单/多基线相位解缠绕技术研究
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摘要
相位解缠绕(Phase Unwrapping,PU)做为一种重要的图像处理技术,在干涉合成孔径雷达(Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR),核磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)和光学干涉(Optical Interferometry)等干涉测量技术中都有着重要的应用。本文在InSAR的背景下,结合工程应用中存在的一些核心问题,针对相位解缠绕技术展开研究。
本文总体上可以分为两大部分：第一部分主要研究了单基线相位解缠绕的相关技术,这部分首先对单基线相位解缠绕的基本概念进行了介绍,然后针对单基线相位解缠绕现存的一些技术问题,提出了相应的解决策略。单基线相位解缠绕在近几十年中有了长足的发展,但是单基线相位解缠绕技术对于复杂地区内绝对相位的恢复(例如：山谷,陡峭山脉等地形)存在着一定的“天然缺陷”。针对单基线相位解缠绕技术存在的不足之处,本文第二部分主要对多基线相位解缠绕技术展开了研究。这部分首先分析了多基线相位解缠绕技术的基本原理,然后在此基础之上提出了多基线相位解缠绕技术的一系列算法。
本文的主要工作概括如下：
1、提出了一种基于离群点检测技术的单基线相位解缠绕方法。L0-norm相位解缠绕方法是目前人们比较公认的一种在统计意义下最优的相位解缠绕算法,其解缠绕结果也是人们在实际工程中最想获得的。遗憾的是,Chen(?)(?)Zebker证明了L0-norm是一个NP-hard问题,也就是说其最优解无法由现有的知识在多项式时间内获得。为了有效的解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于离群点检测技术的单基线相位解缠绕算法。此方法首先将相位解缠绕问题抽象为一个超定方程组的求解问题,然后把方程组内对应于L0-norm枝切线的方程视为离群点,通过数据挖掘中基于密度信息的离群点检测技术将这类方程剔除后再进行方程求解以获得L0-norm(?)勺近似解缠绕结果。与其他近似方法不同的是,本文提出的这种方法不是直接获取L0-norm枝切线的近似,而是获取L0-norm枝切线的母集,也就是说,其可以避免直接求解上述NP-hard(?)司题来获得L0-norm(?)勺解。实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。
2、提出了两种基于残点聚类的缠绕相位图分块策略。到目前为止已经有很多著名的相位解缠绕算法被提出。这些算法在不同的方面有着各自的优势,例如：解缠绕结果的精度或者算法的执行速度。但是,绝大多数的算法在设计时并没有考虑到计算机内存对算法性能的限制。而随着InSAR技术的发展,待处理的缠绕相位图的规模也越来越大。当出现由于计算机内存的限制导致的缠绕相位图不能一次性整体处理的情况时,分块求解的策略将不得不被采用。在这种情况下,局部相位解缠绕结果和全局整体处理时的相位解缠绕结果是否一致就成为了相位解缠绕技术的新挑战。本文根据残点聚类的思想,首先提出了一种近似保证L0-norm相位解缠绕算法局部解和全局解一致性的分块策略来辅助L0-norm(?)相位解缠绕算法进行大规模相位解缠绕。然后,本文在上述分块策略的基础上提出了另一种辅助L1-norm(?)相位解缠绕算法进行大规模相位解缠绕的分块策略。此分块策略可以严格保证L1-norm自的局部解缠绕结果和全局解缠绕结果的一致性。理论证明和实验结果都表明这两种缠绕相位图分块策略的有效性。
3、提出了一种基于L1-norm的多基线相位解缠绕算法。单基线相位解缠绕属于数学领域中的逆问题,逆问题的最大特点是其解不具有唯一性。为了使得单.基线相位解缠绕具有唯一解,相位解缠绕的工作者们提出了相位连续性假设来保证其解具有唯一性。从本质上说,这个假设是要求lnSAR系统进行测绘的地区具有空间连续性。但是,并不是所有的实际场景都服从这个假设,例如山谷、陡峭山脉以及悬崖等地形通常就难以保证地形高度的连续性。为了解决单基线相位解缠绕技术的不足,人们提出了多基线相位解缠绕技术。本文通过借助传统单基线L1-norm相位解缠绕方法,同时结合不同长度的基线获得的多幅缠绕相位图之间的关系,提出了一种基丁L1-norm(?)勺多基线相位解缠绕方法。仿真实验的结果表明,该算法具有较高的解缠绕精度,可以适用于复杂地形的测绘。
4、提出了一种基于聚类分析的多基线相位解缠绕算法。多基线相位解缠绕技术可以摆脱相位连续性假设的限制,但是其却存在着噪声鲁棒性差的缺点,并且由于多基线相位解缠绕是同时处理多幅缠绕相位图,因此多基线相位解缠绕在运算效率和内存使用上都存在着一定的压力。本文首先对多幅缠绕相位图的联合信息、进行研究,然后在此基础上提出了一种基于聚类分析的高效多基线相位解缠绕算法。该方法首先将具有相同模糊数向量的像素进行聚类,然后逐类进行相位解缠绕。仿真实验表明,与传统方法相比本方法具有更好的噪声鲁棒性和低的时间复杂度。
Phase unwrapping (PU), an important image processing technique, has been applied in many fields of interferometric measurement, such as, synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical interferome-try, and so on. This dissertation, under the context of InSAR, makes a study on phase unwrapping technique with the combination of some key problems in the engineering application.
This dissertation falls into two parts. The research on single-baseline phase un-wrapping technique is described in the first part, where some basic concepts of single-baseline phase unwrapping are introduced firstly, and then some technical problems in it are described with solutions proposed. Single-baseline phase unwrapping has been developed greatly in the recent decades, but it has the "nature disadvantage" in the recovery of the absolute phase in complicated areas (such as, valleys and steep mountains). For this reason, the multi-baseline phase unwrapping technique is intro-duced in the second part, where the basic principle of multi-baseline phase unwrap-ping is described firstly. In addition, some multi-baseline phase unwrapping algorithms are proposed.
The main content of this dissertation is summarized as follows.
1. In chapter2, an Outlier-Detection based single-baseline phase unwrapping method is proposed. It is known that the L0-norm phase unwrapping method is sta-tistically the best strategy, and its phase unwrapping solution is the most desired in practice. Unfortunately, Chen and Zebker have investigated that the L0-norm is an NP-hard problem, i.e., which is very difficult to find an exact solution in a polynomial time. In order to effectively solve this problem, PU process is abstracted as a process of solving an inconsistent equation system firstly, and then the equation correspond-ing to branch cuts of the L0-norm in the inconsistent equation system are considered as the outliers. Furthermore, after the removal of the outliers by the density-based Outlier-Detection technique in data mining, the approximation phase unwrapping so-lution of the L0-norm can be achieved by solving the remain equations. The significant difference from other conventional approximation algorithms is that the approximation phase unwrapping solution of the L0-norm is not obtained from branch cuts of the L0-norm directly but from the mother-set of branch cuts of the L0-norm. That is to say, the Outlier-Detection based single-baseline phase unwrapping method can obtain the L0-norm phase unwrapping solution without solving an NP-hard problem directly. A set of experimental results shows that the proposed method is effective in phase un-wrapping.
2. In chapter3, two Residues Cluster-based tiling strategies are presented. So far, many phase unwrapping methods have been proposed. These methods are ad-vanced in different aspects, such as the accuracy of the solution or the speed of the algorithm. However, the limitation of computer's memory size is ignored in the design of most of these methods. With the rapid development of the InSAR technology, the interferograms are becoming larger and larger. When the size of the interferogram ex-ceeds the limitation of computing capability, adopting divide-and-conquer policy dur-ing the phase unwrapping process is unavoidable in practice. Under this condition, whether the phase unwrapping result of each tile is consistent with that of the whole image or not becomes a new challenge for phase unwrapping. In this dissertation, a tiling strategy according to the clustering characteristic of residue distribution is pro-posed to assist the L0-norm large-scale phase unwrapping, which can approximately ensure the consistency between local and global phase unwrapping solutions of the L0-norm. Then, the other tiling strategy for the L1-norm large-scale phase unwrap-ping is proposed, which is the extension and improvement of the previous tiling strat-egy. This tiling strategy can exactly ensure the consistency between local and global phase unwrapping results of the L1-norm. Both theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that these two tiling strategies are effective for the large-scale phase un-wrapping.
3. In chapter4, an L1-norm based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method is given. Single-baseline phase unwrapping is an inverse problem, whose signifi-cant character is that there are an infinite number of different solutions. In order to find the unique solution to the phase unwrapping problem, the phase continuity as-sumption is proposed. In essence, this assumption demands the measured regions have the space continuity. However, this assumption does not hold in any actual terrains, such as, valleys and steep mountains. In order to solve this problem, the multi-baseline phase unwrapping technique is proposed. By taking conventional L1-norm based single-baseline phase unwrapping method as a base, and combining the relation among interferograms obtained by multi-baseline InSAR, an L1-norm based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method is proposed in this dissertation. Simulated experiments demonstrate that this method is of great accuracy on phase unwrapping results and it can be applied to measure the complex terrains.
4. In chapter5, the Cluster-Analysis-based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method is put forward. Multi-baseline phase unwrapping technique can break the lim-itation of phase continuity assumption, but it has a disadvantage that it is not robust to noise. Moreover, because multi-baseline phase unwrapping technology processes more than one interferograms, great pressure of execution speed and memory re-quirement exits in the multi-baseline phase unwrapping processing. This dissertation first makes an analysis of the combined information of multi InSAR interferograms, and then presents the Cluster-Analysis-based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method. The pixels with the same ambiguity vectors are clustered firstly by this method and the phase of pixels are unwrapped group by group. Simulation results show the pro-posed method has advantage in efficiency and noise robustness over the conventional methods.
本文总体上可以分为两大部分：第一部分主要研究了单基线相位解缠绕的相关技术,这部分首先对单基线相位解缠绕的基本概念进行了介绍,然后针对单基线相位解缠绕现存的一些技术问题,提出了相应的解决策略。单基线相位解缠绕在近几十年中有了长足的发展,但是单基线相位解缠绕技术对于复杂地区内绝对相位的恢复(例如：山谷,陡峭山脉等地形)存在着一定的“天然缺陷”。针对单基线相位解缠绕技术存在的不足之处,本文第二部分主要对多基线相位解缠绕技术展开了研究。这部分首先分析了多基线相位解缠绕技术的基本原理,然后在此基础之上提出了多基线相位解缠绕技术的一系列算法。
本文的主要工作概括如下：
1、提出了一种基于离群点检测技术的单基线相位解缠绕方法。L0-norm相位解缠绕方法是目前人们比较公认的一种在统计意义下最优的相位解缠绕算法,其解缠绕结果也是人们在实际工程中最想获得的。遗憾的是,Chen(?)(?)Zebker证明了L0-norm是一个NP-hard问题,也就是说其最优解无法由现有的知识在多项式时间内获得。为了有效的解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于离群点检测技术的单基线相位解缠绕算法。此方法首先将相位解缠绕问题抽象为一个超定方程组的求解问题,然后把方程组内对应于L0-norm枝切线的方程视为离群点,通过数据挖掘中基于密度信息的离群点检测技术将这类方程剔除后再进行方程求解以获得L0-norm(?)勺近似解缠绕结果。与其他近似方法不同的是,本文提出的这种方法不是直接获取L0-norm枝切线的近似,而是获取L0-norm枝切线的母集,也就是说,其可以避免直接求解上述NP-hard(?)司题来获得L0-norm(?)勺解。实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。
2、提出了两种基于残点聚类的缠绕相位图分块策略。到目前为止已经有很多著名的相位解缠绕算法被提出。这些算法在不同的方面有着各自的优势,例如：解缠绕结果的精度或者算法的执行速度。但是,绝大多数的算法在设计时并没有考虑到计算机内存对算法性能的限制。而随着InSAR技术的发展,待处理的缠绕相位图的规模也越来越大。当出现由于计算机内存的限制导致的缠绕相位图不能一次性整体处理的情况时,分块求解的策略将不得不被采用。在这种情况下,局部相位解缠绕结果和全局整体处理时的相位解缠绕结果是否一致就成为了相位解缠绕技术的新挑战。本文根据残点聚类的思想,首先提出了一种近似保证L0-norm相位解缠绕算法局部解和全局解一致性的分块策略来辅助L0-norm(?)相位解缠绕算法进行大规模相位解缠绕。然后,本文在上述分块策略的基础上提出了另一种辅助L1-norm(?)相位解缠绕算法进行大规模相位解缠绕的分块策略。此分块策略可以严格保证L1-norm自的局部解缠绕结果和全局解缠绕结果的一致性。理论证明和实验结果都表明这两种缠绕相位图分块策略的有效性。
3、提出了一种基于L1-norm的多基线相位解缠绕算法。单基线相位解缠绕属于数学领域中的逆问题,逆问题的最大特点是其解不具有唯一性。为了使得单.基线相位解缠绕具有唯一解,相位解缠绕的工作者们提出了相位连续性假设来保证其解具有唯一性。从本质上说,这个假设是要求lnSAR系统进行测绘的地区具有空间连续性。但是,并不是所有的实际场景都服从这个假设,例如山谷、陡峭山脉以及悬崖等地形通常就难以保证地形高度的连续性。为了解决单基线相位解缠绕技术的不足,人们提出了多基线相位解缠绕技术。本文通过借助传统单基线L1-norm相位解缠绕方法,同时结合不同长度的基线获得的多幅缠绕相位图之间的关系,提出了一种基丁L1-norm(?)勺多基线相位解缠绕方法。仿真实验的结果表明,该算法具有较高的解缠绕精度,可以适用于复杂地形的测绘。
4、提出了一种基于聚类分析的多基线相位解缠绕算法。多基线相位解缠绕技术可以摆脱相位连续性假设的限制,但是其却存在着噪声鲁棒性差的缺点,并且由于多基线相位解缠绕是同时处理多幅缠绕相位图,因此多基线相位解缠绕在运算效率和内存使用上都存在着一定的压力。本文首先对多幅缠绕相位图的联合信息、进行研究,然后在此基础上提出了一种基于聚类分析的高效多基线相位解缠绕算法。该方法首先将具有相同模糊数向量的像素进行聚类,然后逐类进行相位解缠绕。仿真实验表明,与传统方法相比本方法具有更好的噪声鲁棒性和低的时间复杂度。
Phase unwrapping (PU), an important image processing technique, has been applied in many fields of interferometric measurement, such as, synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical interferome-try, and so on. This dissertation, under the context of InSAR, makes a study on phase unwrapping technique with the combination of some key problems in the engineering application.
This dissertation falls into two parts. The research on single-baseline phase un-wrapping technique is described in the first part, where some basic concepts of single-baseline phase unwrapping are introduced firstly, and then some technical problems in it are described with solutions proposed. Single-baseline phase unwrapping has been developed greatly in the recent decades, but it has the "nature disadvantage" in the recovery of the absolute phase in complicated areas (such as, valleys and steep mountains). For this reason, the multi-baseline phase unwrapping technique is intro-duced in the second part, where the basic principle of multi-baseline phase unwrap-ping is described firstly. In addition, some multi-baseline phase unwrapping algorithms are proposed.
The main content of this dissertation is summarized as follows.
1. In chapter2, an Outlier-Detection based single-baseline phase unwrapping method is proposed. It is known that the L0-norm phase unwrapping method is sta-tistically the best strategy, and its phase unwrapping solution is the most desired in practice. Unfortunately, Chen and Zebker have investigated that the L0-norm is an NP-hard problem, i.e., which is very difficult to find an exact solution in a polynomial time. In order to effectively solve this problem, PU process is abstracted as a process of solving an inconsistent equation system firstly, and then the equation correspond-ing to branch cuts of the L0-norm in the inconsistent equation system are considered as the outliers. Furthermore, after the removal of the outliers by the density-based Outlier-Detection technique in data mining, the approximation phase unwrapping so-lution of the L0-norm can be achieved by solving the remain equations. The significant difference from other conventional approximation algorithms is that the approximation phase unwrapping solution of the L0-norm is not obtained from branch cuts of the L0-norm directly but from the mother-set of branch cuts of the L0-norm. That is to say, the Outlier-Detection based single-baseline phase unwrapping method can obtain the L0-norm phase unwrapping solution without solving an NP-hard problem directly. A set of experimental results shows that the proposed method is effective in phase un-wrapping.
2. In chapter3, two Residues Cluster-based tiling strategies are presented. So far, many phase unwrapping methods have been proposed. These methods are ad-vanced in different aspects, such as the accuracy of the solution or the speed of the algorithm. However, the limitation of computer's memory size is ignored in the design of most of these methods. With the rapid development of the InSAR technology, the interferograms are becoming larger and larger. When the size of the interferogram ex-ceeds the limitation of computing capability, adopting divide-and-conquer policy dur-ing the phase unwrapping process is unavoidable in practice. Under this condition, whether the phase unwrapping result of each tile is consistent with that of the whole image or not becomes a new challenge for phase unwrapping. In this dissertation, a tiling strategy according to the clustering characteristic of residue distribution is pro-posed to assist the L0-norm large-scale phase unwrapping, which can approximately ensure the consistency between local and global phase unwrapping solutions of the L0-norm. Then, the other tiling strategy for the L1-norm large-scale phase unwrap-ping is proposed, which is the extension and improvement of the previous tiling strat-egy. This tiling strategy can exactly ensure the consistency between local and global phase unwrapping results of the L1-norm. Both theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that these two tiling strategies are effective for the large-scale phase un-wrapping.
3. In chapter4, an L1-norm based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method is given. Single-baseline phase unwrapping is an inverse problem, whose signifi-cant character is that there are an infinite number of different solutions. In order to find the unique solution to the phase unwrapping problem, the phase continuity as-sumption is proposed. In essence, this assumption demands the measured regions have the space continuity. However, this assumption does not hold in any actual terrains, such as, valleys and steep mountains. In order to solve this problem, the multi-baseline phase unwrapping technique is proposed. By taking conventional L1-norm based single-baseline phase unwrapping method as a base, and combining the relation among interferograms obtained by multi-baseline InSAR, an L1-norm based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method is proposed in this dissertation. Simulated experiments demonstrate that this method is of great accuracy on phase unwrapping results and it can be applied to measure the complex terrains.
4. In chapter5, the Cluster-Analysis-based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method is put forward. Multi-baseline phase unwrapping technique can break the lim-itation of phase continuity assumption, but it has a disadvantage that it is not robust to noise. Moreover, because multi-baseline phase unwrapping technology processes more than one interferograms, great pressure of execution speed and memory re-quirement exits in the multi-baseline phase unwrapping processing. This dissertation first makes an analysis of the combined information of multi InSAR interferograms, and then presents the Cluster-Analysis-based multi-baseline phase unwrapping method. The pixels with the same ambiguity vectors are clustered firstly by this method and the phase of pixels are unwrapped group by group. Simulation results show the pro-posed method has advantage in efficiency and noise robustness over the conventional methods.
引文
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