缙云山常绿阔叶林常见植物的种子生态学研究
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摘要
种子是植物生活史的重要阶段，对幼苗建成、定居，种群的结构及群落演替或更新都有重要影响。国外对此进行了广泛深入的研究，国内起步较晚，对种子生态学的系统研究尚未全面展开。本研究主要从种子大小与果实类型、植物生活型的关系，不同激素处理对种子萌发的影响，种子大小对幼苗更新的影响，种子大小与种子扩散机理的关系，种子扩散、幼苗定居和种群结构的关系等方面来研究缙云山常绿阔叶林中常见植物的种子萌发与幼苗生长特性，旨在为在城市园林绿化中中引种乡土树种解决如何开发种质资源的问题。在城市中构建地带性植被，首先要解决植物资源的开发，我们的研究即为此奠定基础。
本文首先鉴别出74种植物的果实类型，测定了其种子的大小，并对其中67种植物的种子进行了萌发实验；其次，选取了观赏价值较高，具有开发前景的四个常绿阔叶树种：贵州琼楠(Beilschemidia kweichowensis)、润楠(Machilus pingii)、虎皮楠(Daphniphyllum oldhamii)和薯豆(Elaeocarpus japonicus)进行幼苗生长实验。在缙云山选5个不同生境作为栽培样地，移植4种植物的幼苗，定时观察其生长状况；在实验室中用不同基质和不同光照的组合栽培幼苗，也定时观察其生长情况；第三，在不同时间对缙云山主要植被类型中幼苗组成及其分布情况进行了调查。主要结果如下：
1．种子大小。在不同果实类型、不同植物生活型、不同科中种子大小都表现出极大的差异。果实种子类型以核果居多，共有34种植物为核果，浆果有13种，蒴果12种子，坚果6种，核果和坚果种子相对大，如贵州琼楠种子长度可以达到3cm以上，种径1.5cm，千粒重为4000g左右，蒴果小种子如小花叶底红(Phyllagathis fordii var. micrantha)种径0.5mm左右，千粒重才32mg左右。从生活型来看，常绿植物的种子要比落叶植物的大，大乔木的比小乔木的大，小乔木的比灌木的大。果实为核果或坚果的科的种子相对较大，如樟科、壳斗科、杜英科。种子大小的显著差异表明了不同物种对于环境适应采取的不同生活史对策。
2．种子萌发实验。在实验室控制条件下，67个物种中可以萌发的有38种，其中常绿乔木树种为10种，落叶乔木9种，常绿灌木12种，落叶灌木7种。能够在培养皿中出苗的为37种，因为罗浮柿出芽后几天内即死亡。GA处理对大多数物种起作用，用Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test检验表明，GA对所有可萌发的植物种子在萌发上有显著影响(p＜0.01)，可以提高萌发率或者加快萌发速度，或者两种作用都有。对萌发率显著提高的有23种，不显著影响的有12种，对萌发率的提高没有影响的有3种，还有29种植物有无激素处理时都不能萌发，其休眠类型不为GA所影响。用F值对种子大小和萌发率进行检验，结果表明植物种子大小与所有67个种或38个可萌发的种的萌发率之间没有显著的相关性。
西南农业大学硕士学泣论文摘要
纽巨照里月绝月口口互里口里口纽里里旦里里里口里照旦里里里里里照里里口里里巴里里里里里里里里里里里里三里
3.幼苗生长。植物种子大小影响其幼苗的生长，一般表现为大种子对幼苗存活和生长有
利，贵州琼楠种子很大，在自然环境中表现出较高的生长势，而且死亡率相对较低，特别是
在贵州琼楠林下这种优势非常明显。
幼苗所处的生境条件也明显影响其生长状况。本文研究的4个树种在野外竹林中生长势
和生长速度均比其他生境中的高，而裸地中死亡率明显高得多，表明幼苗的生长与其生活的
光环境条件密切相关。
在栽培控制条件下，4个物种幼苗生长表现不一。琼楠幼苗生长比较稳定，但从死亡水平
来看，双层遮阴网条件下幼苗的死亡率相对比较低，保留种子的幼苗起始高度低，成活率比
种子脱落的幼苗要高，这与种子自身的营养也可供养给幼苗生长有关.润楠呈集聚状生长时，
长势要强一些或者死亡率较低;薯豆在双层遮阴中春季幼苗高度出现下降，是一些起始高度
高的幼苗同时大量死亡的缘故。虎皮楠死亡率总体较高，各种处理的优劣差异不是很明显。
总体上，4个物种的幼苗在土壤中比沙中生长的好，死亡率相对要低。
4.野外调查了给云山主要植被中常见植物幼苗的分布情况，结果表明:针阔混交林(样
地4)中幼苗多样性指数较常绿阔叶林为高;竹林中常绿阔叶树种的幼苗主要为一些种子散布
能力强、喜光照的植物，如黄牛奶树(伽即2配05 laur认a)、川山矾(匀，即focos sech期e川办).
深入分析了常绿阔叶树种的幼苗分布特点，发现植物幼苗分布与种子散布能力(种子大
小)及散布方式(果实类型)有关。大种子主要是重力传播，扩散距离较近，如贵州琼楠:
较轻的种子可以风力传播，分布较远，如四川大头茶;浆果类种子通过动物捕食后传播，一
般种子产量较大，如山黄皮。
比较分析了6种植物的立木级结构，可以认为润楠的种群比较稳定，出苗率高;薯豆幼
苗分布较窄，出苗率虽高，但幼苗存活率极低，影响种群更新:虎皮楠幼苗比较集中于复兴
寺一带，当年生幼苗较多，多年生苗少见。
Seeds are defined as units of sexual reproduction developed from a fertilized ovule containing an embryo and play a key role in plant life cycles. Influence of it on establishment and settle of seedling, structure of population and succession of community were studied in abroad. On the contrary, the study for seed ecology is taken lately in China. So, the relationships of seed mass with fruit types and life forms, the influence on seed germination by treatment with different hormones, the impact of seed mass on regeneration of seedling, the mechanism of seed dispersal, relationship of seed mass and seed dispersal with seed settle and structure of population were examined by measuring the size of 74 kinds of fruits and its seeds and taking a experiment of germination on 67 kinds of seeds to expound the character of seed ecology of common trees in Jinyun Mountain and offer basically scientific theory for introduction of local plants.
With promisingly ornamental value of being exploited, the four species Beilschemidia kweichowensis, Machilus pingii, Daphniphyllum oldhamii, and Elaeocarpus japonicus were used to carry out an experiment on growth of seedling and then their seedlings were transplanted into 5 different plots selected from Jinyun Mountain and were cultivated in greenhouse under mixed combination with different light intensity and various matrix and the growth of seedling was observed at certain interval to examine influence of multiple environmental factors on growth of seedling, and relationships of seed distribution and seed propagate with establishment of populations and patterns of communities.
1.In our works, all 74 species seeds exhibit high variation among fruit types, life forms and families. The most of plants fruit belong to four fruit types: drupe (34 sp), berry (15 sp), capsule (12 sp) and nut (6 sp) and the seed mass of drupe and nut is larger, heavier than others. For example, the weight of largest seed, Beilschmiedia kweichowensis's (drupe), is 105-fold heavier than of smallest
seed, Phyllagathis fordii var. Micrantha (capsule). The variation of seed size suggested the plant life for adapting the different conditions.
2.In the greenhouse, 38 species of all 67 species may germinate, including 10 evergreen arbors, 9 deciduous arbors, 12 evergreen shrubs and 7 deciduous shrubs. GA influenced significantly the rate or speed of seed germination. After GA treatments, the germinated rate of 3 species had no change, 23 species could be increased markly, and 12 species was increased certainly, 29 species couldn't germinate with or without GA. In addition to, F Test showed no correlation between the seed mass and the seed germinated rate.
3. The correlation lied in between seedling growth and treatments or different sites. The results suggested the ecological factors could strongly influence the performance of seedlings. Seedling performance varied strongly to cope with the difference in light, soil nutrient regime. Seed size effected seedling emergence, survival and seedling size. Large seed had a significantly greater probability of emergence at most studies. The effects of size were expressed strongly during the early part of the life cycle, for example Beilschmiedia kweichowensis. For Beilschmiedia kweichowensis, Machilus pingii, Daphniphyllum oldhamii, and Elaeocarpus japonicus, the growth had the higher speed or survival in the bamboo forest; the mortality was highest in the bare habitat in the fields; and the highest RGR (relate growth rate) of Beilschmiedia kweichowensis present in the evergreen forest. The results indicated the seedling growth tied up with its stands.
With different treatments, the growth of four species exhibited different performance, and all four species performance better in humus than in sand. The growth of Beilschmiedia kweichowensis is stable in high or low light, but in lower light its mortality is the lowest, and its growth supplied by its seed was better than without seed. Machilus pingii seedling in dense treatment had the higher RGR or the lower mor
本文首先鉴别出74种植物的果实类型，测定了其种子的大小，并对其中67种植物的种子进行了萌发实验；其次，选取了观赏价值较高，具有开发前景的四个常绿阔叶树种：贵州琼楠(Beilschemidia kweichowensis)、润楠(Machilus pingii)、虎皮楠(Daphniphyllum oldhamii)和薯豆(Elaeocarpus japonicus)进行幼苗生长实验。在缙云山选5个不同生境作为栽培样地，移植4种植物的幼苗，定时观察其生长状况；在实验室中用不同基质和不同光照的组合栽培幼苗，也定时观察其生长情况；第三，在不同时间对缙云山主要植被类型中幼苗组成及其分布情况进行了调查。主要结果如下：
1．种子大小。在不同果实类型、不同植物生活型、不同科中种子大小都表现出极大的差异。果实种子类型以核果居多，共有34种植物为核果，浆果有13种，蒴果12种子，坚果6种，核果和坚果种子相对大，如贵州琼楠种子长度可以达到3cm以上，种径1.5cm，千粒重为4000g左右，蒴果小种子如小花叶底红(Phyllagathis fordii var. micrantha)种径0.5mm左右，千粒重才32mg左右。从生活型来看，常绿植物的种子要比落叶植物的大，大乔木的比小乔木的大，小乔木的比灌木的大。果实为核果或坚果的科的种子相对较大，如樟科、壳斗科、杜英科。种子大小的显著差异表明了不同物种对于环境适应采取的不同生活史对策。
2．种子萌发实验。在实验室控制条件下，67个物种中可以萌发的有38种，其中常绿乔木树种为10种，落叶乔木9种，常绿灌木12种，落叶灌木7种。能够在培养皿中出苗的为37种，因为罗浮柿出芽后几天内即死亡。GA处理对大多数物种起作用，用Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test检验表明，GA对所有可萌发的植物种子在萌发上有显著影响(p＜0.01)，可以提高萌发率或者加快萌发速度，或者两种作用都有。对萌发率显著提高的有23种，不显著影响的有12种，对萌发率的提高没有影响的有3种，还有29种植物有无激素处理时都不能萌发，其休眠类型不为GA所影响。用F值对种子大小和萌发率进行检验，结果表明植物种子大小与所有67个种或38个可萌发的种的萌发率之间没有显著的相关性。
西南农业大学硕士学泣论文摘要
纽巨照里月绝月口口互里口里口纽里里旦里里里口里照旦里里里里里照里里口里里巴里里里里里里里里里里里里三里
3.幼苗生长。植物种子大小影响其幼苗的生长，一般表现为大种子对幼苗存活和生长有
利，贵州琼楠种子很大，在自然环境中表现出较高的生长势，而且死亡率相对较低，特别是
在贵州琼楠林下这种优势非常明显。
幼苗所处的生境条件也明显影响其生长状况。本文研究的4个树种在野外竹林中生长势
和生长速度均比其他生境中的高，而裸地中死亡率明显高得多，表明幼苗的生长与其生活的
光环境条件密切相关。
在栽培控制条件下，4个物种幼苗生长表现不一。琼楠幼苗生长比较稳定，但从死亡水平
来看，双层遮阴网条件下幼苗的死亡率相对比较低，保留种子的幼苗起始高度低，成活率比
种子脱落的幼苗要高，这与种子自身的营养也可供养给幼苗生长有关.润楠呈集聚状生长时，
长势要强一些或者死亡率较低;薯豆在双层遮阴中春季幼苗高度出现下降，是一些起始高度
高的幼苗同时大量死亡的缘故。虎皮楠死亡率总体较高，各种处理的优劣差异不是很明显。
总体上，4个物种的幼苗在土壤中比沙中生长的好，死亡率相对要低。
4.野外调查了给云山主要植被中常见植物幼苗的分布情况，结果表明:针阔混交林(样
地4)中幼苗多样性指数较常绿阔叶林为高;竹林中常绿阔叶树种的幼苗主要为一些种子散布
能力强、喜光照的植物，如黄牛奶树(伽即2配05 laur认a)、川山矾(匀，即focos sech期e川办).
深入分析了常绿阔叶树种的幼苗分布特点，发现植物幼苗分布与种子散布能力(种子大
小)及散布方式(果实类型)有关。大种子主要是重力传播，扩散距离较近，如贵州琼楠:
较轻的种子可以风力传播，分布较远，如四川大头茶;浆果类种子通过动物捕食后传播，一
般种子产量较大，如山黄皮。
比较分析了6种植物的立木级结构，可以认为润楠的种群比较稳定，出苗率高;薯豆幼
苗分布较窄，出苗率虽高，但幼苗存活率极低，影响种群更新:虎皮楠幼苗比较集中于复兴
寺一带，当年生幼苗较多，多年生苗少见。
Seeds are defined as units of sexual reproduction developed from a fertilized ovule containing an embryo and play a key role in plant life cycles. Influence of it on establishment and settle of seedling, structure of population and succession of community were studied in abroad. On the contrary, the study for seed ecology is taken lately in China. So, the relationships of seed mass with fruit types and life forms, the influence on seed germination by treatment with different hormones, the impact of seed mass on regeneration of seedling, the mechanism of seed dispersal, relationship of seed mass and seed dispersal with seed settle and structure of population were examined by measuring the size of 74 kinds of fruits and its seeds and taking a experiment of germination on 67 kinds of seeds to expound the character of seed ecology of common trees in Jinyun Mountain and offer basically scientific theory for introduction of local plants.
With promisingly ornamental value of being exploited, the four species Beilschemidia kweichowensis, Machilus pingii, Daphniphyllum oldhamii, and Elaeocarpus japonicus were used to carry out an experiment on growth of seedling and then their seedlings were transplanted into 5 different plots selected from Jinyun Mountain and were cultivated in greenhouse under mixed combination with different light intensity and various matrix and the growth of seedling was observed at certain interval to examine influence of multiple environmental factors on growth of seedling, and relationships of seed distribution and seed propagate with establishment of populations and patterns of communities.
1.In our works, all 74 species seeds exhibit high variation among fruit types, life forms and families. The most of plants fruit belong to four fruit types: drupe (34 sp), berry (15 sp), capsule (12 sp) and nut (6 sp) and the seed mass of drupe and nut is larger, heavier than others. For example, the weight of largest seed, Beilschmiedia kweichowensis's (drupe), is 105-fold heavier than of smallest
seed, Phyllagathis fordii var. Micrantha (capsule). The variation of seed size suggested the plant life for adapting the different conditions.
2.In the greenhouse, 38 species of all 67 species may germinate, including 10 evergreen arbors, 9 deciduous arbors, 12 evergreen shrubs and 7 deciduous shrubs. GA influenced significantly the rate or speed of seed germination. After GA treatments, the germinated rate of 3 species had no change, 23 species could be increased markly, and 12 species was increased certainly, 29 species couldn't germinate with or without GA. In addition to, F Test showed no correlation between the seed mass and the seed germinated rate.
3. The correlation lied in between seedling growth and treatments or different sites. The results suggested the ecological factors could strongly influence the performance of seedlings. Seedling performance varied strongly to cope with the difference in light, soil nutrient regime. Seed size effected seedling emergence, survival and seedling size. Large seed had a significantly greater probability of emergence at most studies. The effects of size were expressed strongly during the early part of the life cycle, for example Beilschmiedia kweichowensis. For Beilschmiedia kweichowensis, Machilus pingii, Daphniphyllum oldhamii, and Elaeocarpus japonicus, the growth had the higher speed or survival in the bamboo forest; the mortality was highest in the bare habitat in the fields; and the highest RGR (relate growth rate) of Beilschmiedia kweichowensis present in the evergreen forest. The results indicated the seedling growth tied up with its stands.
With different treatments, the growth of four species exhibited different performance, and all four species performance better in humus than in sand. The growth of Beilschmiedia kweichowensis is stable in high or low light, but in lower light its mortality is the lowest, and its growth supplied by its seed was better than without seed. Machilus pingii seedling in dense treatment had the higher RGR or the lower mor
引文
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