炭基材料去除水体中微藻及铅离子的研究
摘要
随着国际经济一体化进程与国际贸易的飞速发展,海洋生物入侵和水体重金属的污染的问题愈加突出,对海洋环境的侵害愈加严重,已被全球环境基金组织确认为危害海洋的四大威胁之一。因此,为了保护海洋环境,有效地控制和减少海洋生物入侵和重金属的污染的加剧,急需建立新的防治技术与有害金属去除方法,这也是海洋科学领域深入研究和探索的热点问题。
论文利用炭膜对含有小球藻、叉鞭金藻和扁藻的模拟压载水进行处理,考察了藻类尺寸、跨膜压差、错流速率以及藻密度对处理效果的影响。结果表明,压载水中藻尺寸越大,稳定通量越小。在跨膜压差为0.1MPa以前,稳定通量随跨膜压差的升高呈线性上升的趋势,继续增大跨膜压差,稳定通量增幅开始变缓；增大错流流速可使膜表面剪切力增加,减少藻在炭膜表面的堆积,使得炭膜具有较高的稳定通量。经炭膜处理后,渗透液中均未检出藻类的存在,显示炭膜在压载水处理领域具有巨大的应用潜力。
论文选取两种椰壳炭进行水体中Pb2+吸附去除研究,利用扫描电镜和N2吸附技术分析了椰壳炭的表面形貌和孔结构特性,考察了吸附时间、椰壳炭加入量、Pb2+浓度等影响因素对Pb2+吸附去除能力的影响,并利用吸附动力学模型对Pb2+吸附过程进行分析。结果表明,高比表面积能够促进椰壳炭对Pb2+的吸附,使其更容易达到吸附平衡；随着椰壳炭用量的增加,对Pb2+的吸附比率逐渐降低,而去除率则逐渐增大,达到一定水平后基本保持不变；浓度越大,Pb2吸附驱动力越强,吸附比率越高；椰壳炭对Pb2+的吸附动力学满足Langmuir和Freundlich等温式；与其它类炭基材料进行Pb2+的吸附去除能力比较时发现,椰壳炭在对重金属Pb2+吸附去除方面具有很强的竞争力。
With the rapid development of international economic integration and international trade, marine biological invasions and heavy metal pollution in water, which are recognized by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) as one of the four major threats to the ocean, have raised increasingly serious harm on marine environment. Therefore, in order to protect the marine environment, effectively control and reduce marine bio-invasion and heavy metal pollution, it urgently need to create a new control techniques against bio-invasion and methods to remove the hazardous heavy metal, which is the important and hot problems on ocean anti-pollution in marine science field.
Carbon membranes are used to treat simulate ballast water including Chlorella vulgaris, Dicrateria inornata, Platymonas subcordiform as target algae, respectively. Effects of algae size, transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity on the steady-state flux are investigated. The results indicate that it is feasible to treat ballast water by carbon membranes with slit-shape pore structure. A decrease in steady-state flux is observed as the algae size increases. High transmembrane pressure is more prone to block the membrane pore and results in the decrease of the steady-state flux. High crossflow velocity will be favorable to increase the steady-state flux owing to the inhibition of fouling layer development through the high shear stress on membrane surface. After treated by carbon membranes, no algae are detected. It indicates that carbon membranes are of potential for ballast water treatment.
Removal of Pb2+from aqueous solutions using coconut shell carbon is performed in this paper. Morphology and pore structure characteristic of coconut shell carbon are investigated by SEM and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Effect of adsorption time, coconut shell carbon dosage and initial ion concentration on removal efficiency is also studied, and adsorption kinetics model of Pb2+in removal process is established. The results show that high specific surface area can promote coconut shell carbon to adsorb Pb2+in aqueous solutions and make it easier to reach adsorption equilibrium.Pb2+adsorption uptake decreases with the increase of coconut shell carbon dosage, while the removal efficiency shows a gradual increase trend, and remains unchanged until it reached a certain level. Higher Pb2+concentration enhances adsorption driving force, which is favorable to produce higher Pb2+adsorption uptake. Adsorption data of coconut shell carbon fits well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Pb2+removal ability in this work exhibits great competition respect to other carbon-based material. These clearly indicate that coconut shell carbon is a promising adsorbent for removal of heavy metal.
论文利用炭膜对含有小球藻、叉鞭金藻和扁藻的模拟压载水进行处理,考察了藻类尺寸、跨膜压差、错流速率以及藻密度对处理效果的影响。结果表明,压载水中藻尺寸越大,稳定通量越小。在跨膜压差为0.1MPa以前,稳定通量随跨膜压差的升高呈线性上升的趋势,继续增大跨膜压差,稳定通量增幅开始变缓；增大错流流速可使膜表面剪切力增加,减少藻在炭膜表面的堆积,使得炭膜具有较高的稳定通量。经炭膜处理后,渗透液中均未检出藻类的存在,显示炭膜在压载水处理领域具有巨大的应用潜力。
论文选取两种椰壳炭进行水体中Pb2+吸附去除研究,利用扫描电镜和N2吸附技术分析了椰壳炭的表面形貌和孔结构特性,考察了吸附时间、椰壳炭加入量、Pb2+浓度等影响因素对Pb2+吸附去除能力的影响,并利用吸附动力学模型对Pb2+吸附过程进行分析。结果表明,高比表面积能够促进椰壳炭对Pb2+的吸附,使其更容易达到吸附平衡；随着椰壳炭用量的增加,对Pb2+的吸附比率逐渐降低,而去除率则逐渐增大,达到一定水平后基本保持不变；浓度越大,Pb2吸附驱动力越强,吸附比率越高；椰壳炭对Pb2+的吸附动力学满足Langmuir和Freundlich等温式；与其它类炭基材料进行Pb2+的吸附去除能力比较时发现,椰壳炭在对重金属Pb2+吸附去除方面具有很强的竞争力。
With the rapid development of international economic integration and international trade, marine biological invasions and heavy metal pollution in water, which are recognized by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) as one of the four major threats to the ocean, have raised increasingly serious harm on marine environment. Therefore, in order to protect the marine environment, effectively control and reduce marine bio-invasion and heavy metal pollution, it urgently need to create a new control techniques against bio-invasion and methods to remove the hazardous heavy metal, which is the important and hot problems on ocean anti-pollution in marine science field.
Carbon membranes are used to treat simulate ballast water including Chlorella vulgaris, Dicrateria inornata, Platymonas subcordiform as target algae, respectively. Effects of algae size, transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity on the steady-state flux are investigated. The results indicate that it is feasible to treat ballast water by carbon membranes with slit-shape pore structure. A decrease in steady-state flux is observed as the algae size increases. High transmembrane pressure is more prone to block the membrane pore and results in the decrease of the steady-state flux. High crossflow velocity will be favorable to increase the steady-state flux owing to the inhibition of fouling layer development through the high shear stress on membrane surface. After treated by carbon membranes, no algae are detected. It indicates that carbon membranes are of potential for ballast water treatment.
Removal of Pb2+from aqueous solutions using coconut shell carbon is performed in this paper. Morphology and pore structure characteristic of coconut shell carbon are investigated by SEM and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Effect of adsorption time, coconut shell carbon dosage and initial ion concentration on removal efficiency is also studied, and adsorption kinetics model of Pb2+in removal process is established. The results show that high specific surface area can promote coconut shell carbon to adsorb Pb2+in aqueous solutions and make it easier to reach adsorption equilibrium.Pb2+adsorption uptake decreases with the increase of coconut shell carbon dosage, while the removal efficiency shows a gradual increase trend, and remains unchanged until it reached a certain level. Higher Pb2+concentration enhances adsorption driving force, which is favorable to produce higher Pb2+adsorption uptake. Adsorption data of coconut shell carbon fits well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Pb2+removal ability in this work exhibits great competition respect to other carbon-based material. These clearly indicate that coconut shell carbon is a promising adsorbent for removal of heavy metal.
引文
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[4]http://baike. baidu.com/view/135496.htm..
[5]龚伟.生物入侵的危害与防治措施.现代园艺,2011,13：59.
[6]陈赛.外来物种入侵及其环境法律调控准则.新疆环境保护,2002,24(4)：32.
[7]高利丹.外来物种每年给非洲造成数十亿美元损失.世界科技研究与发展,2003,25(2)：101.
[8]Westcott D A, Fletcher C S. Biological invasions and the study of vertebrate dispersal of plants. Opportunities and integration. Acta Oecologica,2011,37:650-656.
[9]Mistro D C, Rodrigues L A D, PetrovskiiS. Spatiotemporal complexity of biological invasion in a space-and time-discrete predator-prey system with the strong Allee effect. Ecological Complexity,2012,9:16-32.
[10]Carlton J T. Pattern, process and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biological Conservation,1996,78:97-106.
[11]Thomsen M S, Wernberg T, Olden J D. A framework to study the context-dependent impacts of marine invasions.Journal of Experimental. Marine Biology and Ecology,2011,400:322-327.
[12]Acostaa H, Wub D, Forrestc B M. Fuzzy experts on recreational vessels, a risk modelling approach for marine invasions. Ecological Modelling,2010,221:850-863.
[13]Hewitt C L, Campbell M L. Mechanisms for the prevention of marine bioinvasions for better biosecurity. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2007,55:395-401.
[14]Wasson K, Zabin C J, Bedinger L et al. Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping:the importance of intraregional transport. Biological Conservation,2001,102:143-153.
[15]Karin Troost. Causes and effects of a highly successful marine invasion:Case-study of the introduced Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in continental NW European. estuaries.Journal of Sea Research,2010,64:145-165.
[16]Khuroo A A,.Reshi Z A, Rashid I et al. Towards an integrated research framework and policy agenda on biological invasions in the developing world:A case-study of India. Environmental Research,2011,111:999-1006.
[17]Occhipinti A A, Savini D. Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2003,46:542-551.
[18]刘辉.外来生物入侵与防控对策.科技信息,2012,12：545-546.
[19]邱政.外来海洋生物入侵对我国水产养殖业的危害与预防.中国水产,2010,4：20-21.
[20]http://baike. baidu. com/view/39004. htm.
[21]孙云明,刘会峦.海洋中的主要化学污染物及其危害.化学教育.2001,7(8)：1-5.
[22]翁建中,杨积德,徐恒省.“加压上浮法”应急除藻技术在水源地的应用示范.环境监控与预警,2010,2(1)：8-11.
[23]王永,杨硕,陈艳荣.除藻技术及藻类的综合利用研究.山西建筑,2008,34(26)：30-31.
[24]王利平,郭宇川,陆雷等.电气浮工艺对富营养化湖泊型原水中蓝藻的去除.中国农村水利水电,2011,7：42-44.
[25]张智,王艳东,范功端等.超声波除藻型过滤器应用实验研究.水处理技术,2012,38(2)：56-64.
[26]陆贻超,王国,李仁辉.超声波和改性粘土集成技术在去除蓝藻水华上的应用.湖泊科学,2010,22(3)：421-429.
[27]施国键,乔俊莲,王国强等.活化粉煤灰改性壳聚糖絮凝除藻的研究.环境污染与防治,2009,31(9)：45-54.
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