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现代大型油轮锚泊双舷过驳安全问题研究
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摘要
为了满足我国高速发展的工农业生产对石油的大量需求,油轮运输不断向大型化发展,VLCC、ULCC己成为石油运输的主力军。而我国油港泊位的水域条件都难以满足大型油轮满载直接靠泊油码头进货油装卸的操作要求,因此,研究探讨现代大型油轮在港外深水水域进卸载、减载的安全操作方法是确保石油进出口量满足现代化大生产需要和提高港口吞吐量的关键。
     大型油轮在港外深水水域进过驳的方式包括单舷过驳(又包括在航、漂航和锚泊三种状态)和双舷过驳(同样包括在航、漂航和锚泊三种状态)。目前,世界较发达国家和我国已成功地进了大型油轮处于三种状态的单弦过驳操作,但大型油轮在上述状态的双舷过驳作业处于研究尝试阶段。关于大型油轮过驳作业的安全问题,特别是双舷过驳的有关安全问题还没有进很好研究和解决,基于此,本论文在对国内广州港和北仑港过驳作业进充分调研的基础上,运用航海技术理论和数理知识,参照国内外已有的单弦过驳方案和双舷过驳尝试经验及相关资料,结合自己在油轮上工作的实践经验对大型油轮在锚地进双舷过驳作业的有关安全问题进了研究。
     本论文共分九章:
     第1章是绪论,主要阐述了本论文的研究背景、来源和研究的目的、意义,同时介绍了国内外在该领域的研究现状和动态,指出了论文研究的主要内容、拟解决的关键问题,明确了论文的研究方向和总体思路。
     第2章主要对大型油轮在锚泊状态进双舷过驳作业的适宜条件和限制条件进了分析和论证,阐明了限制大型油轮锚地双舷过驳的水域条件、气象条件、船舶条件和人员要求,并列举了国内外可进油轮过驳作业的环境条件和操作区域实例。
     第3章是结合广州港大型油轮锚地过驳的水域条件,运用操船理论和数理方法对卸油船锚地双舷过驳的抛锚方法进了分析研究,提出了在不同海况条件下的抛锚优化方案,阐明了防止走锚的一般措施和关键措施。
     第4章为大型油轮锚地双舷过驳作业的设备要求。本章主要阐述了确保大型油轮锚地双舷过驳作业安全有关设备配备的技术标准和操作要求,重点阐明了软管(hose)、碰垫、通讯、监护船、靠离泊等关键设备的配置要求
    
    武汉理工大学硕士学位论文
    和操作程序,并辅以图片加以说明。
     第5章论述了大型油轮锚地双舷过驳作业的优化操作方案。本章主要阐
    述了在满足大型油轮锚地双舷过驳作业条件下,一程船和二程船的靠离泊操
    作方案和有关安全要求,同时详细阐明了一程船和二程船在双舷过驳作业的
    开始、期间、结束和紧急情况下的优化操作方案,明确了双方作业人员的职
    责和防止过驳作业中易发海损事故的有效措施。
     第6章结合油轮锚地双舷过驳作业的危险性和过驳作业的特点,针对过
    驳作业过程中的易发海事,制定了相应的应急预案,详细阐明了火灾和溢油
    污染的应急响应程序和应急处理措施。
     第7章是根据锚地双舷过驳作业的特点和安全管理要求,分别对过驳作
    业水域主管机关和港口经营人就过驳作业的组织、原则、申请、审批、监护
    等提出了确保油轮过驳安全的监督管理的有关建议。
     第8章列举了本论文操作方案在广州港的应用实例,对文中提出的优化
    作业方案进了实践检验。
     第9章是有关论文研究的主要结论与后续研究展望,阐明了对该领域深
    入研究的方向和应用前景。
As China is importing more crude oil and oil products by sea, more VLCCs or ULCCs departure for and from China ports. But most oil terminals are not satisfactory for those large carriers to berth and handle due to the different restrictions in the harbors. It is extremely important to do some study on how to safely handle oil outside harbors, which could increase the oil output and serve the rapidly-increasing regional economy.
    Wherever large crude oil carriers are underway or in anchorage, to light oil outside harbors there are two methods: lighting by single side and by double sides. Presently, some countries (including China) have already solved how to light by single side, whatever how to do that safely by double sides is still on research. So, this paper does some study on the safety issue on the basis of the investigation on lighting by single side and by double sides in the Ports of Guangzhou and Beilun, in analysis of some figures and materials by the theory of Ocean Navigation, particularly in relation to my working experience on board crude oil carriers.
    This paper is divided into 9 Chapters:
    The first Chapter (Preface) introduces the background and the purpose of the Paper, the current situation of the issue, the main points of the Paper and the research methods.
    The second Chapter analyses the factors and parameters when large crude oil carriers lighting by double sides, and states the restrictions on the handling area, the ocean metrological, the carrier, and the human elements, then lists some cases relating to those elements.
    The third Chapter, by the given handling area in the VLCC anchorage in the Port Guangzhou, analyses the anchoring methods with the theory of Navigation and the mathematic model, lists the different methods in the different sea conditions and forward how to avoid dragging.
    The fourth Chapter states, when large crude oil carriers lighting by double sides, the requirements on the equipments and mainly the technical criteria and
    
    
    
    the operational procedures of the equipments such as hose, fence, communication, which are explained with drawings.
    The fifth Chapter states, with large crude oil carriers lighting by double sides, the handling methods (particularly in emergency) and the safety requirements of the carrier and lighter from the beginning up to the end of the operation, and defines clearly the responsibilities of the operators and the methods how to avoid any perils during operation.
    The sixth Chapter, in relation to the risks within large crude oil carriers lighting by double sides, makes the corresponding emergency schemes as to fire, oil leakage, and so on.
    The seventh Chapter, according to the characteristics and safety requirements during large crude oil carriers lighting by double sides, advises respectively the administration and port operators how to monitor the operation as for the organization, application, and approval.
    The eighth Chapter lists the cases that the handling methods are applied in the Port Guangzhou and check the effectiveness.
    The ninth Chapter concludes the paper and states the future of the field.
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