国家公园规划建设研究
|
摘要
我国资源保护地类型多样,由于缺乏系统的体系构建,保护地之间管理目标混乱,管理机构繁杂,管理体制不顺,加之各保护地之间空间上交错,导致了资源保护地管理的真空和管理的失效。借鉴国际资源保护地体系及其保护方法,以国家公园保护模式的引入为突破,依托风景名胜区体系,对构建具有中国特色的国家公园进行了有益的探索。
论文对国际上国家公园的保护模式与规划方法进行了研究,并将其与国内最接近的资源保护地类型——风景名胜区进行了比较研究。立足比较研究结果,提出我国的国家公园的概念及国家公园规划的理念与方法。第一,国家公园资源的构成较为复杂多样,要求多学科参与规划,以加强规划的科学性。第二,加强资源基础研究。全面科学评价资源价值,为规划提供坚实的基础。第三,引入资源保护的先进理念与方法,识别主要保护对象,分析资源威胁因子及其根源,并制定相应管理政策,对资源的保护和管理更为科学有效。第四,社区与国家公园关系密切,甚至是保护地资源载体,在规划中应建立社区受益的理念,加强社区规划。第五,立足资源类型与价值,对市场进行细分,准确把握资源的展示与利用方式,统筹资源的利用与保护,优化旅游展示。第六,科学合理分区,在空间上明确界定各类分区的边界,制定分区管理政策,整合各类分区目标,落实管理政策,为管理提供依据。第七,为保障规划的实施,对公园管理系统及规划监测与评估机制进行了探索。
本文的研究以我国风景名胜区作为依托,力求建立具有中国特色的国家公园管理模式与规划方法,完善我国资源保护地体系的建设,提高规划的科学性与可操作性,促进资源的保护与利用。
The protective type of resources is diverse in our country. Because of the systemic constructions of the protective system being lacking, the managing goals of the protective area being chaotic, the managing structures being numerous and diverse, the managing systems not being suitable, and between various protective areas in the space being interlocking, the management of the protective area is not actual effective and not enough. By studying on the international protective area system and the protection method of resources, taking the introduction of the National Park protected mode as the breakthrough, and depending on the Code for Scenic Area’s system, we explore to build the National Park in China with the Chinese characteristic.
In this article, the author researched on the international National Park’s protected mode and planning method, and contrasted it with the Code for Scenic Area in China which was the closest mode of it. Depending on the consequence of the studies in contrasting, we put forward the concept and planning methods of the National Park of China. The first, because the resource construction is complex diversely, its planning needs the persons who take part in the planning must come from multi-subjects. So we can strengthen the science of the planning. The second, we should intensify the basis study on resource of the National Park. We must estimate the value of resource entirely in order to provide stability the foundation. The third, we import the advanced ideas and methods of resource protected and identify the primacy protections. By analyzing imperiled factors and roots of the resource and making policies of management. We try to manage the resource more science and more effectively than ever. The forth, because the communities in the National Park is contacted closely with the National Park and sometimes it is the part of the resource, we must intensify the community planning by establishing the idea of beneficial community. The fifth, finding a foothold somewhere on styles and value of resource, we must segment the market of travel. On the basis, we exactly control the methods of displaying and using resources. We plan as a whole of using resources and protecting resources in order to optimize the display of the tour. The sixth, in order to zoning with reasonable, we definitely make the boundary of each district. After conforming management goals of all districts we make the management policies, and we carry out policies in spaces for management. The seventh, in order to ensure the practice of the planning, we quest for building the management systems of the National Park and trying to monitor or assess the planning of the National Park.
We take the Code for Scenic Area as a support in the research, in order to build management models and planning methods of the National Park with character of China and promote the protection and use of the resource. That can perfect the system of the resource in protective areas in China and increase science and feasibility of the planning.
论文对国际上国家公园的保护模式与规划方法进行了研究,并将其与国内最接近的资源保护地类型——风景名胜区进行了比较研究。立足比较研究结果,提出我国的国家公园的概念及国家公园规划的理念与方法。第一,国家公园资源的构成较为复杂多样,要求多学科参与规划,以加强规划的科学性。第二,加强资源基础研究。全面科学评价资源价值,为规划提供坚实的基础。第三,引入资源保护的先进理念与方法,识别主要保护对象,分析资源威胁因子及其根源,并制定相应管理政策,对资源的保护和管理更为科学有效。第四,社区与国家公园关系密切,甚至是保护地资源载体,在规划中应建立社区受益的理念,加强社区规划。第五,立足资源类型与价值,对市场进行细分,准确把握资源的展示与利用方式,统筹资源的利用与保护,优化旅游展示。第六,科学合理分区,在空间上明确界定各类分区的边界,制定分区管理政策,整合各类分区目标,落实管理政策,为管理提供依据。第七,为保障规划的实施,对公园管理系统及规划监测与评估机制进行了探索。
本文的研究以我国风景名胜区作为依托,力求建立具有中国特色的国家公园管理模式与规划方法,完善我国资源保护地体系的建设,提高规划的科学性与可操作性,促进资源的保护与利用。
The protective type of resources is diverse in our country. Because of the systemic constructions of the protective system being lacking, the managing goals of the protective area being chaotic, the managing structures being numerous and diverse, the managing systems not being suitable, and between various protective areas in the space being interlocking, the management of the protective area is not actual effective and not enough. By studying on the international protective area system and the protection method of resources, taking the introduction of the National Park protected mode as the breakthrough, and depending on the Code for Scenic Area’s system, we explore to build the National Park in China with the Chinese characteristic.
In this article, the author researched on the international National Park’s protected mode and planning method, and contrasted it with the Code for Scenic Area in China which was the closest mode of it. Depending on the consequence of the studies in contrasting, we put forward the concept and planning methods of the National Park of China. The first, because the resource construction is complex diversely, its planning needs the persons who take part in the planning must come from multi-subjects. So we can strengthen the science of the planning. The second, we should intensify the basis study on resource of the National Park. We must estimate the value of resource entirely in order to provide stability the foundation. The third, we import the advanced ideas and methods of resource protected and identify the primacy protections. By analyzing imperiled factors and roots of the resource and making policies of management. We try to manage the resource more science and more effectively than ever. The forth, because the communities in the National Park is contacted closely with the National Park and sometimes it is the part of the resource, we must intensify the community planning by establishing the idea of beneficial community. The fifth, finding a foothold somewhere on styles and value of resource, we must segment the market of travel. On the basis, we exactly control the methods of displaying and using resources. We plan as a whole of using resources and protecting resources in order to optimize the display of the tour. The sixth, in order to zoning with reasonable, we definitely make the boundary of each district. After conforming management goals of all districts we make the management policies, and we carry out policies in spaces for management. The seventh, in order to ensure the practice of the planning, we quest for building the management systems of the National Park and trying to monitor or assess the planning of the National Park.
We take the Code for Scenic Area as a support in the research, in order to build management models and planning methods of the National Park with character of China and promote the protection and use of the resource. That can perfect the system of the resource in protective areas in China and increase science and feasibility of the planning.
引文
蔡立力. 2004. 10.我国风景名胜区规划和管理的问题与对策[J].城市规划.
陈耀华. 2005.中国自然文化遗产保护利用的现状问题与因由[C]. 2005城市规划年会论文集.
丁文魁. 1998.风景名胜研究[M].同济大学出版社.
风景环境规划设计学术委员会. 2004.风景名胜区工作形势分析报告[Z].国务院. 2006.风景名胜区条例[Z].
黄经纬译. 2006. (美)伊恩·伦诺克斯·麦克哈格著.设计结合自然[M].天津大学出版社.
贾建中. 2005.坚持用科学发展观指导风景名胜区规划[C]. 2005城市规划年会论文集.
李景奇,秦小平. 1999. 3.中国风景名胜区与美国国家公园比较研究[J].中国园林.
刘鸿雁. 2001. 6.加拿大国家公园的建设与管理及其对中国的启示[J].生态学杂志.
李如生. 2005.美国国家公园管理体制[M].中国建筑工业出版社.
李健等. 2006. 9.国内生态旅游环境承载力研究进展[J],生态学杂志.
美国大自然保护协会. 2007.滇西北老君山综合科学考察报告[Z].
仇保兴. 2002. 6.风景名胜区资源利用与保护的若干问题[J].中国园林.
仇保兴. 2007. 12.深入贯彻落实科学发展观促进风景名胜区事业协调发展[Z].
邱晓霞. 2008. 7.我国森林公园旅游开发与规划研究综述[J].旅游资源.
唐鸣镝. 2005. 7.风景区旅游解说系统初探——建立完善的风景区旅游解说系统[J].中国园林.
王云. 2000. 6.风景名胜区土地使用分区制试拟[J].规划师.
汪光焘. 2002.在全国风景名胜区保护工作会议上的讲话[Z].
王晓鸿. 2006.海峡两岸风景区规划管理之比较研究——一国家公园(国家级重点风景名胜区)为例[D].
谢凝高. 2003. 7.国家重点风景名胜区若干问题探讨[J].规划师.
谢凝高. 2005. 7.国家风景名胜区功能的发展及其保护利用[J].风景园林,
杨锐. 2003. 1.美国国家公园规划体系评述[J].中国园林.
杨锐. 2003. 3. LAC理论:解决风景区资源保护与旅游利用矛盾的思路[J].中国园林.
杨锐. 2003. 7.试论世界国家公园运动的发展趋势[J].中国园林.
杨锐. 2003. 9.中国自然文化遗产管理现状分析[J].中国园林.
杨桂华,王跃华,肖朝霞,成海译. 2004.(澳)大卫·韦弗著.生态旅游[M].南开大学出版社.
云南财贸大学. 2007.丽江老君山国家公园旅游策划专题报告[Z].
云南大学生态研究所. 2007.老君山国家公园生物与生态系统的价值[Z].
张平,李向东,吴敏. 2001. 5.我国国家级风景名胜区管理体制现状和问题分析[J].经济体制改革.
周年兴. 2003. 7.自然遗产地保护分区模式探讨——以武陵源风景名胜区为例[J].风景园林.
张国强,贾建中主编. 2003.风景规划——《风景名胜区规划规范》实施手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社.
张朝枝,保继刚. 2004. 4.美国与日本世界遗产地管理案例比较与启示[J].世界地理研究.
赵汀,赵逊. 2005.自然遗产地保护和发展的理论与实践——以中国云台山世界地质公园为例[M].地质出版社,
朱璇. 2006. 6.美国国家公园运动和国家公园系统的发展历程[J].中国园林.
张倩,李文军.新公共管理对中国自然保护区管理的借鉴:以加拿大国家公园改革为例[J].自然资源学报,2006. 3.
庄优波,杨锐. 2006. 11.黄山风景名胜区分区规划研究[J].中国园林.
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006. Managerment Policies 2006[z]
陈耀华. 2005.中国自然文化遗产保护利用的现状问题与因由[C]. 2005城市规划年会论文集.
丁文魁. 1998.风景名胜研究[M].同济大学出版社.
风景环境规划设计学术委员会. 2004.风景名胜区工作形势分析报告[Z].国务院. 2006.风景名胜区条例[Z].
黄经纬译. 2006. (美)伊恩·伦诺克斯·麦克哈格著.设计结合自然[M].天津大学出版社.
贾建中. 2005.坚持用科学发展观指导风景名胜区规划[C]. 2005城市规划年会论文集.
李景奇,秦小平. 1999. 3.中国风景名胜区与美国国家公园比较研究[J].中国园林.
刘鸿雁. 2001. 6.加拿大国家公园的建设与管理及其对中国的启示[J].生态学杂志.
李如生. 2005.美国国家公园管理体制[M].中国建筑工业出版社.
李健等. 2006. 9.国内生态旅游环境承载力研究进展[J],生态学杂志.
美国大自然保护协会. 2007.滇西北老君山综合科学考察报告[Z].
仇保兴. 2002. 6.风景名胜区资源利用与保护的若干问题[J].中国园林.
仇保兴. 2007. 12.深入贯彻落实科学发展观促进风景名胜区事业协调发展[Z].
邱晓霞. 2008. 7.我国森林公园旅游开发与规划研究综述[J].旅游资源.
唐鸣镝. 2005. 7.风景区旅游解说系统初探——建立完善的风景区旅游解说系统[J].中国园林.
王云. 2000. 6.风景名胜区土地使用分区制试拟[J].规划师.
汪光焘. 2002.在全国风景名胜区保护工作会议上的讲话[Z].
王晓鸿. 2006.海峡两岸风景区规划管理之比较研究——一国家公园(国家级重点风景名胜区)为例[D].
谢凝高. 2003. 7.国家重点风景名胜区若干问题探讨[J].规划师.
谢凝高. 2005. 7.国家风景名胜区功能的发展及其保护利用[J].风景园林,
杨锐. 2003. 1.美国国家公园规划体系评述[J].中国园林.
杨锐. 2003. 3. LAC理论:解决风景区资源保护与旅游利用矛盾的思路[J].中国园林.
杨锐. 2003. 7.试论世界国家公园运动的发展趋势[J].中国园林.
杨锐. 2003. 9.中国自然文化遗产管理现状分析[J].中国园林.
杨桂华,王跃华,肖朝霞,成海译. 2004.(澳)大卫·韦弗著.生态旅游[M].南开大学出版社.
云南财贸大学. 2007.丽江老君山国家公园旅游策划专题报告[Z].
云南大学生态研究所. 2007.老君山国家公园生物与生态系统的价值[Z].
张平,李向东,吴敏. 2001. 5.我国国家级风景名胜区管理体制现状和问题分析[J].经济体制改革.
周年兴. 2003. 7.自然遗产地保护分区模式探讨——以武陵源风景名胜区为例[J].风景园林.
张国强,贾建中主编. 2003.风景规划——《风景名胜区规划规范》实施手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社.
张朝枝,保继刚. 2004. 4.美国与日本世界遗产地管理案例比较与启示[J].世界地理研究.
赵汀,赵逊. 2005.自然遗产地保护和发展的理论与实践——以中国云台山世界地质公园为例[M].地质出版社,
朱璇. 2006. 6.美国国家公园运动和国家公园系统的发展历程[J].中国园林.
张倩,李文军.新公共管理对中国自然保护区管理的借鉴:以加拿大国家公园改革为例[J].自然资源学报,2006. 3.
庄优波,杨锐. 2006. 11.黄山风景名胜区分区规划研究[J].中国园林.
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006. Managerment Policies 2006[z]