西藏日喀则市水源地地下水环境演变预测及保护对策研究
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摘要
本文以拟建的西藏日喀则市北郊水厂项目为依托,在对其水源地做了详细的实地堪察及水文地质资料收集的基础上,建立水文地质模型,通过基于有限差方法的MODFLOW及数学解析法对在水源地长期抽取地下水供水的影响范围及降深进行了预测。同时,对水源地供水能力进行了论证,就水源地长期抽取地下水供水对生态环境的影响进行了分析,并提出保护性建议,为高原地区地下水取水工程的环境保护及供水安全提供了科学参考。
以水源地水质化验资料为依据,对地下水环境质量现状及水质卫生现状进行评价,确定水源地地下水水质级别为优良(I类),并达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)要求,可作为饮用水源。
利用抽水试验资料,计算出水源地地下水的天然补给量为77896.93m3/d,能满足水厂的开采计划5万m3/d。同时,以基于有限差方法的MODFLOW软件建立地下水水文地质模型,运用该模型对在水源地长期抽取地下水供水的影响范围及降深进行了预测,结合以数学解析法做出的预测结果,确定取水井降深最大为24.55m(ZK7)、影响半径1479.80m,水厂长期抽水后对水源地南侧和西侧区域影响最大,而对东侧和北侧区域的影响较小。
根据预测结果,就水源地长期抽取地下水供水对生态环境的影响进行了分析,结果表明：运营期20年内,影响半径内地面累积沉降0.014-0.078m,对周围环境影响十分微小。据此,结合水源地实际情况及相关规范,划分水源地保护区,计算出保护区范围为：一级保护区划定为以开采井为中心的125m范围内；一级保护区界外,北以雅鲁藏布江为边界,东、南、西方向上一级保护区边界延伸1250m为水源地二级保护区。
以地下水环境现状评价结果、地下水环境特征的演变趋势及保护区级别的划分为基础,结合水源地具体特征,提出具有针对性的环境保护措施,使安全供水切实可行。
This dissertation is based on the proposed Shigatse city Northern Suburbs Waterworks in Tibet. The hydro-geological model were established which on the basis of the detailed field survey in water source, and collection for hydrogeology data. We predicted influence area and drawdown, which based on long-term extraction of groundwater, by use of MODFLOW in finite difference method and mathematical analytic method. Meanwhile, water supply capacities of water source were demonstrated; the impacts of long-term water extraction on ecological environment were analyzed. Finally, this dissertation puts forward some protective suggestions, which could be used for environment protection and water-supply safety of water taking in plateau area.
According to the pumping tests data, Water Environmental Quality and Water Quality Hygiene were evaluated. The groundwater quality grade was determined as good and conforming Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006), which can be used as a source of drinking water.
Natural replenishment parameter of Ground Water was calculated to be77896.93m3/d by use of pumping tests data, which satisfy the mining plan of waterworks (50000m3/d). At the same time, groundwater hydro-geological model was established by use of MODFLOW in finite difference method. Based on this model, we predicted influence area and drawdown with long-term extraction of groundwater. The results of prediction by mathematical analytic method showed that the biggest water level drawdown is24.55m (ZK7), and the radius of influence would be1479.80m. Meanwhile, the results also showed that southern and western area of water source has the most influence with long-term water extraction and it's followed by eastern and northern area in the effects.
According to the results of predicting, the impacts of long-term water extraction on ecological environment were analyzed. The analysis showed that it has little influence on quality of water source if the disaster land subside quantity up to0.078m during20years operation period. Hereby, based on the actual situation in water source, the Wellhead Protection Zone was confirmed as follows:the region within borders of125m radial distance based on well centered was supposed to be the top protected region. The region north to Yarlung Zangbo River, within borders of1250m radial distance based on top protected region was confirmed as secondary protected region.
Based on the groundwater environment present condition evaluation result, evolution trend of groundwater surroundings feature and reserve grading, some pertinent'suggestions were proposed to realize safe water supply as practical as possible.
以水源地水质化验资料为依据,对地下水环境质量现状及水质卫生现状进行评价,确定水源地地下水水质级别为优良(I类),并达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)要求,可作为饮用水源。
利用抽水试验资料,计算出水源地地下水的天然补给量为77896.93m3/d,能满足水厂的开采计划5万m3/d。同时,以基于有限差方法的MODFLOW软件建立地下水水文地质模型,运用该模型对在水源地长期抽取地下水供水的影响范围及降深进行了预测,结合以数学解析法做出的预测结果,确定取水井降深最大为24.55m(ZK7)、影响半径1479.80m,水厂长期抽水后对水源地南侧和西侧区域影响最大,而对东侧和北侧区域的影响较小。
根据预测结果,就水源地长期抽取地下水供水对生态环境的影响进行了分析,结果表明：运营期20年内,影响半径内地面累积沉降0.014-0.078m,对周围环境影响十分微小。据此,结合水源地实际情况及相关规范,划分水源地保护区,计算出保护区范围为：一级保护区划定为以开采井为中心的125m范围内；一级保护区界外,北以雅鲁藏布江为边界,东、南、西方向上一级保护区边界延伸1250m为水源地二级保护区。
以地下水环境现状评价结果、地下水环境特征的演变趋势及保护区级别的划分为基础,结合水源地具体特征,提出具有针对性的环境保护措施,使安全供水切实可行。
This dissertation is based on the proposed Shigatse city Northern Suburbs Waterworks in Tibet. The hydro-geological model were established which on the basis of the detailed field survey in water source, and collection for hydrogeology data. We predicted influence area and drawdown, which based on long-term extraction of groundwater, by use of MODFLOW in finite difference method and mathematical analytic method. Meanwhile, water supply capacities of water source were demonstrated; the impacts of long-term water extraction on ecological environment were analyzed. Finally, this dissertation puts forward some protective suggestions, which could be used for environment protection and water-supply safety of water taking in plateau area.
According to the pumping tests data, Water Environmental Quality and Water Quality Hygiene were evaluated. The groundwater quality grade was determined as good and conforming Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006), which can be used as a source of drinking water.
Natural replenishment parameter of Ground Water was calculated to be77896.93m3/d by use of pumping tests data, which satisfy the mining plan of waterworks (50000m3/d). At the same time, groundwater hydro-geological model was established by use of MODFLOW in finite difference method. Based on this model, we predicted influence area and drawdown with long-term extraction of groundwater. The results of prediction by mathematical analytic method showed that the biggest water level drawdown is24.55m (ZK7), and the radius of influence would be1479.80m. Meanwhile, the results also showed that southern and western area of water source has the most influence with long-term water extraction and it's followed by eastern and northern area in the effects.
According to the results of predicting, the impacts of long-term water extraction on ecological environment were analyzed. The analysis showed that it has little influence on quality of water source if the disaster land subside quantity up to0.078m during20years operation period. Hereby, based on the actual situation in water source, the Wellhead Protection Zone was confirmed as follows:the region within borders of125m radial distance based on well centered was supposed to be the top protected region. The region north to Yarlung Zangbo River, within borders of1250m radial distance based on top protected region was confirmed as secondary protected region.
Based on the groundwater environment present condition evaluation result, evolution trend of groundwater surroundings feature and reserve grading, some pertinent'suggestions were proposed to realize safe water supply as practical as possible.
引文
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[2]张瑞,吴林高.地下水资源评价.上海：同济大学出版社,1997
[3]李兴武,王艳萍.关于地下水资源开发利用问题的思考.资源与产业.2011,13(2)：116-119
[4]毕研斌.地下水开采及其引起的环境地质灾害研究.城市建设理论研究.2011,
[5]殷跃平,张作辰,张开军.我国地面沉降现状及防治对策研究.中国地质灾害与防治学报.2005,16(2)：1-8
[6]陈余道,蒋亚萍.城市地下水开发利用的生态环境问题[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1997,8(1)：63-68
[7]Babu Rao P.Subrahmanyam K.and DharR.L.(2001),Geoenvironmental effeets of Groundwater regime in Andhra Pradesh,India,Environmental Geology,40(4-5):632-642.
[8]Vivenrsova EA.and Voronov A.N.(2003), Groundwater diseharge to the Gulf of Finland(Baltie Sea):ecologieal aspects,Environmental Geology,45:221-225.
[9]Maria Vieenta Esteller and Carlos Diaz-Deigado(2002).Environmental effects of aquifer overexPloitation:a case study in the Highlands of Mexieo,Environmental Management,29(2):266-278.
[1 0]籍传茂,侯景岩等编著.世界各国地下水开发和国际合作指南[J].地震出版社.1996年5月.
[11]王玉平,金晓媚.中国地下水资源开发与环境保护研究[J].地球学报.1999：20(6)：869-875.
[12]张丽君.美国地下水资源研究进展与未来方向[J].国土资源科技进展.2000,(1)：31-37.
[13]陶希东,石培基.西北干旱区水资源利用与生态环境重建研究[J].干旱区研究.2001,18(1)：18-22.
[14]王根绪,程国栋等.中国西北干旱区水资源利用及其生态环境问题[J].自然资源 学报.1999,14(2)：109-116.
[15]龚家栋等.黑河下游额济纳绿洲环境退化及综合治理[J].中国沙漠.1998,18(3)：44-50.
[16]张惠昌.干旱区地下水生态平衡埋深[J].勘察科学技术.1992,(6)：9-13.
[17]高长远.干旱区潜水位最佳埋深值的确定[J].地下水.2000,22(3)：105-106.
[18]宋郁东,樊自立等.中国塔里木流域水资源及生态环境问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社.2000.
[19]王让会,宋郁东等.塔里木流域“四源一干”生态需水量的估算[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(I)：19-22.
[20]陈亚宁,陈亚鹏等.塔里木河下游胡杨脯氮酸累计对地下水位变化的响应[J].科学通报.2003,48(9)：958-961.
[21]姚斐,周金龙.新疆平原地下水位资源开发利用与生态环境保护[J].地下水.1997,19(4)：171-173.
[22]张长春,邵景力等.地下水位生态环境效应及生态环境指标[J].水文地质工程地质.2003,(3)：6-10.
[23]彭汉兴.环境工程水文地质[M].中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[24]Devin Galloway, David R Jones and S E Ingebritsen.LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATE [M].U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR,1999.11-82.
[25]何庆成.我国地面沉降现状及防治战略设想[J].高校地质学报,12(2),2006年6月：161-168.
[26]前川统一朗.日本地下水污染问题、土壤污染对策及污染治理技术[G].地下水污染控制与修复战略研讨会论文集,北京：2004年4月：1-3.
[27]武晓峰,唐杰,藤间幸久.地下水中轻质有机污染物(LNAPL)透镜体研究[J].环境污染与防治,2000,22(3)：17-20.
[28]李家伦,孙菽芬,洪钟祥.地下水污染生物处理方法研究综述[J].气候与环境研究,1998,3(2)：31-34.
[29]Li, F.D., Tang, C.Y,Yang, YH..Nitrate contamination of groundwater in the alluvial fans of the Taihang Mts and Yanshan Mts[J]. IAHS-AISH Publication,2008,12:79-85.
[30]Showers, William J.Genna, Bernard, Mcdade, Timothy. Nitrate contamination in groundwater on an urbanized dairy farm. Environmental Science and Technology,2008,7:4683-4688.
[31]Spalding R F, Exner ME. Occurrence of Nitrate in Groudwater-A Review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22:382-402.
[32]Nolan BT, Rudddy B C, HittK J et a.l. Risk of Nitrate in Groudwater of the United States-A National Perspective[J].Environmental Science and Technology 1997, 31(8):2229-2236.
[33]黄贻生摘译.地下水中的硝酸盐及其发展趋势[J].Soil and Water Conservation, 1986, 6.
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