数字图像的鲁棒性水印技术研究
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摘要
计算机技术、数字多媒体技术以及Internet技术的飞速发展使得多媒体信息的安全问题成为目前一个相当重要而又富有挑战性的研究课题。数字水印技术在这样的背景下获得了广泛的重视，并成为当今发展最为迅速的学科之一，对数字水印领域中的关键技术研究有着重要的理论和现实意义。
本论文首先介绍了数字水印技术的应用、分类及研究现状，并针对数字图像媒体，系统阐述了其基本原理，分析了数字水印技术在各种应用中的基本特征和设计要求，以及评估方法、水印攻击及对策等。论文的重点在于，紧紧围绕着数字图像的鲁棒性水印中的盲检测技术、鲁棒性、不可见性这一主线，对其进行了深入的研究和探讨，研究的内容属于目前数字水印技术领域的研究重点。
本文的主要贡献概括如下：
1．研究了基于图像区域的鲁棒性水印技术，提出了一种利用图像显著特征区域来嵌入水印的算法，称作WRSF算法。该算法利用了人眼视觉中更为关注区域的特点，有生理学基础，且具有很好的鲁棒性。在WRSF算法中，首先利用人眼的视觉注意机制作为指导，给出了一种简单有效的提取图像显著特征区域的算法；然后提取图像的显著特征区域在并在其中嵌入水印；水印的嵌入利用了原始图像的部分信息并使用人眼视觉模型来调整水印信号的嵌入强度；通过在水印嵌入时构造参考水印，以较小的存储代价，来实现水印的盲检测。该算法的特点在于：提出了一种水印嵌入的思路，即水印嵌入应该利用图像中人眼视觉更为关注的区域，这种思路有视觉注意机制这一生理学依据而且考虑了版权拥有者的主观要求。实验结果表明了这种思路的合理性以及算法的有效性。
2．研究了基于图像特征的数字水印技术，提出了一种基于图像兴趣点的数字水印算法，称作WIP算法。WIP算法的一个突出特点在于：采用了较为“精确”的模式识别技术来寻找更鲁棒的图像特征，把水印信息的嵌入和图像中鲁棒的特征联系在一起，从而改善水印盲检测的可靠性。首先概括性地介绍了现有的基于特征的数字水印算法，分析了它们的优缺点，在已有工作的基础上，WIP算法先对图像进行自适应非线性滤波，然后提取显著的兴趣点，以减少噪声干扰；并对描述图像特征的显著兴趣点有所筛选，采用其中鲁棒的显著兴趣点作为水印嵌入和提取的参考点；水印重复地嵌入到每一个鲁棒的显著兴趣点的局部邻域内，并使用人眼视觉模型来调整水印信号的嵌入强度。算法中对检测性能做了详细分析用于指导水印的检测。实验结果表明了此算法的有效性。
摘要
3.研究了基于扩频技术的水印问皿，提出了一种小波域的标识符水印算法.
该算法在保证图像较高视觉质t的情况下，增强了水印的鲁棒性，改善了水印的
性能。在该算法中，首先采用纠错编码技术对二值有意义的标识符水印信号进行
编码，然后应用直接序列扩频码调制编码后的水印信号;水印的嵌入在图像的小
波变换域中进行，并利用图像正交小波变换的特点和人类视觉特性来充分考虑水
印图像的视觉效果，在保证图像质量的条件下调整水印的能量。实验结果表明本
算法的有效性。
4.研究了基于边带通信模型的数字水印技术，提出了一种基于边信息的数字
水印算法。此算法的特点在于:在水印信号的嵌入过程中，不是把原始图像完全
看作噪声，而是利用了原始图像本身的部分信息，以减少图像内容和水印信号之
间的干扰。在该算法中，水印的嵌入过程包括误码纠错、安全置乱、对原始图像
中边信息的提取和基于人类视觉模型的小波域嵌入等技术，以保证盲水印恢复的
鲁棒性和安全性。此外，该算法对水印盲检测的性能做了详细分析以指导水印的
检测。实验结果表明了该算法的有效性。
关键词:数字水印，人类视觉系统，视觉注意，感知模型，显著特征区域，显著
兴趣点，扩频通信，边带通信，相关检测
西安电子科技大学博士学位论文
With the rapid development of computer, multimedia and Internet techniques, the multimedia security becomes an important and challenging research topic. Digital watermarking technique is a new method for digital content protection such as copyright protection, transaction tracking, content authentication, broadcasting monitoring, copy control and secret communication, and becomes an important research area in the field of multimedia security.In this dissertation, a systematical introduction of the applications, classification and background of watermarking techniques is given first. Then the principle of digital watermarking is described with their characteristics and design requirements in different applications being analyzed, before the ways of performance evaluation, attacks and countermeasures are introduced. The work is focused on the key techniques of digital watermarking for images, which include blind detection, robustness, invisibility. The presented study is the current research focus of watermarking techniques. Thus, its research has both the theory and the application value.The main contributions of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:1. Region-based watermarking technique is studied and a watermarking scheme using the region with salient features of the image is proposed. A simple and effective algorithm for extracting the region with salient features is first realized by exploiting the human visual attention model. The watermark is embedded into this region using the part information of the original image, and its invisibility is derived by means of HVS. Watermark can be blindly detected by means of the reference watermark, which is designed during the watermark embedding process. The primary characteristic of the scheme is that, it presents a new idea for the watermarking techniques, by means of which the watermark embedding should exploiting the image region to which human eyes pays more attention. This idea has the evidence based on the human visual attention model and has considered the subjective requirement of the copyright owner. Experimental result shows effectiveness of the proposed methods.2. Salient feature-based watermarking technique is studied. A salient interest
point-based watermarking scheme is proposed based on the analysis of the recent feature-based algorithms. The primary characteristic of the scheme is that, it exploits the refined pattern recognition techniques to find the robust image feature, by means of which the watermark can be bound with the image content to improve the reliability of the blind detection. The scheme firstly uses an adaptive filter to process the image. Then the popular way is adopted to detect the interest points. The extracted interest points are selected to obtain the robust salient interest points, which are used as a reference for both watermark embedding and detection. Watermark is iteratively embedded into each local region centered at the points. HVS is used for the invisibility of the watermark. The detection performance is analyzed to guide the watermark detection. Experimental result shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.3. Spread spectrum watermarking techniques are studied, and a identifier watermarking scheme is proposed. Watermark embedding includes the techniques of error-correct code, direct sequence spread spectrum and wavelet-based HVS model to gain the trade-off between robustness and invisibility of the watermark. The orthogonal wavelet is used in embedding process, and watermark energy can be adjusted by means of HVS with a specific PSNR. Experimental result shows that the scheme improves the robustness of the watermark with a high quality marked image.4. Side-informed watermarking techniques are studied. A side information-based watermarking algorithm is proposed. Watermark embedding includes the techniques of error-correct code, shuffling, extracting the side information from original image and wavelet-based HVS model to gain the robustness and security for the blind d
本论文首先介绍了数字水印技术的应用、分类及研究现状，并针对数字图像媒体，系统阐述了其基本原理，分析了数字水印技术在各种应用中的基本特征和设计要求，以及评估方法、水印攻击及对策等。论文的重点在于，紧紧围绕着数字图像的鲁棒性水印中的盲检测技术、鲁棒性、不可见性这一主线，对其进行了深入的研究和探讨，研究的内容属于目前数字水印技术领域的研究重点。
本文的主要贡献概括如下：
1．研究了基于图像区域的鲁棒性水印技术，提出了一种利用图像显著特征区域来嵌入水印的算法，称作WRSF算法。该算法利用了人眼视觉中更为关注区域的特点，有生理学基础，且具有很好的鲁棒性。在WRSF算法中，首先利用人眼的视觉注意机制作为指导，给出了一种简单有效的提取图像显著特征区域的算法；然后提取图像的显著特征区域在并在其中嵌入水印；水印的嵌入利用了原始图像的部分信息并使用人眼视觉模型来调整水印信号的嵌入强度；通过在水印嵌入时构造参考水印，以较小的存储代价，来实现水印的盲检测。该算法的特点在于：提出了一种水印嵌入的思路，即水印嵌入应该利用图像中人眼视觉更为关注的区域，这种思路有视觉注意机制这一生理学依据而且考虑了版权拥有者的主观要求。实验结果表明了这种思路的合理性以及算法的有效性。
2．研究了基于图像特征的数字水印技术，提出了一种基于图像兴趣点的数字水印算法，称作WIP算法。WIP算法的一个突出特点在于：采用了较为“精确”的模式识别技术来寻找更鲁棒的图像特征，把水印信息的嵌入和图像中鲁棒的特征联系在一起，从而改善水印盲检测的可靠性。首先概括性地介绍了现有的基于特征的数字水印算法，分析了它们的优缺点，在已有工作的基础上，WIP算法先对图像进行自适应非线性滤波，然后提取显著的兴趣点，以减少噪声干扰；并对描述图像特征的显著兴趣点有所筛选，采用其中鲁棒的显著兴趣点作为水印嵌入和提取的参考点；水印重复地嵌入到每一个鲁棒的显著兴趣点的局部邻域内，并使用人眼视觉模型来调整水印信号的嵌入强度。算法中对检测性能做了详细分析用于指导水印的检测。实验结果表明了此算法的有效性。
摘要
3.研究了基于扩频技术的水印问皿，提出了一种小波域的标识符水印算法.
该算法在保证图像较高视觉质t的情况下，增强了水印的鲁棒性，改善了水印的
性能。在该算法中，首先采用纠错编码技术对二值有意义的标识符水印信号进行
编码，然后应用直接序列扩频码调制编码后的水印信号;水印的嵌入在图像的小
波变换域中进行，并利用图像正交小波变换的特点和人类视觉特性来充分考虑水
印图像的视觉效果，在保证图像质量的条件下调整水印的能量。实验结果表明本
算法的有效性。
4.研究了基于边带通信模型的数字水印技术，提出了一种基于边信息的数字
水印算法。此算法的特点在于:在水印信号的嵌入过程中，不是把原始图像完全
看作噪声，而是利用了原始图像本身的部分信息，以减少图像内容和水印信号之
间的干扰。在该算法中，水印的嵌入过程包括误码纠错、安全置乱、对原始图像
中边信息的提取和基于人类视觉模型的小波域嵌入等技术，以保证盲水印恢复的
鲁棒性和安全性。此外，该算法对水印盲检测的性能做了详细分析以指导水印的
检测。实验结果表明了该算法的有效性。
关键词:数字水印，人类视觉系统，视觉注意，感知模型，显著特征区域，显著
兴趣点，扩频通信，边带通信，相关检测
西安电子科技大学博士学位论文
With the rapid development of computer, multimedia and Internet techniques, the multimedia security becomes an important and challenging research topic. Digital watermarking technique is a new method for digital content protection such as copyright protection, transaction tracking, content authentication, broadcasting monitoring, copy control and secret communication, and becomes an important research area in the field of multimedia security.In this dissertation, a systematical introduction of the applications, classification and background of watermarking techniques is given first. Then the principle of digital watermarking is described with their characteristics and design requirements in different applications being analyzed, before the ways of performance evaluation, attacks and countermeasures are introduced. The work is focused on the key techniques of digital watermarking for images, which include blind detection, robustness, invisibility. The presented study is the current research focus of watermarking techniques. Thus, its research has both the theory and the application value.The main contributions of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:1. Region-based watermarking technique is studied and a watermarking scheme using the region with salient features of the image is proposed. A simple and effective algorithm for extracting the region with salient features is first realized by exploiting the human visual attention model. The watermark is embedded into this region using the part information of the original image, and its invisibility is derived by means of HVS. Watermark can be blindly detected by means of the reference watermark, which is designed during the watermark embedding process. The primary characteristic of the scheme is that, it presents a new idea for the watermarking techniques, by means of which the watermark embedding should exploiting the image region to which human eyes pays more attention. This idea has the evidence based on the human visual attention model and has considered the subjective requirement of the copyright owner. Experimental result shows effectiveness of the proposed methods.2. Salient feature-based watermarking technique is studied. A salient interest
point-based watermarking scheme is proposed based on the analysis of the recent feature-based algorithms. The primary characteristic of the scheme is that, it exploits the refined pattern recognition techniques to find the robust image feature, by means of which the watermark can be bound with the image content to improve the reliability of the blind detection. The scheme firstly uses an adaptive filter to process the image. Then the popular way is adopted to detect the interest points. The extracted interest points are selected to obtain the robust salient interest points, which are used as a reference for both watermark embedding and detection. Watermark is iteratively embedded into each local region centered at the points. HVS is used for the invisibility of the watermark. The detection performance is analyzed to guide the watermark detection. Experimental result shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.3. Spread spectrum watermarking techniques are studied, and a identifier watermarking scheme is proposed. Watermark embedding includes the techniques of error-correct code, direct sequence spread spectrum and wavelet-based HVS model to gain the trade-off between robustness and invisibility of the watermark. The orthogonal wavelet is used in embedding process, and watermark energy can be adjusted by means of HVS with a specific PSNR. Experimental result shows that the scheme improves the robustness of the watermark with a high quality marked image.4. Side-informed watermarking techniques are studied. A side information-based watermarking algorithm is proposed. Watermark embedding includes the techniques of error-correct code, shuffling, extracting the side information from original image and wavelet-based HVS model to gain the robustness and security for the blind d
引文
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