, could be realized by using the whole stand models.
Diameter structure aspect was as followed:among3kinds of stand types (Choerospondias axillaris forest, Castanopsis sclerophylla forest and Sassafras tzumu forest),the specific gravity of small diameter class was generally lower than45%in mixed forest, while it was normally below20%in pure forest; and it was under15%in Castanopsis sclerophylla forest. Stand natural renewal capacity and stability of community succession appeared normal, especially there being adverse trend in pure forest. Shape parameters were between1.01and3.13, diameter distribution shape was basically leftist unimodal montiform after fitting. Tree height structure aspect was as followed:the tree height span and standard deviation of mixed forest were both higher than those of pure forest, so as the number of forest stories, the vertical structure of mixed forest was more complicated, and its utilization ratio to vertical space was higher than pure forest. Shape parameters were between1.49and3.99, the image of mixed forest was basically leftist unimodal montiform, whereas that of pure forest was basically rightist unimodal montiform.The crown width structure aspect was as followed:the shape parameters were between1.28and2.43. and distribution shape was basically leftist unimodal montiform.The crown width span and standard deviation structure of mixed forest was more complex, the utilization ratio to level space was higher than pure forest.
Forest level distribution pattern aspect was as followed:the mean uniform angle index of the3kinds sand types was respectively0.61,0.62,0.55,all for aggregation distribution. The proportion under random distribution of forest was generally below20%,the development trend was the transformation from even distribution and random. distribution to clustered distribution. The isolation degree of forest space aspect was as followed:the average mingling degree of3kinds stand types was respectively0.47,0.25,0.51,except for light degree group mixture of Castanopsis sclerophylla forest, the other two types both belonged to moderate group mixture, There was a positive correlation between average mingling degree and proportion of species configuration. The same kind of species almost appeared clustered distribution in pure forest, of which the species configuration had obvious unreasonable phenomenon. Forest competition situation aspect was as followed: Choerospondias axillaris and Liquidambar formosana in Choerospondias axillaris forest were both in competitive advantage position, whereas Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu were in competitive disadvantage in whole appearance; and in the whole, the Liquidambar formosana in Castanopsis sclerophylla forest was in weak competitive supriority,while Castanopsis sclerophylla was in partial inferior position. In Sassafras tzumu forest, Sassafras tzumu, Choerospondias axillaris, Liriodendron chinensis,Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis sclerophylla were all in competitive superiority, while Cunninghamia lanceolata showed a competitive inferior.
In the respect of3kinds space distribution structure, the results of non-fixing subject tree space analysis methods had significant or extremely significant, and in which there was a significant or extremely significant correlation between the numbers of subject tree and dianmeter,tree height, crown width and heighbourhood comparison. It was found that the space analysis methods based respectively on non-fixing subject tree and fixing4strains subject trees were muturally independent, and the former had convincingness to the latter.
With forest competitive situation, individual tree growth models were classified and fitted, then the single tree models were divided into2communities, respectively competition advantage forest(neighbourhood comparison>0.5)and competition disadvantage forest(neighbourhood comparison<0.5),thus growth situation of actual crop was expressed more precisely.
In the terms of single tree models,comphrehensively considering fitting of the available data,complexiy of models and prediction effects about future.the single tree model, Gompertz model is the best in Choerospondias axillaris, Gauss model and Logistic model are the best in Castanopsis sclerophylla, Logistic model and Schumacher model are the best in Sassafras tzumu, Schumacher model and Logistic model are the best in Pinus massoniana, Gauss model and Gompertz model are the best in Cunninghamia lanceolata, Gompertz model is the best in Liquidambar formosana.In the terms of stand growth simulating aspect,with continuous growth of stand mean age from overall perspective of procession.avaerage of current annual growth was basically first increased and then decreased,the inflection point basically occurred in about50years. Among middle-age forest(Choerospondias axillaris forest and Sassafras tzumu forest), excluding the effection of stand mean age,there was a extremely significant negative correlation between shape parameters and average of current annual growth.Among matural forest(Castanopsis sclerophylla forest),there appeared a extremely positive correlation between shape parameters and average of current annual growth.On the constructure of whole stand models,the growth model of2parameters(stand mean age and shape parameters)had superior to that of1parameter(stand mean age).Although there was a positive correlation between stand mean age and stand current annual growth in moddle-age forest,contribution weight was smaller,whereas there appeared a negative correlation in the whole shape parameters,contribution weight was larger.There was a ngative correlation between stand mean age and stand current annual growth among mature forest,but contribution weight was smaller,while it appeared a negative correlation in the whole shape parameters,contribution weight was larger;the manifestation was more obvious in mixed forest.
The main innovations of this study had following3aspects:
1.The space structure of3kinds typical stand types of southern collective forest zone were researched by using influence circle,defining subject tree and constructing space analysis methods on the basis of non-fixing subject tree.
2.The single tree growth models were classified by using competition situation,which accorded with standing growth of forest.Meanwhile.on the basis of fitting effects of existing data,models would be the optimal selection combined with future prediction results.
3. The whole stand growth models of6seed types of3kinds typical stand types in southern collective forest zone were consturcted on the basis of shape parameters and stand mean age of stand diameter structure,what realized the goals that stand density of stand production practice was adjusted forward step by step and develped to the adjustment of stand diameter grade.
直径结构方面：3种林分类型(南酸枣、苦槠和檫木)中混交林中小径阶所占比重普通低于45%,纯林中所占比重更小普通在20%以下；苦槠林一般都在15%以下。林分天然更新能力及群落演替稳定性均一般,特别是纯林已经出现不良趋势。形状参数在1.01-3.13之间,拟合后直径分布形状基本为左偏单峰山形。树高结构方面：混交林的树高跨度及标准差均高于纯林,林层数一般也多于纯林,混交林的垂直结构较复杂,对垂直空间的利用率要高于纯林。形状参数在1.49-3.99之间,混交林基本为左偏单峰形,而纯林基本为右偏单峰形。冠幅结构方面：形状参数在1.28-2.43之间,分布形状基本为左偏单峰山形。混交林的冠幅跨度及标准差均高于纯林,混交林的空中水平结构较复杂,对水平空间的利用率要高于纯林。
林木水平分布格局方面：3种林分类型的平均角尺度分别为0.61、0.62、0.55,均为聚集分布。林木中处于随机分布的比例一般都在20%以下,发展趋势是由均匀分布和随机分布向聚集分布转化。林木空间隔离程度方面：3种林分类型的平均混交度分别为0.47、0.25、0.51,除苦槠林为弱度混交外,其他2种类型均属中度混交。平均混交度与树种配置比例成正相关。纯林中同类树种大都成聚集分布,树种配置极其不合理的现象明显。林木竞争态势方面：南酸枣林中南酸枣和枫香均处于竞争优势地位,而杉木及檫木整体表现出竞争劣势地位；苦槠林中枫香处于微弱竞争优势地位,而苦槠整体上处于中庸偏劣势地位。檫木林中檫木、南酸枣、鹅掌楸、马尾松和苦槠均处于竞争优势地位,而杉木表现出竞争劣势地位。
不固定对象木的空间分析方法在3种空间分布结构方面的结果上均存在显著性或极显著性差异,且该方法下的对象木数与直径、树高、冠幅及大小比数均存在显著性或极显著性相关,从而认为基于不固定对象木的空间分析方法与基于固定4株对象木的空间分析方法为相互独立的方法,且基于不固定对象木的空间分析方法的结果更具说服力。
以林木竞争态势对单木生长模型进行分类拟合,将单木模型划分为竞争优势木(大小比数≥0.5)和竞争劣势木(大小比数<0.5)两大类,从而更加精确的表达现实林木的生长状态。在模型选择方面,综合考虑现有数据拟合效果、模型复杂度及未来预测效果,单木模型中南酸枣以Gompertz模型为最佳,檫木以Gauss模型和Logistic模型为最佳,苦槠以Logistic模型和Schumacher模型为最佳,马尾松以Schumacher模型和Logistic模型为最佳,杉木以Gauss模型和Gompertz模型为最佳,枫香以Gompertz模型为最佳。林分生长模拟方面：随着林分平均年龄的不断增长,整体上看连年生长基本上是先升后降,拐点基本出现在50年左右；中龄林(南酸枣林和檫木林)中,在排除林分平均年龄的影响,形状参数与连年生长成显著负相关。成熟林(苦槠林)中,形状参数与连年生长成极显著正相关。全林分模型构建上,2参数(林分平均年龄和形状参数)的生长模型均优于1参数(林分平均年龄)的生长模型。中龄林中林分平均年龄与林分连年生长成正相关,但贡献权重较小,形状参数整体表现为负相关,贡献权重较大；成熟林中林分平均年龄与林分连年生长成负相关,但贡献权重较小,形状参数整体表现为负相关,贡献权重较大；在混交林表现的更加明显。
该研究的主要创新点有以下3个方面：
1、利用影响圈界定对象木,构建了基于不固定对象木的空间分析方法,对南方集体林区3种典型林分类型空间结构进行了研究。
2、利用竞争态势对单木生长模型进行分类,更加符合林木现实生长。同时在对现有数据拟合效果的基础上,结合未来预测结果,进行模型最优选择。
3、基于林分直径结构的形状参数与林分平均年龄构建了南方集体林区3种典型林分类型6种子类型的全林分生长模型,实现了林分生产实践的林分密度调整向前迈进一步,发展到林分径阶调整的目标。
In the worldwild scalse ecological enviroment is worsening constantly and the forest system,as the largest ecological mainland ecosystem resisting ecological enviromental problems,was confronting the dilemma of continuous destruction and management asthenia,which made the decline of natural forest area,reduction of the planted forest quality and gradual degradation of forest function. The forest structure was the intrinsic nature, while its function was the external manifestation, thus structure determined function. How to clear forest structure? How to understand coupling relations between the structure and the function? It was the most essential question that realized the problems such as function optimization, and so on, by adjusting forest structure. This article's content is a part of the public welfare industry of the state forestry administration research projects:"Southern collective secondary forest tending and thinning and efficient use of technology research (The Item Number:201004032)".With the study of stand structure(such as diameter structure, tree height structure, crown width structure, horizontal distribution patterns of forest, space isolation degree of forest and size differentiation of forested.),the whole stand models based on the parameters of diameters structure shape and forest mean age were constructed in this article, by classifying individual tree growth models through neighbourhood comparison on the basis of the space analysis methods of non-fixing subject tree, simulating stand growth and changes of diameter structure through individual tree growth models. Finally, the transformation which was from adjustment of stand density to adjustment of diameter class, could be realized by using the whole stand models.
Diameter structure aspect was as followed:among3kinds of stand types (Choerospondias axillaris forest, Castanopsis sclerophylla forest and Sassafras tzumu forest),the specific gravity of small diameter class was generally lower than45%in mixed forest, while it was normally below20%in pure forest; and it was under15%in Castanopsis sclerophylla forest. Stand natural renewal capacity and stability of community succession appeared normal, especially there being adverse trend in pure forest. Shape parameters were between1.01and3.13, diameter distribution shape was basically leftist unimodal montiform after fitting. Tree height structure aspect was as followed:the tree height span and standard deviation of mixed forest were both higher than those of pure forest, so as the number of forest stories, the vertical structure of mixed forest was more complicated, and its utilization ratio to vertical space was higher than pure forest. Shape parameters were between1.49and3.99, the image of mixed forest was basically leftist unimodal montiform, whereas that of pure forest was basically rightist unimodal montiform.The crown width structure aspect was as followed:the shape parameters were between1.28and2.43. and distribution shape was basically leftist unimodal montiform.The crown width span and standard deviation structure of mixed forest was more complex, the utilization ratio to level space was higher than pure forest.
Forest level distribution pattern aspect was as followed:the mean uniform angle index of the3kinds sand types was respectively0.61,0.62,0.55,all for aggregation distribution. The proportion under random distribution of forest was generally below20%,the development trend was the transformation from even distribution and random. distribution to clustered distribution. The isolation degree of forest space aspect was as followed:the average mingling degree of3kinds stand types was respectively0.47,0.25,0.51,except for light degree group mixture of Castanopsis sclerophylla forest, the other two types both belonged to moderate group mixture, There was a positive correlation between average mingling degree and proportion of species configuration. The same kind of species almost appeared clustered distribution in pure forest, of which the species configuration had obvious unreasonable phenomenon. Forest competition situation aspect was as followed: Choerospondias axillaris and Liquidambar formosana in Choerospondias axillaris forest were both in competitive advantage position, whereas Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu were in competitive disadvantage in whole appearance; and in the whole, the Liquidambar formosana in Castanopsis sclerophylla forest was in weak competitive supriority,while Castanopsis sclerophylla was in partial inferior position. In Sassafras tzumu forest, Sassafras tzumu, Choerospondias axillaris, Liriodendron chinensis,Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis sclerophylla were all in competitive superiority, while Cunninghamia lanceolata showed a competitive inferior.
In the respect of3kinds space distribution structure, the results of non-fixing subject tree space analysis methods had significant or extremely significant, and in which there was a significant or extremely significant correlation between the numbers of subject tree and dianmeter,tree height, crown width and heighbourhood comparison. It was found that the space analysis methods based respectively on non-fixing subject tree and fixing4strains subject trees were muturally independent, and the former had convincingness to the latter.
With forest competitive situation, individual tree growth models were classified and fitted, then the single tree models were divided into2communities, respectively competition advantage forest(neighbourhood comparison>0.5)and competition disadvantage forest(neighbourhood comparison<0.5),thus growth situation of actual crop was expressed more precisely.
In the terms of single tree models,comphrehensively considering fitting of the available data,complexiy of models and prediction effects about future.the single tree model, Gompertz model is the best in Choerospondias axillaris, Gauss model and Logistic model are the best in Castanopsis sclerophylla, Logistic model and Schumacher model are the best in Sassafras tzumu, Schumacher model and Logistic model are the best in Pinus massoniana, Gauss model and Gompertz model are the best in Cunninghamia lanceolata, Gompertz model is the best in Liquidambar formosana.In the terms of stand growth simulating aspect,with continuous growth of stand mean age from overall perspective of procession.avaerage of current annual growth was basically first increased and then decreased,the inflection point basically occurred in about50years. Among middle-age forest(Choerospondias axillaris forest and Sassafras tzumu forest), excluding the effection of stand mean age,there was a extremely significant negative correlation between shape parameters and average of current annual growth.Among matural forest(Castanopsis sclerophylla forest),there appeared a extremely positive correlation between shape parameters and average of current annual growth.On the constructure of whole stand models,the growth model of2parameters(stand mean age and shape parameters)had superior to that of1parameter(stand mean age).Although there was a positive correlation between stand mean age and stand current annual growth in moddle-age forest,contribution weight was smaller,whereas there appeared a negative correlation in the whole shape parameters,contribution weight was larger.There was a ngative correlation between stand mean age and stand current annual growth among mature forest,but contribution weight was smaller,while it appeared a negative correlation in the whole shape parameters,contribution weight was larger;the manifestation was more obvious in mixed forest.
The main innovations of this study had following3aspects:
1.The space structure of3kinds typical stand types of southern collective forest zone were researched by using influence circle,defining subject tree and constructing space analysis methods on the basis of non-fixing subject tree.
2.The single tree growth models were classified by using competition situation,which accorded with standing growth of forest.Meanwhile.on the basis of fitting effects of existing data,models would be the optimal selection combined with future prediction results.
3. The whole stand growth models of6seed types of3kinds typical stand types in southern collective forest zone were consturcted on the basis of shape parameters and stand mean age of stand diameter structure,what realized the goals that stand density of stand production practice was adjusted forward step by step and develped to the adjustment of stand diameter grade.
引文
[1]Kimmins J P. Forest Ecology[M]. New York, USA:Macmillan Inc,1996.
[2]Walt A T, Fule P Z, Covington W W, Moore M M. Diversity in ponderosa pine forest structure following ecological restoration treatments[J]. For Sci,2003,49(6):885-900.
[3]Youngblood A, Max T, Coe K. Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California[J]. For Ecol & Manage,2004,199 (2):191-217.
[4]李毅,孙雪新,康向阳.甘肃胡杨林分结构的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1994,8(3)：88-95.
[5]陈东来,秦淑英.山杨天然林林分结构的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1994,17(1)：36-43.
[6]胡文力.长白山过伐林区云冷杉针阔混交林分结构的研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2003.
[7]安慧君.阔叶红松林空间结构的研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2003.
[8]姚爱静,朱清科,张宇清,等.林分结构研究现状与展望[J].林业调查规划,2005,30(2)：70-76.
[9]贺姗姗.北京山区油松人工林林分结构与生长模拟研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2009.
[10]Mason W L, Quine C P. Silvicultural possibilities for increasing structural diversity in British spruce forests:the case of Kielder forest[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1995, 79 (1):13-28.
[11]Ferris R, Humphrey J W. A review of potential biodiversity indicators for application in British forests[J]. Forestry,1999,72 (4):313-328.
[12]Pommerening A. Approaches to quantifying forest structures[J]. Forestry,2002,75 (3): 305-324.
[13]Aguirre O, Hui G Y, Gadow K V, et al. An analysis of spatial forest structure using neighbourhood-based variables[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,183,137-145.
[14]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.林分择伐空间结构优化模型研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(5)：25-31.
[15]惠刚盈,克劳斯·冯佳多.森林空间结构量化分析方法[M].中国科学技术出版社,2003：19-62.
[16]高鹏程.试论结构的概念[J1.学术交流,2010,191(2)：35-38.
[17]惠刚盈,克劳斯·冯佳多.德国现代森林经营技术[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2001：119-134.
[18]KintV, MeirvenneMV, Nachtergale L, et al. Spatialmethods for quantifying forest stand structure development:a comparison between nearest-neighbor indices and variogram analysis[J]. Forest Science,2003,49 (1):36-49.
[19]沈琪,张骏,朱锦茹,等.浙江省生态公益林植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2005,25(9)：2131-2138.
[20]雷相东,张会儒,李冬兰,等.东北过伐林四种森林类型的物种多样性比较研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5)：47-50.
[21]LEXEROD N L, EID T. An evaluation of different diameter diversity indices based on criteria related to forest management planning[J]. For Ecol Manage.2006,222:17-28.
[22]SOLOMON D S, GROVE J H. Effects of uneven-aged management intensity on structural diversity in two major forest types in New England[J]. For Ecol Manage,1999,114: 265-274.
[23]张治国.生态学空间分析[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[24]Sari Pitkanen. Classification of vegetational diversity in managed boreal forests in eastern Finland[J]. Plant Ecology,2000,146:11-28.
[25]黄清麟.福建青冈萌芽林分结构及生产力的研究[J].福建林学院学报,1995,15(2)：107-111.
[26]Takuo Nagaike, etc. Plant species diversity in abandoned coppice forests in a temperate deciduous forest area of central Japan[J]. Plant Ecology,2003,166:145-156.
[27]N. LUST, etc. Increase of biodiversity in homogeneous Scots pine stands by an ecologically diversified management[J]. biodiversity and conservation,1998,7:249-260.
[28]T. Manabe, etc. Population structure and spatial patterns for trees in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan[J]. Plant Ecology,2000,151:181-197.
[29]吴延熊,周国模.区域森林资源可持续发展的预警分析[J].浙江林学院学报,1999,16(1)：55-60.
[30]Christoph Leuschner, etc. Stand fine root biomass and fine root morphology in old-growth beech forests as a function of precipitation and soil fertility[J]. Plant and Soil,2004,258: 43-56.
[31]Manuel R. etc. Structure and floristics of secondary and old-growth forest stands in lowland Costa Rica[J]. Plant Ecology,1997,132:107-120.
[32]马克平.试论生物多样性的概念[J].生物多样性,1993,1(1)：20-22.
[33]臧润国,刘世荣.森林生物多样性保护原理概述[J].林业科学,1999,34(4)：71-79.
[34]梁娟,朱华等. 西双版纳补蚌地区望天树林近20a来物种多样性变化研究[J]. 应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(5)：609-614.
[35]何永涛, 曹敏等.云南哀牢山栎类次生林树种多样性特征研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2003,11(2)：104-108.
[36]Jiri Dolezal and Miroslav Srutek. Altitudinal changes in composition and structure of mountain-temperate vegetation:a case study from the Western Carpathians[J]. Plant Ecology,2002,158:201-221.
[37]Bent Otto Poulsen. Avian richness and abundance in temperate Danish forests:tree variables important to birds and their conservation[J]. biodiversity and conservation,2002,11:1551-1566.
[38]Magdy El-Banal, etc. Vegetation composition of a threatened hypersaline lake (Lake Bardawil), North Sinai[J]. Plant Ecology,2002,163:63-75.
[39]李芳东,李宗然,周道顺,等.兰考泡桐林分结构规律研究[J1.林业科学研究,1996,2：114-120.
[40]LAURI M. An algorithm for ensuring compatibility between estimated percentiles of diameter distribution and measured stand variables[J]. For Sci,2004,50 (1):20-32.
[41]LIU Chuangmin, ZHANG S Y, LEI Yuancai, et al. Evaluation of three methods for predicting diameter distributions of black spruce (Picea mariana) plantations in central Canada[J]. Can J For Res,2004,34 (12):2424-2432,
[42]韩东锋,钱拴提,孙丙寅,等.油松飞播林直径结构规律研究[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(5)：182-187.
[43]BLISS C I, REINKER K A. A lognormal approach to diameter distributions in even-aged stands[J]. For Sci,1964,10 (3):350-360.
[44]HAFLEY W L, SCHREUDER H T. Statistical distributions for fitting diameter and height data in even-aged stands[J]. Can J For Res,1977,7:481-487.
[45]WANG Mingliang, RENNOLLS K. Tree diameter distribution modelling:introducing the logit-logistic distribution[J]. Can J For Res,2005,35:1305-1313.
[46]BAILEY R L, DELL T R. Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function[J]. For Sci,1973,19 (2):97-104.
[47]Wayan C. Zipperer Species composition and structure of regenerated and remnant forest patches within an urban land-scape[J]. Urban Ecosystems,2002,6:271-290.
[48]Unna Chokkalingam and Alan White. Structure and spatial patterns of trees in old-growth northern hardwood and mixed forests of northern Maine[J]. Plant Ecology,2000, 00:1-22.
[49]N. Nishimura, etc. Tree competition and species coexistence in a warm-temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan[J]. Plant Ecology,2002,164:235-248.
[50]孟宪宇.使用Weibull函数对树高分布和直径分布的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1988,10(1)：40-48.
[51]周国模,刘恩斌,刘安兴,等Weibull分布参数辨识改进及对浙江毛竹林胸径年龄分布的测度[J].生态学报,2006,26(9)：148-156.
[52]沈国舫.现代高效持续林业——中国林业发展道路的抉择[J].林业经济,1998,(4)：1-8.
[53]洪伟,刘金福.格氏栲种群个体年龄与胸径的时间序列模型研究[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(3)：283-288.
[54]Nanang D. M. Suitability of the Normal, Log-normal and Weibull distributions for fitting diameter distributions of neem plantations in Northern Ghana[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1998.103:1-7.
[55]Danaza mabvurira, etc. Predicting and calibrating diameter distributions of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden plantations in Zimbabwe[J]. New Forests,2002,23:207-223.
[56]SARKKOLA S, HOKKA H, PENTTILA T. Natural development of stand structure in peatland scots pine following drainage:Results based on long-term monitoring of permanent sample plots[J]. Silv Fennica,2004,38 (4):405-412.
[57]于政中.森林经理学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1993：48-52.
[58]亢新刚,胡文力,董景林,等.过伐林区检查法经营针阔混交林林分结构动态[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(6)：1-5.
[59]GUL A U, MISIR M, MISIR N, et al. Calculation of uneven-aged stand structures with the negative exponential diameter distribution and Sterba's modified competition density rule[J]. For Ecol Manage,2005,214:212-220.
[60]GOODBURN J M, LORIMER C G. Population structure in old-growth and managed northern hardwoods:an examination of the balanced diameter distribution concept[J]. For Ecol Manage,1999,118:11-29.
[61]HAO Qingyu, ZHOU Yuping, WANG Lihai, et al. Optimization models of stand structure and selective cutting cycle for large diameter trees of broadleaved forest in Changbai Mountain[J]. J For Res,2006,17 (2):135-140.
[62]陈学群.不同密度30年生马尾松林生长特征与林分结构的研究[J].福建林业科技,1995,22(增刊)：40-43.
[63]牟慧生.用幂数指数方程模拟林木胸径分布的探讨[J].吉林林业科技,1996,(6)：38-40.
[64]LIU Chuangmin, ZHANG Lianjun, DAVIS C J, et al. A finite mixture model for characterizing the diameter distributions of mixed species forest stands[J]. For Sci,2002, 48 (4):653-661.
[65]ZASADA M, CIESZEWSKI C J. A finite mixture distribution approach for characterizing tree diameter distribution by natural social class in pure even-aged Scots pine stands in Poland[J]. For Ecol Manage,2005,204 (2-3):145-158.
[66]ZHANG Lianjun, GOVE J H, LIU Chuangmin, et al. A finite mixture of two Weibull distributions for modeling the diameter distributions of rotated-sigmoid, uneven-aged stands[J]. Can J For Res,2001,31 (9):1654-1659.
[67]王顺忠,王飞,张恒明,等.长白山阔叶红松林径级模拟研究——林分模拟[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(5)：22-27.
[68]MATHIEU F, CHHUN U, LOUIS A, et al. Calibrating a generalized diameter distribution model with mixed effects[J]. For Sci,2006,52 (6):650-658.
[69]胥辉,全宏波等.思茅松标准树高曲线的研究[J].西南林学院学报,2000,20(2)74-77.
[70]姚爱静.晋西黄十区林分结构特征研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2005.
[71]吕勇.树木树高曲线模型研究[J].中南林学院学报,1997,17(4)：86-89.
[72]邓坤枚,邵彬,李飞.长白山北坡云冷杉林胸径、树高结构及其生长规律的分析[J].资源科学,1999,21(1)：77-84.
[73]Hansorg Dietz. Plant invasion patches-reconstructing pattern and process by means of herb-chronology [J]. Biological Invasions,2002,4:211-222.
[74]梁士楚,李久林,程仕泽.贵州青岩油杉种群年龄结构和动态的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(1)：21-26.
[75]孙冰,杨国亭,李弘,等.白话种群的年龄结构及其群落演替[J].东北林业大学学报,1994,22(3)：43-48。
[76]Moeur. M. Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using stem-mapped data[J]. For. Sci. 1993,39 (4)
[77]丁岩饮.昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用[M].科学出版社.1980.
[78]Greig-Smith, P. Quantitative Plant Ecology[C],3rd cdn. Berkeley:University of California Pres.1983.
[79]惠刚盈,冯佳多.森林空间结构量化分析方法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2003： 170-173.
[80]孙洪志,石丽艳.沙地樟子松的空间分布格局[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(1)：93-94.
[81]惠刚盈,Von GADOWK, ALBERT M角尺度——一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999,35(1)：37-42.
[82]李明辉,何风华,刘云,等.林分空间格局的研究方法[J].生态科学,2003,22(1)：77-81.
[83]Legendre P, Fortin M. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis[J]. Vegetatio,1989,80 (2),107-138.
[84]Hasse P. Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley's K-function:introduction and methods of edge correction [J]. Journal of Vegetatio Science,1995,6 (4):575-582.
[85]Dale M R T. Spatial pattern analysis in plantecology[M]. New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,1999:326.
[86]David F N and Moo P G. Notes on contagious Distibution in palant populations[J]. Ann. Bot. Lond. N. S.1954:18.
[87]Lloyd, M. Mean Crowding[J]. J. Anim. Ecol.1967:36.
[88]Morisita, M. Composition of the Iδ-index[J], Res. Popul. Ecol.1971:13.
[89]Clark P J, Evans F C. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in population[J]. Ecology,1954,35 (4):445-453.
[90]FAJARDO A, GOODBURN J M, GRAHAM J. Spatial patterns of regeneration in managed uneven-aged Ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of Western Montana, USA[J]. For Ecol Manage,2006,223:255-266.
[91]CHEN Jiquan, BRADSHA W G A. Forest structure in space:a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, P. R. China[J]. For Ecol Manage,1999, 120:219-233.
[92]ANTOS J, PARISH R. Dynamics of an old-growth, fire-initiated, subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia:tree size, age, and spatial structure[J]. Canadian J For Res,2002, 32:1935-1946.
[93]MOTTA R, EDOUARD J L. Stand structure and dynamics in a mixed and multilayered forest in the upper Susa Valley, Piedmond, ltaly[J]. Canadian J For Res,2005,35 (1):21-36.
[94]Cressie N A C. Statistics for spatialdata[M]. NewYork:Wiley,1993:900.
[95]Ripley B D. Modelling spatial patterns (with discussion) [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:Series B,1977,39 (2):172-212.
[96]张金屯.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4)：344-349.
[97]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等Ripley sK (d)函数分析种群空间分布格局的边缘校正[J].生态学报,2003,23(8)：1533-1538.
[98]汤孟平.森林空间经营理论与实践[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2007.
[99]张赟,张春雨,赵秀海,等.长白山次生林乔木树种空间分布格局[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(10)：1639-1646.
[100]牛丽丽,余新晓,岳永杰.北京松山自然保护区天然油松林不同龄级立木的空间点格局[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(7)：1414-1418.
[101]Pretzsch H. Analysis and modeling of spatial stand structures. Methodological considerations based on mixed beech-larch stands in Lower Saxony[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1997,97 (3):237-253.
[102]王本洋,余世孝.种群分布格局的多尺度分析[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(2)：235-241.
[103]惠刚盈, K. von. Gadow,胡艳波.林分空间结构参数角尺度的标准角选择[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(6)：687-692.
[104]李哈滨,王政权.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6)：651-657.
[105]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
[106]Holmes M J, Reed D D. Competition indices for mixed species northern hardwoods[J].Forest Science,1991,37 (5):1338-1349.
[107]Arney JD.1973. Tables for quantifying competitive stress on individual trees (information report/Canada). Victoria, BC:Pacific Forest Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service,16.
[108]Brown G S.1965. Point density in stems per acre. New Zealand Forestry Service Research Notes,38:11.
[109]Bellal E. A new competition model for individual tree[J]. Forest Science,1971,17 (3): 367-362.
[110]Hegyi F. A simulation model form anaging jack-pine stands//Fries J. Growth models for tree and stand simulation[M]. Stockholm:Royal College of Forestry,1974:74-90.
[111]Spathelf P. Reconstruction of crown length of Norway spruce (Picea abiesL. Karst.) and Silver fir (Abies albaMil.1) technique, establishment of samplemethods and application in forest growth analysis[J]. Annals of Forest Science,2003,60(8):833-842.
[112]Rivas J J C, Gonzalez J G A, Aguirre O, et al. The effect of competition on individual tree basal area growth in mature stands of Pinus cooperi Blanco in Durango (Mexico) [J]. European Journal of Forest Research,2005,124 (2):133-142.
[113]Bristow M, Vancaly J K, Brooks L, et al. Growth and species interactions of Eucalyptus pellitain a mixed and monoculture plantation in the humid tropics of north Queensland[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233 (2):285-294.
[114]汤孟平,陈永刚,施拥军,等.基于Voronoi图的群落优势树种种内种间竞争[J].生态学报,2007,27(11)：4707-4716.
[115]Piutti E, Cescati A. A qualitative analysis of the interaction between climatic response and intraspecific competition in European beech[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1997, 27 (3):277-284.
[116]Clinton B D, Elliott K J, Swank W T. Response of planted eastern white pine (Pinus strobusL) to mechanical release, competition, and drought in the southern Appalachians[J]. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry,1997,21 (1):19-23.
[117]De Luis M, Raventos J, Cortina J, et al. Assessing components of a competition index to predict growth in an even aged Pinus nigra stand[J]. New forests,1998,15(3):223-242.
[118]Mailly D, Turbis S, Pothier D. Predicting basalarea increment in a spatially explicit, individual tree model:a test of competition measureswith black spruce[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33 (3):435-443.
[119]Beland M, Lussier J M. Bergeron Y,et al. Structure, spatial distribution and competition in mixed jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands on clay soils of eastern Canada[J]. Annals of Forest Science,2003,60 (7):609-617.
[120]Canham C D, LePage P T, CoatesK D. A neighbourhood analysis of canopy tree competition:effects of shading versus crowding[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2004,34 (4):778-787.
[121]惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1)：23-27.
[122]Fisher R A, Corbet A S, W illiams C B. The relation between the number of species and the numberof individuals in a random sample of an animal population[J]. The Journal of Animal Ecology,1943,12 (1):42-58.
[123]Pielou E C. Segregation and symmetry in two-species populations as studied by nearest neighbour relations[J]. Journal of Ecology,1961,49 (2):255-269.
[124]Gadow K V, Bredenkamp B. Forest management[M]. Pretoria:Academica,1992.
[125]Fueldner K. Strukturbeschreibung von Buchen-Edellaubholz Mischwaeldern[M]. Goettinge: Cuvillier Verlag Goettingen,1995:146.
[126]Pommerening A. Evaluating structural indices by reversing forest structural analysis[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2006,224 (3):266-277.
[127]Kerr G. The use of silvicultural systems to enhance the biological diversity of plantion forests in Britain[J]. Forestry,1999,72 (3):191-205.
[128]Hanewinkel M, Pretzsch H. Modelling the conversion from evenaged to uneven-aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Kars. t) with a distance-depentant growth simulator[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,1-34 (1):55-70.
[129]Kint V. Structural development in ageing temperate Scots pine stands[J]. Forest Ecology and Managemnet,2005,214 (1):237-250.
[130]North M, Chen J Q, Oakley B, et al. Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western Hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests[J]. Forest Science,2004,50 (3): 299-311.
[131]YASUHIROK, HIROYUKI K, KENICHIRO S. Spatial pattern dynamics over 10 years in a conifer/broadleaved forest, northern Japan[J]. Plant Ecol,2007,190:143-157.
[132]LI F. Analysis on the Spatial Structures of Spruce-fir Stands in Northwest Maine[D]. New York:State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry,2004.
[133]KUULUVAINEN T, JARVINEN E, HOKKANEN T J, et al. Structure heterogeneity and spa tial autocorrelation in a natural mature Pinus sylvestris dominated forest[J]. Ecography, 1998,21:159-174.
[134]BIONDI F, MYERS D F, A VERY C C. Geostatistically modelling stem size and increment in an old-growth forest[J]. Can J For Res,1994,24:1354-1368.
[135]GRUSHECHY S T, FAJVAN M A. Comparison of hardwood stand structure after partial harvesting using intensive canopy maps and geostatistical techniques[J]. For Ecol Manage, 1999,114:421-432.
[136]Courbaud B, Goreaudb F, Dreyfusc P, et al. Evaluating thinning strategies using a tree distance dependent growth model:some examples based on the CAPSIS software"uneven-aged spruce forests"module[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2001, 145 (1):15-28.
[137]李俊清.东北红松林中红松的分布格局及其动态[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(1).
[138]徐化成,范兆飞等. 兴安落叶松原始林林木空间格局的研究[J].生态学报,1994,14(2)：155-160.
[139]游水生,梁一池,杨玉盛,等.福建武平米槠种群生态空间分布规律的研究[J].福建林学院学报,1995,15(2)：103-106.
[140]侯向阳,韩进轩.长白山红松林主要树种空间格局的模拟分析[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(3)：242-249.
[141]汤孟平,周国模,施拥军,等.天目山常绿阔叶林优势种群及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(5)：743-752.
[142]金则新.四川大头茶在其群落中的种内与种间竞争的初步研究[J].植物研究,1997,17(1)：110-118.
[143]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.两种混交度的比较分析[J].林业资源管理,2004,4：25-27.
[144]郑丽凤,周新年,江希钿,等.松阔混交林林分空间结构分析[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2006,14(4)：275-280.
[145]惠刚盈,胡艳波,赵中华.基于相邻木关系的树种分隔程度空间测度方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(4)：131-134.
[146]张春雨,赵秀海,王新怡,等.长白山自然保护区红松阔叶林空间格局研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(增2)：45-51.
[147]吕林昭,亢新刚,甘敬.长白山落叶松人工林天然化空间格局变化[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(3)：12-16.
[148]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[149]郑元润.不同方法在沙地云杉种群分布格局分析中的适用性研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(5)：480-484.
[150]郑元润.大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物种群分布格局及动态的研究[J].植物学通报,1998,15(6)：52-58.
[151]蔡飞.杭州西湖山区青冈种群结构和动态的研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(3)：67-72.
[152]陈存及,曹永慧等.乳源木莲天然林优势种群结构与空间格局[J]. 福建林学院学报,2001,21(3)：207-211.
[153]郑元润.不同方法在沙地云杉种群分布格局分析中的适用性研究[J]. 植物生态学报,1997,21(5)：480-484.
[154]肖君.林分生长与收获模型的研究现状与发展趋势[J].林业勘察设计(福建),2007,1：7-10.
[155]Avery T E, Burkhart H E. Forest Measurements[M]. Third Edition MCGRAW-Hill book company NewYork.1983.
[156]邓成.林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨[J].林业调查规划,2008,33.(4)：7-9.
[157]魏占才.长白落叶松人工林林分生长与收获模型应用研究[D].东北林业大学,2006.
[158]Monserud R A, Sterba H. A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even-and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria[J]. For. Ecol. Manage.,1996,80:57-80.
[159]Schroder J, Soalleiro R R. Alonso GV An age-independent basal area increment model for maritime Pine trees in northwester Spain[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2002,157: 55-64.
[160]葛宏立,项小强,何时珍,等.年龄隐含的生长模型在森林资源连续清查中的应用[J].林业科学研究,1997,10(4)：420-424.
[161]NUNIFU K T. Calibrating the mixed wood growth model (MGM) for Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) and associated species in Alererta[D]. University of Alberata,2003.
[162]Lin C R, Buongiorno J, Vasievich M. A multi-species, density-dependent matrix growth model to predict tree diversity and income in northern hardwood[J]. Ecological Modelling, 1996,91:193-211.
[163]Lu H C, Buongiorno J. Long and short-term effects of alternative cutting regimes on economic returns and ecological diversity in mixed-species stands[J]. Forest and Ecology management,1993,58,173-192.
[164]曾翀,雷相东,刘宪钊,等.落叶松云冷杉林单木树高曲线的研究[J].林业科学研究,2009,22(2)：182-189.
[165]Jogiste K. Productivity of mixed stands of Norway spruce and birch affected by population dynamics:a model analysis[J]. Ecol Model.,1998,106:77-91.
[166]Atta-Boateng J, Moser J W. A method for classifying commercial tree species of an uneven-aged mixed species tropical forest for growth and yield construction[J]. Forest and Ecology management,1998,104:89-99.
[167]Zhao D H, Borders B, Wilson M. Individual-tree diameter growth and mortality models for bottomland mixed-species hardwood stands in the lower Mississippi alluvial valley[J]. Forest and management,2004,1999:307-322.
[168]赵俊卉.长白山云冷杉混交林生长模型的研究[D].北京林业大学硕士论文,2010.
[169]翁国庆.异龄林生长与收获模型[J].林业勘察设计,1996a,(1)：5-12.
[170]Payandeh B, Wang Y. Variable stocking version of Plonskips yield tables formulated[J]. Forestry, Chronicle 1996a,72 (2):181-184.
[171]Payandeh B, Wang Y. Variable stocking yield functions for the boreal mixed wood in Ontario[J]. Forestry, Chronicle,1996b,72 (4):416-419.
[172]Ostaff W S, Carvell K L, Wiant H V. Comparative site index of eight hardwood species on the west Virginia University Forest[R]. west Virginia University Forestry Notes,1982, 9:18-20.
[173]翁国庆.林分动态生长模型的研究[J].林业贷源营理,1996b,(4)：25-28.
[174]Lu J, Li F R. Individual Tree Growth Models for Natural Mixed Forests in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China[J]. Journal of Korcan Forestry Society,2007,96(2):160-169.
[175]陈昌雄,曹祖宁,杨英恩,等.天然针阔混交林立地质量的主要影响因子研究[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(4)：343-347.
[176]Hasenauer H, Monserud R A. Biased predictions for tree height increment models developed from smoothed data[J]. Ecol Model.,1997,98:13-22.
[177]安慧,上官周平.密度对刺槐幼苗生物量及异速生长模式的影响[J].林业科学,2008,44(3)：151-155.
[178]喻泓,杨晓晖,慈龙骏.内蒙古呼伦贝尔沙地不同樟子松林竞争强度的比较[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(2)：250-255.
[179]Holmes M J, Reed D D. Competition indices for mixed species Northern hardwoods[J].For Sci.,1991,37 (5):1338-1349.
[180]Biging G S, Dobbertin M. A comparison of distance-dependent competition measures for height and basal area growth of individual conifer trees[J]. For Sci.,1992,38(3):695-720.
[181]Biging G S, Dobbertin M. Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models[J]. For Sci.,1995,41 (2):360-377.
[182]Zhang L J, Bi H Q, et al. Modeling spatial variation in tree diameter-height relationships[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2004,189:317-329.
[183]关毓秀,张守攻.竞争指标的分类及评价[J].北京林业大学学报,1992,14(4)：1-8.
[184]Biging G S, Dobbertin M. Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models[J]. For Sci,1995,41 (2):360-377.
[185]Moravie M A, Durand M, Houllier F. Ecological meaning and predictive ability of social status, vigor and competition indices in a tropical rain forest (India) [J]. For Ecol Manage, 1999,117:221-240.
[186]Landsberg J J. Physiological Ecology of Forest Production[C]. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia.1986.
[187]Kimmins, J.P. Modeling the sustain ability of forest Production and yield for a changing uncertain future [J]. Forestry Chronicle,1990.66,271-280.
[188]Mohren, G.M.L., Burkhart, H.E., Jansen, J.J. Contrasts between biologically-based process models and management-oriented growth and yield models[J]. Forestry Ecology and management,1994,69:1-5.
[189]Peng C H, Liu J X, Dang Q L, et al. TRIPLEX:a generic hybrid model for predicting forest growth and carbon and nitrogen dynamics[J]. Ecological modeelling.2002,153:109-130.
[190]Munro D.D. Forest growth models a prognosis. In:Fries. Growth models for tree and stand simulation[M]. Sweden:Royal College Of Forestry Stockholm,1974,7-12.
[191]张少昂.林分生长模型和收获表(综述)[M].译丛：东北林业大学出版社,1985,3：1-6.
[192]Buckman R.E. Growth and yield of red pine in Minnesota U.S.D[M]. A Tech Bull,1962.
[193]Clutter J.L. Sullivan A.D. A simultaneousGriwth and yield model for loblolly pine[J]. For. Sci.,1972,18 (1):76-86.
[194]张少昂.兴安落叶松天然林林分生长模型和可变密度收获表的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(3)：17-26.
[195]唐守正.广西大青山马尾松泉林整体生长模型及其应用[J].林业科学研究,1991a,4(增刊)：8-13.
[196]张贵,李伟.广义schulnaeher方程及其应用[J].中南林学院学报,1999,19(2)：39-2.
[197]胡晓龙.长白山落叶松林分断面积生长模型的研究[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(4)：449-452.
[198]唐守止,李希菲,孟昭和.林分生长模型研究的进展[J].林业科学研究,1993,6(6)：672-679.
[199]Bailey R L, Dell T R. Quantifying diameter distribution with the Weibull function[J]. For Sci.,1973,'19 (2):97-104.
[200]Mingliang Wang, Renndls. Tree diameter distribution modeling:introducing the logit-loistic distribution[J]. Can J For Res.,2005,35 (6):1305-1313.
[201]Mingliang Wang, Renndls. A new parameterization of Johnson's SB distribution with application to fitting forest tree diameter data[J]. Can J For Res.,2005,35 (3):575-579.
[202]惠淑荣,吕永震Weibull分布函数在林分直径结构预测模型中的应用[J].北华大学学报,2003,4(2)：101-104.
[203]黄家荣,孟宪宇,关毓秀.马尾松人工林直径分布神经网络模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1)：28-31.
[204]Usher M B. A matrix approach to the management of renew able resources, with special reference to selection forests[J]. J Appl. Eco.,1966, (3):355-367.
[205]Solomon D S, Hosmer R A, Hayslett H T Jr. A two-stage matrix model for predicting growth of forest stands in the Northeast[J]. Can J of For Res.,1986,16 (3):521-528.
[206]殷传杰.异龄林动态系统与经营模型的研究-兼天山中东部林区天山云冷杉林的应用[D].北京林业大学硕士论文,1988.
[207]曾伟生.异龄林的生长动态与最优经营[D].北京林业大学硕士论文,1990.
[208]覃林,陈平留,刘健.闽北异龄林生长矩阵模型研究[J].生物数学学报,1999,14(3)：332-337.
[209]王飞,代力民,邵国凡,等.非线性状态方程模拟异龄林径阶动态-以长白山阔叶红松林为例[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5)：101-105.
[210]邵国凡,赵士洞,舒噶特.森林动态经营-兼论红松林的优化经营[M].中国林业出版社,1995.
[211]Zhou M. Managing resources for multiple Purposes Markov models of southern mixed loblolly pine-hardwood forests[D]. Ph.D. Thesis in University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2005.
[212]Newham R M. The Development of a stand model for Douglasfir[D]. Vancouver:University of Column,1964:201.
[213]韩兴吉.林分生长和产量的数学模型(综述)[J].北京林业大学学报,1986,8(3)：85-98.
[214]Jogiste K. Productivity of mixed stands of Norway spruce and birch affected by population dynamics:amodel analysis[J]. Ecol. Model,1998,106:77-91.
[215]Bertelink H H. A growth model for mixed forest stands[J]. For. Ecol. Manage,2000,134: 29-43.
[216]Pukkala T, Miina J, Kurttila M, et al. A spatial yield model for optimizing the thinning regime of mixed stands of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abie[J]. Scand J For. Res.,1998,13: 31-42.
[217]Pukkala T, Miina J. Tree-selection algorithms for optimizing thinning using a distance-dependent growth model[J]. Can J For. Res.,1998,28:693-702.
[218]Vettenranta J, Miina J. Optimizing thinnings and rotation of Scots pine and Norway spruce mixtures[J]. Silva Fennica,1999,33:73-84.
[219]桑卫国.森林动态模型概论[J].植物学通报,1999,16(3)：193-200.
[220]Botkin D B, Janak J F, Wallis J R. Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth [J]. J Eco,1972,60 (3):849-873.
[221]Shugart HH, West D C. Development of an application deciduous forest succession model and its application to assessment of the impact of the chestnut blight[J]. J Environ Manage, 1977,5:161-179.
[222]邵国凡,赵士洞,赵光.应用地理信息系统模拟森林景观动态的研究[J].应用生态学报[J],1991,2(2)：103-107.
[223]Teck R, Moeur M, Eav B. Forecasting ecosystems with the forest vegetation simulator [J]. J For,1996,94:7-10.
[224]张惠光.福建柏单木生长模型的研究[J].中南林业调查规划,2006,25(3)：1-4.
[225]吕勇,汪新良,张晓蕾.杉木人工林单木竞争生长模型的研究[J].林业资源管理,1999(3)：60-62.
[226]吕勇.杉木人工林生长率模型的研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(1)：146-149.
[227]刘兆刚,李凤日,于金成.落叶松人工林单木模型的研究[J].植物研究,2003,23(2)：237-244.
[228]赵俊卉,亢新刚,刘燕.长白山主要针叶树种最优树高曲线研究[J].北京林业大学学报,20o9a,31(4)：13-18.
[229]洪伟,吴承祯,闫淑君.广义schumacher模型的改进及其应用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(2)：241-244.
[230]马丰丰,贾黎明.林分生长和收获模型研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2008,21(3)：21-27.
[231]Somers G L, NePal S K. Linking individual-tree and stand-level growth models[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1994,69:233-43.
[232]邓成,吕勇.林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨[J].林业调查规划,2008,33(4)：7-9.
[233]YueCF, Kohnle U, Hein S. Combining Tree-and stand-Level Models: A New Approach to Growth Prediction. Forest Scienee,2008,54 (5):553-566.
[234]Peng C H. Growth and yield models for uneven-aged stands:past present and future[J]. For. Ecol. Manage,2000,132:259-279.
[235]Johnsen K, Samuelson L, Teskey R, et al. Process models as tools in forestry research and management[J]. For Sci.,2001,47 (1):2-8.
[236]William M. A three-dimensional model of forest development and competition[J]. Ecol. Model,1996,89:73-98.
[237]McCarter J B, Wilson J S, Barter P J. Landscape management through integration of existing tools and emerging technologies[J]. J For.,1998,96:17-23.
[238]章时运.灰色系统理论预测森林生长量方法的初探[J].林业资源管理,1997(6)：58-60.
[239]郭正刚,吴秉礼.灰色系统理论在林分蓄积量预测中的应用[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1999,34(2)：171-174.
[240]林辉,彭长辉.人工神经网络在森林资源管理中的应用[J].世界林业研究,2002,15(3)：22-31.
[241]李永慈.林分生长收获模型的参数估计研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2004.
[242]雷相东,李永慈,向玮.基于混合模型的单木断面积生长模型[J].林业科学,2009,45(1)：74-80.
[243]李春明.混合效应模型在森林生长模型中的应用[J].林业科学,2009,45(4)：131-138.
[244]Martin.G.L. and A.R.EK. A comparison of competition measures and growth models for predicting plantation red pine diameter and height growth.[J]. For Sci,1984,30 (3)
[245]袁舜磊,王得祥.火地塘林区铁杉生长规律研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(4)：83-88.
[246]邓成,吕勇,雷渊才,等.以相对直径为竞争指标的单木直径生长模型研究[J].林业资源管理,2011;(1)：40-43.
[247]刘平,王玉涛,马履一,等.松江人工林林分生长过程动态预测及检验[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(1)：40-43.
[248]郎荣,许建初,Timm Tennigkeit,等.基于样方数据的云南松林分生长模型研究——以云南省保山市杨柳白族彝族乡为例[J].植物分类与资源学报,2011,33(3)：357-363.
[249]卢军,张会儒,李凤日.大兴安岭天然林林分生长模型研究[J].林业资源管理,2011,(3)：33-36.
[2]Walt A T, Fule P Z, Covington W W, Moore M M. Diversity in ponderosa pine forest structure following ecological restoration treatments[J]. For Sci,2003,49(6):885-900.
[3]Youngblood A, Max T, Coe K. Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California[J]. For Ecol & Manage,2004,199 (2):191-217.
[4]李毅,孙雪新,康向阳.甘肃胡杨林分结构的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1994,8(3)：88-95.
[5]陈东来,秦淑英.山杨天然林林分结构的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1994,17(1)：36-43.
[6]胡文力.长白山过伐林区云冷杉针阔混交林分结构的研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2003.
[7]安慧君.阔叶红松林空间结构的研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2003.
[8]姚爱静,朱清科,张宇清,等.林分结构研究现状与展望[J].林业调查规划,2005,30(2)：70-76.
[9]贺姗姗.北京山区油松人工林林分结构与生长模拟研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2009.
[10]Mason W L, Quine C P. Silvicultural possibilities for increasing structural diversity in British spruce forests:the case of Kielder forest[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1995, 79 (1):13-28.
[11]Ferris R, Humphrey J W. A review of potential biodiversity indicators for application in British forests[J]. Forestry,1999,72 (4):313-328.
[12]Pommerening A. Approaches to quantifying forest structures[J]. Forestry,2002,75 (3): 305-324.
[13]Aguirre O, Hui G Y, Gadow K V, et al. An analysis of spatial forest structure using neighbourhood-based variables[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,183,137-145.
[14]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.林分择伐空间结构优化模型研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(5)：25-31.
[15]惠刚盈,克劳斯·冯佳多.森林空间结构量化分析方法[M].中国科学技术出版社,2003：19-62.
[16]高鹏程.试论结构的概念[J1.学术交流,2010,191(2)：35-38.
[17]惠刚盈,克劳斯·冯佳多.德国现代森林经营技术[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2001：119-134.
[18]KintV, MeirvenneMV, Nachtergale L, et al. Spatialmethods for quantifying forest stand structure development:a comparison between nearest-neighbor indices and variogram analysis[J]. Forest Science,2003,49 (1):36-49.
[19]沈琪,张骏,朱锦茹,等.浙江省生态公益林植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2005,25(9)：2131-2138.
[20]雷相东,张会儒,李冬兰,等.东北过伐林四种森林类型的物种多样性比较研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5)：47-50.
[21]LEXEROD N L, EID T. An evaluation of different diameter diversity indices based on criteria related to forest management planning[J]. For Ecol Manage.2006,222:17-28.
[22]SOLOMON D S, GROVE J H. Effects of uneven-aged management intensity on structural diversity in two major forest types in New England[J]. For Ecol Manage,1999,114: 265-274.
[23]张治国.生态学空间分析[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[24]Sari Pitkanen. Classification of vegetational diversity in managed boreal forests in eastern Finland[J]. Plant Ecology,2000,146:11-28.
[25]黄清麟.福建青冈萌芽林分结构及生产力的研究[J].福建林学院学报,1995,15(2)：107-111.
[26]Takuo Nagaike, etc. Plant species diversity in abandoned coppice forests in a temperate deciduous forest area of central Japan[J]. Plant Ecology,2003,166:145-156.
[27]N. LUST, etc. Increase of biodiversity in homogeneous Scots pine stands by an ecologically diversified management[J]. biodiversity and conservation,1998,7:249-260.
[28]T. Manabe, etc. Population structure and spatial patterns for trees in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan[J]. Plant Ecology,2000,151:181-197.
[29]吴延熊,周国模.区域森林资源可持续发展的预警分析[J].浙江林学院学报,1999,16(1)：55-60.
[30]Christoph Leuschner, etc. Stand fine root biomass and fine root morphology in old-growth beech forests as a function of precipitation and soil fertility[J]. Plant and Soil,2004,258: 43-56.
[31]Manuel R. etc. Structure and floristics of secondary and old-growth forest stands in lowland Costa Rica[J]. Plant Ecology,1997,132:107-120.
[32]马克平.试论生物多样性的概念[J].生物多样性,1993,1(1)：20-22.
[33]臧润国,刘世荣.森林生物多样性保护原理概述[J].林业科学,1999,34(4)：71-79.
[34]梁娟,朱华等. 西双版纳补蚌地区望天树林近20a来物种多样性变化研究[J]. 应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(5)：609-614.
[35]何永涛, 曹敏等.云南哀牢山栎类次生林树种多样性特征研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2003,11(2)：104-108.
[36]Jiri Dolezal and Miroslav Srutek. Altitudinal changes in composition and structure of mountain-temperate vegetation:a case study from the Western Carpathians[J]. Plant Ecology,2002,158:201-221.
[37]Bent Otto Poulsen. Avian richness and abundance in temperate Danish forests:tree variables important to birds and their conservation[J]. biodiversity and conservation,2002,11:1551-1566.
[38]Magdy El-Banal, etc. Vegetation composition of a threatened hypersaline lake (Lake Bardawil), North Sinai[J]. Plant Ecology,2002,163:63-75.
[39]李芳东,李宗然,周道顺,等.兰考泡桐林分结构规律研究[J1.林业科学研究,1996,2：114-120.
[40]LAURI M. An algorithm for ensuring compatibility between estimated percentiles of diameter distribution and measured stand variables[J]. For Sci,2004,50 (1):20-32.
[41]LIU Chuangmin, ZHANG S Y, LEI Yuancai, et al. Evaluation of three methods for predicting diameter distributions of black spruce (Picea mariana) plantations in central Canada[J]. Can J For Res,2004,34 (12):2424-2432,
[42]韩东锋,钱拴提,孙丙寅,等.油松飞播林直径结构规律研究[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(5)：182-187.
[43]BLISS C I, REINKER K A. A lognormal approach to diameter distributions in even-aged stands[J]. For Sci,1964,10 (3):350-360.
[44]HAFLEY W L, SCHREUDER H T. Statistical distributions for fitting diameter and height data in even-aged stands[J]. Can J For Res,1977,7:481-487.
[45]WANG Mingliang, RENNOLLS K. Tree diameter distribution modelling:introducing the logit-logistic distribution[J]. Can J For Res,2005,35:1305-1313.
[46]BAILEY R L, DELL T R. Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function[J]. For Sci,1973,19 (2):97-104.
[47]Wayan C. Zipperer Species composition and structure of regenerated and remnant forest patches within an urban land-scape[J]. Urban Ecosystems,2002,6:271-290.
[48]Unna Chokkalingam and Alan White. Structure and spatial patterns of trees in old-growth northern hardwood and mixed forests of northern Maine[J]. Plant Ecology,2000, 00:1-22.
[49]N. Nishimura, etc. Tree competition and species coexistence in a warm-temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan[J]. Plant Ecology,2002,164:235-248.
[50]孟宪宇.使用Weibull函数对树高分布和直径分布的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1988,10(1)：40-48.
[51]周国模,刘恩斌,刘安兴,等Weibull分布参数辨识改进及对浙江毛竹林胸径年龄分布的测度[J].生态学报,2006,26(9)：148-156.
[52]沈国舫.现代高效持续林业——中国林业发展道路的抉择[J].林业经济,1998,(4)：1-8.
[53]洪伟,刘金福.格氏栲种群个体年龄与胸径的时间序列模型研究[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(3)：283-288.
[54]Nanang D. M. Suitability of the Normal, Log-normal and Weibull distributions for fitting diameter distributions of neem plantations in Northern Ghana[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1998.103:1-7.
[55]Danaza mabvurira, etc. Predicting and calibrating diameter distributions of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden plantations in Zimbabwe[J]. New Forests,2002,23:207-223.
[56]SARKKOLA S, HOKKA H, PENTTILA T. Natural development of stand structure in peatland scots pine following drainage:Results based on long-term monitoring of permanent sample plots[J]. Silv Fennica,2004,38 (4):405-412.
[57]于政中.森林经理学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1993：48-52.
[58]亢新刚,胡文力,董景林,等.过伐林区检查法经营针阔混交林林分结构动态[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(6)：1-5.
[59]GUL A U, MISIR M, MISIR N, et al. Calculation of uneven-aged stand structures with the negative exponential diameter distribution and Sterba's modified competition density rule[J]. For Ecol Manage,2005,214:212-220.
[60]GOODBURN J M, LORIMER C G. Population structure in old-growth and managed northern hardwoods:an examination of the balanced diameter distribution concept[J]. For Ecol Manage,1999,118:11-29.
[61]HAO Qingyu, ZHOU Yuping, WANG Lihai, et al. Optimization models of stand structure and selective cutting cycle for large diameter trees of broadleaved forest in Changbai Mountain[J]. J For Res,2006,17 (2):135-140.
[62]陈学群.不同密度30年生马尾松林生长特征与林分结构的研究[J].福建林业科技,1995,22(增刊)：40-43.
[63]牟慧生.用幂数指数方程模拟林木胸径分布的探讨[J].吉林林业科技,1996,(6)：38-40.
[64]LIU Chuangmin, ZHANG Lianjun, DAVIS C J, et al. A finite mixture model for characterizing the diameter distributions of mixed species forest stands[J]. For Sci,2002, 48 (4):653-661.
[65]ZASADA M, CIESZEWSKI C J. A finite mixture distribution approach for characterizing tree diameter distribution by natural social class in pure even-aged Scots pine stands in Poland[J]. For Ecol Manage,2005,204 (2-3):145-158.
[66]ZHANG Lianjun, GOVE J H, LIU Chuangmin, et al. A finite mixture of two Weibull distributions for modeling the diameter distributions of rotated-sigmoid, uneven-aged stands[J]. Can J For Res,2001,31 (9):1654-1659.
[67]王顺忠,王飞,张恒明,等.长白山阔叶红松林径级模拟研究——林分模拟[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(5)：22-27.
[68]MATHIEU F, CHHUN U, LOUIS A, et al. Calibrating a generalized diameter distribution model with mixed effects[J]. For Sci,2006,52 (6):650-658.
[69]胥辉,全宏波等.思茅松标准树高曲线的研究[J].西南林学院学报,2000,20(2)74-77.
[70]姚爱静.晋西黄十区林分结构特征研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2005.
[71]吕勇.树木树高曲线模型研究[J].中南林学院学报,1997,17(4)：86-89.
[72]邓坤枚,邵彬,李飞.长白山北坡云冷杉林胸径、树高结构及其生长规律的分析[J].资源科学,1999,21(1)：77-84.
[73]Hansorg Dietz. Plant invasion patches-reconstructing pattern and process by means of herb-chronology [J]. Biological Invasions,2002,4:211-222.
[74]梁士楚,李久林,程仕泽.贵州青岩油杉种群年龄结构和动态的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(1)：21-26.
[75]孙冰,杨国亭,李弘,等.白话种群的年龄结构及其群落演替[J].东北林业大学学报,1994,22(3)：43-48。
[76]Moeur. M. Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using stem-mapped data[J]. For. Sci. 1993,39 (4)
[77]丁岩饮.昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用[M].科学出版社.1980.
[78]Greig-Smith, P. Quantitative Plant Ecology[C],3rd cdn. Berkeley:University of California Pres.1983.
[79]惠刚盈,冯佳多.森林空间结构量化分析方法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2003： 170-173.
[80]孙洪志,石丽艳.沙地樟子松的空间分布格局[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(1)：93-94.
[81]惠刚盈,Von GADOWK, ALBERT M角尺度——一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999,35(1)：37-42.
[82]李明辉,何风华,刘云,等.林分空间格局的研究方法[J].生态科学,2003,22(1)：77-81.
[83]Legendre P, Fortin M. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis[J]. Vegetatio,1989,80 (2),107-138.
[84]Hasse P. Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley's K-function:introduction and methods of edge correction [J]. Journal of Vegetatio Science,1995,6 (4):575-582.
[85]Dale M R T. Spatial pattern analysis in plantecology[M]. New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,1999:326.
[86]David F N and Moo P G. Notes on contagious Distibution in palant populations[J]. Ann. Bot. Lond. N. S.1954:18.
[87]Lloyd, M. Mean Crowding[J]. J. Anim. Ecol.1967:36.
[88]Morisita, M. Composition of the Iδ-index[J], Res. Popul. Ecol.1971:13.
[89]Clark P J, Evans F C. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in population[J]. Ecology,1954,35 (4):445-453.
[90]FAJARDO A, GOODBURN J M, GRAHAM J. Spatial patterns of regeneration in managed uneven-aged Ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of Western Montana, USA[J]. For Ecol Manage,2006,223:255-266.
[91]CHEN Jiquan, BRADSHA W G A. Forest structure in space:a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, P. R. China[J]. For Ecol Manage,1999, 120:219-233.
[92]ANTOS J, PARISH R. Dynamics of an old-growth, fire-initiated, subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia:tree size, age, and spatial structure[J]. Canadian J For Res,2002, 32:1935-1946.
[93]MOTTA R, EDOUARD J L. Stand structure and dynamics in a mixed and multilayered forest in the upper Susa Valley, Piedmond, ltaly[J]. Canadian J For Res,2005,35 (1):21-36.
[94]Cressie N A C. Statistics for spatialdata[M]. NewYork:Wiley,1993:900.
[95]Ripley B D. Modelling spatial patterns (with discussion) [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:Series B,1977,39 (2):172-212.
[96]张金屯.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4)：344-349.
[97]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等Ripley sK (d)函数分析种群空间分布格局的边缘校正[J].生态学报,2003,23(8)：1533-1538.
[98]汤孟平.森林空间经营理论与实践[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2007.
[99]张赟,张春雨,赵秀海,等.长白山次生林乔木树种空间分布格局[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(10)：1639-1646.
[100]牛丽丽,余新晓,岳永杰.北京松山自然保护区天然油松林不同龄级立木的空间点格局[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(7)：1414-1418.
[101]Pretzsch H. Analysis and modeling of spatial stand structures. Methodological considerations based on mixed beech-larch stands in Lower Saxony[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1997,97 (3):237-253.
[102]王本洋,余世孝.种群分布格局的多尺度分析[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(2)：235-241.
[103]惠刚盈, K. von. Gadow,胡艳波.林分空间结构参数角尺度的标准角选择[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(6)：687-692.
[104]李哈滨,王政权.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6)：651-657.
[105]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
[106]Holmes M J, Reed D D. Competition indices for mixed species northern hardwoods[J].Forest Science,1991,37 (5):1338-1349.
[107]Arney JD.1973. Tables for quantifying competitive stress on individual trees (information report/Canada). Victoria, BC:Pacific Forest Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service,16.
[108]Brown G S.1965. Point density in stems per acre. New Zealand Forestry Service Research Notes,38:11.
[109]Bellal E. A new competition model for individual tree[J]. Forest Science,1971,17 (3): 367-362.
[110]Hegyi F. A simulation model form anaging jack-pine stands//Fries J. Growth models for tree and stand simulation[M]. Stockholm:Royal College of Forestry,1974:74-90.
[111]Spathelf P. Reconstruction of crown length of Norway spruce (Picea abiesL. Karst.) and Silver fir (Abies albaMil.1) technique, establishment of samplemethods and application in forest growth analysis[J]. Annals of Forest Science,2003,60(8):833-842.
[112]Rivas J J C, Gonzalez J G A, Aguirre O, et al. The effect of competition on individual tree basal area growth in mature stands of Pinus cooperi Blanco in Durango (Mexico) [J]. European Journal of Forest Research,2005,124 (2):133-142.
[113]Bristow M, Vancaly J K, Brooks L, et al. Growth and species interactions of Eucalyptus pellitain a mixed and monoculture plantation in the humid tropics of north Queensland[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233 (2):285-294.
[114]汤孟平,陈永刚,施拥军,等.基于Voronoi图的群落优势树种种内种间竞争[J].生态学报,2007,27(11)：4707-4716.
[115]Piutti E, Cescati A. A qualitative analysis of the interaction between climatic response and intraspecific competition in European beech[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1997, 27 (3):277-284.
[116]Clinton B D, Elliott K J, Swank W T. Response of planted eastern white pine (Pinus strobusL) to mechanical release, competition, and drought in the southern Appalachians[J]. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry,1997,21 (1):19-23.
[117]De Luis M, Raventos J, Cortina J, et al. Assessing components of a competition index to predict growth in an even aged Pinus nigra stand[J]. New forests,1998,15(3):223-242.
[118]Mailly D, Turbis S, Pothier D. Predicting basalarea increment in a spatially explicit, individual tree model:a test of competition measureswith black spruce[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33 (3):435-443.
[119]Beland M, Lussier J M. Bergeron Y,et al. Structure, spatial distribution and competition in mixed jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands on clay soils of eastern Canada[J]. Annals of Forest Science,2003,60 (7):609-617.
[120]Canham C D, LePage P T, CoatesK D. A neighbourhood analysis of canopy tree competition:effects of shading versus crowding[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2004,34 (4):778-787.
[121]惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1)：23-27.
[122]Fisher R A, Corbet A S, W illiams C B. The relation between the number of species and the numberof individuals in a random sample of an animal population[J]. The Journal of Animal Ecology,1943,12 (1):42-58.
[123]Pielou E C. Segregation and symmetry in two-species populations as studied by nearest neighbour relations[J]. Journal of Ecology,1961,49 (2):255-269.
[124]Gadow K V, Bredenkamp B. Forest management[M]. Pretoria:Academica,1992.
[125]Fueldner K. Strukturbeschreibung von Buchen-Edellaubholz Mischwaeldern[M]. Goettinge: Cuvillier Verlag Goettingen,1995:146.
[126]Pommerening A. Evaluating structural indices by reversing forest structural analysis[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2006,224 (3):266-277.
[127]Kerr G. The use of silvicultural systems to enhance the biological diversity of plantion forests in Britain[J]. Forestry,1999,72 (3):191-205.
[128]Hanewinkel M, Pretzsch H. Modelling the conversion from evenaged to uneven-aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Kars. t) with a distance-depentant growth simulator[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,1-34 (1):55-70.
[129]Kint V. Structural development in ageing temperate Scots pine stands[J]. Forest Ecology and Managemnet,2005,214 (1):237-250.
[130]North M, Chen J Q, Oakley B, et al. Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western Hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests[J]. Forest Science,2004,50 (3): 299-311.
[131]YASUHIROK, HIROYUKI K, KENICHIRO S. Spatial pattern dynamics over 10 years in a conifer/broadleaved forest, northern Japan[J]. Plant Ecol,2007,190:143-157.
[132]LI F. Analysis on the Spatial Structures of Spruce-fir Stands in Northwest Maine[D]. New York:State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry,2004.
[133]KUULUVAINEN T, JARVINEN E, HOKKANEN T J, et al. Structure heterogeneity and spa tial autocorrelation in a natural mature Pinus sylvestris dominated forest[J]. Ecography, 1998,21:159-174.
[134]BIONDI F, MYERS D F, A VERY C C. Geostatistically modelling stem size and increment in an old-growth forest[J]. Can J For Res,1994,24:1354-1368.
[135]GRUSHECHY S T, FAJVAN M A. Comparison of hardwood stand structure after partial harvesting using intensive canopy maps and geostatistical techniques[J]. For Ecol Manage, 1999,114:421-432.
[136]Courbaud B, Goreaudb F, Dreyfusc P, et al. Evaluating thinning strategies using a tree distance dependent growth model:some examples based on the CAPSIS software"uneven-aged spruce forests"module[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2001, 145 (1):15-28.
[137]李俊清.东北红松林中红松的分布格局及其动态[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(1).
[138]徐化成,范兆飞等. 兴安落叶松原始林林木空间格局的研究[J].生态学报,1994,14(2)：155-160.
[139]游水生,梁一池,杨玉盛,等.福建武平米槠种群生态空间分布规律的研究[J].福建林学院学报,1995,15(2)：103-106.
[140]侯向阳,韩进轩.长白山红松林主要树种空间格局的模拟分析[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(3)：242-249.
[141]汤孟平,周国模,施拥军,等.天目山常绿阔叶林优势种群及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(5)：743-752.
[142]金则新.四川大头茶在其群落中的种内与种间竞争的初步研究[J].植物研究,1997,17(1)：110-118.
[143]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.两种混交度的比较分析[J].林业资源管理,2004,4：25-27.
[144]郑丽凤,周新年,江希钿,等.松阔混交林林分空间结构分析[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2006,14(4)：275-280.
[145]惠刚盈,胡艳波,赵中华.基于相邻木关系的树种分隔程度空间测度方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(4)：131-134.
[146]张春雨,赵秀海,王新怡,等.长白山自然保护区红松阔叶林空间格局研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(增2)：45-51.
[147]吕林昭,亢新刚,甘敬.长白山落叶松人工林天然化空间格局变化[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(3)：12-16.
[148]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[149]郑元润.不同方法在沙地云杉种群分布格局分析中的适用性研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(5)：480-484.
[150]郑元润.大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物种群分布格局及动态的研究[J].植物学通报,1998,15(6)：52-58.
[151]蔡飞.杭州西湖山区青冈种群结构和动态的研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(3)：67-72.
[152]陈存及,曹永慧等.乳源木莲天然林优势种群结构与空间格局[J]. 福建林学院学报,2001,21(3)：207-211.
[153]郑元润.不同方法在沙地云杉种群分布格局分析中的适用性研究[J]. 植物生态学报,1997,21(5)：480-484.
[154]肖君.林分生长与收获模型的研究现状与发展趋势[J].林业勘察设计(福建),2007,1：7-10.
[155]Avery T E, Burkhart H E. Forest Measurements[M]. Third Edition MCGRAW-Hill book company NewYork.1983.
[156]邓成.林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨[J].林业调查规划,2008,33.(4)：7-9.
[157]魏占才.长白落叶松人工林林分生长与收获模型应用研究[D].东北林业大学,2006.
[158]Monserud R A, Sterba H. A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even-and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria[J]. For. Ecol. Manage.,1996,80:57-80.
[159]Schroder J, Soalleiro R R. Alonso GV An age-independent basal area increment model for maritime Pine trees in northwester Spain[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2002,157: 55-64.
[160]葛宏立,项小强,何时珍,等.年龄隐含的生长模型在森林资源连续清查中的应用[J].林业科学研究,1997,10(4)：420-424.
[161]NUNIFU K T. Calibrating the mixed wood growth model (MGM) for Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) and associated species in Alererta[D]. University of Alberata,2003.
[162]Lin C R, Buongiorno J, Vasievich M. A multi-species, density-dependent matrix growth model to predict tree diversity and income in northern hardwood[J]. Ecological Modelling, 1996,91:193-211.
[163]Lu H C, Buongiorno J. Long and short-term effects of alternative cutting regimes on economic returns and ecological diversity in mixed-species stands[J]. Forest and Ecology management,1993,58,173-192.
[164]曾翀,雷相东,刘宪钊,等.落叶松云冷杉林单木树高曲线的研究[J].林业科学研究,2009,22(2)：182-189.
[165]Jogiste K. Productivity of mixed stands of Norway spruce and birch affected by population dynamics:a model analysis[J]. Ecol Model.,1998,106:77-91.
[166]Atta-Boateng J, Moser J W. A method for classifying commercial tree species of an uneven-aged mixed species tropical forest for growth and yield construction[J]. Forest and Ecology management,1998,104:89-99.
[167]Zhao D H, Borders B, Wilson M. Individual-tree diameter growth and mortality models for bottomland mixed-species hardwood stands in the lower Mississippi alluvial valley[J]. Forest and management,2004,1999:307-322.
[168]赵俊卉.长白山云冷杉混交林生长模型的研究[D].北京林业大学硕士论文,2010.
[169]翁国庆.异龄林生长与收获模型[J].林业勘察设计,1996a,(1)：5-12.
[170]Payandeh B, Wang Y. Variable stocking version of Plonskips yield tables formulated[J]. Forestry, Chronicle 1996a,72 (2):181-184.
[171]Payandeh B, Wang Y. Variable stocking yield functions for the boreal mixed wood in Ontario[J]. Forestry, Chronicle,1996b,72 (4):416-419.
[172]Ostaff W S, Carvell K L, Wiant H V. Comparative site index of eight hardwood species on the west Virginia University Forest[R]. west Virginia University Forestry Notes,1982, 9:18-20.
[173]翁国庆.林分动态生长模型的研究[J].林业贷源营理,1996b,(4)：25-28.
[174]Lu J, Li F R. Individual Tree Growth Models for Natural Mixed Forests in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China[J]. Journal of Korcan Forestry Society,2007,96(2):160-169.
[175]陈昌雄,曹祖宁,杨英恩,等.天然针阔混交林立地质量的主要影响因子研究[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(4)：343-347.
[176]Hasenauer H, Monserud R A. Biased predictions for tree height increment models developed from smoothed data[J]. Ecol Model.,1997,98:13-22.
[177]安慧,上官周平.密度对刺槐幼苗生物量及异速生长模式的影响[J].林业科学,2008,44(3)：151-155.
[178]喻泓,杨晓晖,慈龙骏.内蒙古呼伦贝尔沙地不同樟子松林竞争强度的比较[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(2)：250-255.
[179]Holmes M J, Reed D D. Competition indices for mixed species Northern hardwoods[J].For Sci.,1991,37 (5):1338-1349.
[180]Biging G S, Dobbertin M. A comparison of distance-dependent competition measures for height and basal area growth of individual conifer trees[J]. For Sci.,1992,38(3):695-720.
[181]Biging G S, Dobbertin M. Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models[J]. For Sci.,1995,41 (2):360-377.
[182]Zhang L J, Bi H Q, et al. Modeling spatial variation in tree diameter-height relationships[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2004,189:317-329.
[183]关毓秀,张守攻.竞争指标的分类及评价[J].北京林业大学学报,1992,14(4)：1-8.
[184]Biging G S, Dobbertin M. Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models[J]. For Sci,1995,41 (2):360-377.
[185]Moravie M A, Durand M, Houllier F. Ecological meaning and predictive ability of social status, vigor and competition indices in a tropical rain forest (India) [J]. For Ecol Manage, 1999,117:221-240.
[186]Landsberg J J. Physiological Ecology of Forest Production[C]. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia.1986.
[187]Kimmins, J.P. Modeling the sustain ability of forest Production and yield for a changing uncertain future [J]. Forestry Chronicle,1990.66,271-280.
[188]Mohren, G.M.L., Burkhart, H.E., Jansen, J.J. Contrasts between biologically-based process models and management-oriented growth and yield models[J]. Forestry Ecology and management,1994,69:1-5.
[189]Peng C H, Liu J X, Dang Q L, et al. TRIPLEX:a generic hybrid model for predicting forest growth and carbon and nitrogen dynamics[J]. Ecological modeelling.2002,153:109-130.
[190]Munro D.D. Forest growth models a prognosis. In:Fries. Growth models for tree and stand simulation[M]. Sweden:Royal College Of Forestry Stockholm,1974,7-12.
[191]张少昂.林分生长模型和收获表(综述)[M].译丛：东北林业大学出版社,1985,3：1-6.
[192]Buckman R.E. Growth and yield of red pine in Minnesota U.S.D[M]. A Tech Bull,1962.
[193]Clutter J.L. Sullivan A.D. A simultaneousGriwth and yield model for loblolly pine[J]. For. Sci.,1972,18 (1):76-86.
[194]张少昂.兴安落叶松天然林林分生长模型和可变密度收获表的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(3)：17-26.
[195]唐守正.广西大青山马尾松泉林整体生长模型及其应用[J].林业科学研究,1991a,4(增刊)：8-13.
[196]张贵,李伟.广义schulnaeher方程及其应用[J].中南林学院学报,1999,19(2)：39-2.
[197]胡晓龙.长白山落叶松林分断面积生长模型的研究[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(4)：449-452.
[198]唐守止,李希菲,孟昭和.林分生长模型研究的进展[J].林业科学研究,1993,6(6)：672-679.
[199]Bailey R L, Dell T R. Quantifying diameter distribution with the Weibull function[J]. For Sci.,1973,'19 (2):97-104.
[200]Mingliang Wang, Renndls. Tree diameter distribution modeling:introducing the logit-loistic distribution[J]. Can J For Res.,2005,35 (6):1305-1313.
[201]Mingliang Wang, Renndls. A new parameterization of Johnson's SB distribution with application to fitting forest tree diameter data[J]. Can J For Res.,2005,35 (3):575-579.
[202]惠淑荣,吕永震Weibull分布函数在林分直径结构预测模型中的应用[J].北华大学学报,2003,4(2)：101-104.
[203]黄家荣,孟宪宇,关毓秀.马尾松人工林直径分布神经网络模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1)：28-31.
[204]Usher M B. A matrix approach to the management of renew able resources, with special reference to selection forests[J]. J Appl. Eco.,1966, (3):355-367.
[205]Solomon D S, Hosmer R A, Hayslett H T Jr. A two-stage matrix model for predicting growth of forest stands in the Northeast[J]. Can J of For Res.,1986,16 (3):521-528.
[206]殷传杰.异龄林动态系统与经营模型的研究-兼天山中东部林区天山云冷杉林的应用[D].北京林业大学硕士论文,1988.
[207]曾伟生.异龄林的生长动态与最优经营[D].北京林业大学硕士论文,1990.
[208]覃林,陈平留,刘健.闽北异龄林生长矩阵模型研究[J].生物数学学报,1999,14(3)：332-337.
[209]王飞,代力民,邵国凡,等.非线性状态方程模拟异龄林径阶动态-以长白山阔叶红松林为例[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5)：101-105.
[210]邵国凡,赵士洞,舒噶特.森林动态经营-兼论红松林的优化经营[M].中国林业出版社,1995.
[211]Zhou M. Managing resources for multiple Purposes Markov models of southern mixed loblolly pine-hardwood forests[D]. Ph.D. Thesis in University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2005.
[212]Newham R M. The Development of a stand model for Douglasfir[D]. Vancouver:University of Column,1964:201.
[213]韩兴吉.林分生长和产量的数学模型(综述)[J].北京林业大学学报,1986,8(3)：85-98.
[214]Jogiste K. Productivity of mixed stands of Norway spruce and birch affected by population dynamics:amodel analysis[J]. Ecol. Model,1998,106:77-91.
[215]Bertelink H H. A growth model for mixed forest stands[J]. For. Ecol. Manage,2000,134: 29-43.
[216]Pukkala T, Miina J, Kurttila M, et al. A spatial yield model for optimizing the thinning regime of mixed stands of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abie[J]. Scand J For. Res.,1998,13: 31-42.
[217]Pukkala T, Miina J. Tree-selection algorithms for optimizing thinning using a distance-dependent growth model[J]. Can J For. Res.,1998,28:693-702.
[218]Vettenranta J, Miina J. Optimizing thinnings and rotation of Scots pine and Norway spruce mixtures[J]. Silva Fennica,1999,33:73-84.
[219]桑卫国.森林动态模型概论[J].植物学通报,1999,16(3)：193-200.
[220]Botkin D B, Janak J F, Wallis J R. Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth [J]. J Eco,1972,60 (3):849-873.
[221]Shugart HH, West D C. Development of an application deciduous forest succession model and its application to assessment of the impact of the chestnut blight[J]. J Environ Manage, 1977,5:161-179.
[222]邵国凡,赵士洞,赵光.应用地理信息系统模拟森林景观动态的研究[J].应用生态学报[J],1991,2(2)：103-107.
[223]Teck R, Moeur M, Eav B. Forecasting ecosystems with the forest vegetation simulator [J]. J For,1996,94:7-10.
[224]张惠光.福建柏单木生长模型的研究[J].中南林业调查规划,2006,25(3)：1-4.
[225]吕勇,汪新良,张晓蕾.杉木人工林单木竞争生长模型的研究[J].林业资源管理,1999(3)：60-62.
[226]吕勇.杉木人工林生长率模型的研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(1)：146-149.
[227]刘兆刚,李凤日,于金成.落叶松人工林单木模型的研究[J].植物研究,2003,23(2)：237-244.
[228]赵俊卉,亢新刚,刘燕.长白山主要针叶树种最优树高曲线研究[J].北京林业大学学报,20o9a,31(4)：13-18.
[229]洪伟,吴承祯,闫淑君.广义schumacher模型的改进及其应用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(2)：241-244.
[230]马丰丰,贾黎明.林分生长和收获模型研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2008,21(3)：21-27.
[231]Somers G L, NePal S K. Linking individual-tree and stand-level growth models[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1994,69:233-43.
[232]邓成,吕勇.林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨[J].林业调查规划,2008,33(4)：7-9.
[233]YueCF, Kohnle U, Hein S. Combining Tree-and stand-Level Models: A New Approach to Growth Prediction. Forest Scienee,2008,54 (5):553-566.
[234]Peng C H. Growth and yield models for uneven-aged stands:past present and future[J]. For. Ecol. Manage,2000,132:259-279.
[235]Johnsen K, Samuelson L, Teskey R, et al. Process models as tools in forestry research and management[J]. For Sci.,2001,47 (1):2-8.
[236]William M. A three-dimensional model of forest development and competition[J]. Ecol. Model,1996,89:73-98.
[237]McCarter J B, Wilson J S, Barter P J. Landscape management through integration of existing tools and emerging technologies[J]. J For.,1998,96:17-23.
[238]章时运.灰色系统理论预测森林生长量方法的初探[J].林业资源管理,1997(6)：58-60.
[239]郭正刚,吴秉礼.灰色系统理论在林分蓄积量预测中的应用[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1999,34(2)：171-174.
[240]林辉,彭长辉.人工神经网络在森林资源管理中的应用[J].世界林业研究,2002,15(3)：22-31.
[241]李永慈.林分生长收获模型的参数估计研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2004.
[242]雷相东,李永慈,向玮.基于混合模型的单木断面积生长模型[J].林业科学,2009,45(1)：74-80.
[243]李春明.混合效应模型在森林生长模型中的应用[J].林业科学,2009,45(4)：131-138.
[244]Martin.G.L. and A.R.EK. A comparison of competition measures and growth models for predicting plantation red pine diameter and height growth.[J]. For Sci,1984,30 (3)
[245]袁舜磊,王得祥.火地塘林区铁杉生长规律研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(4)：83-88.
[246]邓成,吕勇,雷渊才,等.以相对直径为竞争指标的单木直径生长模型研究[J].林业资源管理,2011;(1)：40-43.
[247]刘平,王玉涛,马履一,等.松江人工林林分生长过程动态预测及检验[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(1)：40-43.
[248]郎荣,许建初,Timm Tennigkeit,等.基于样方数据的云南松林分生长模型研究——以云南省保山市杨柳白族彝族乡为例[J].植物分类与资源学报,2011,33(3)：357-363.
[249]卢军,张会儒,李凤日.大兴安岭天然林林分生长模型研究[J].林业资源管理,2011,(3)：33-36.