室内人员疏散的元胞自动机模拟研究
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摘要
随着社会和经济的持续发展、城市化进程持续加快以及人口迅速增长,城市不断涌现影剧院、购物中心、会展中心等人员密集的公共场所。同时,城市遭受灾害和重大突发性事件的威胁也越来越严重,近年来地震、火灾、踩踏等事故频繁发生,造成大量人员伤亡在紧急事件发生时,如何进行科学、有效的人员疏散是一个亟待解决的问题,已经成为公共安全和消防安全工程领域研究的热点和重点。因此,研究人员疏散过程中个体微观行为特征、整体宏观行为特征和疏散现象的生成机制具有重要的实际意义。
人员疏散是一个极其复杂的非线性物理问题,对行人运动特征、疏散现象的生成机制以及疏散相关问题的研究已经形成了行人流动力学相关理论,并建立了各种各样的行人流仿真模型。其中,元胞自动机模型被广泛应用于行人流和人员疏散的模拟研究,因为元胞自动机是一个时间、空间和状态变量都离散的数学模型,可以省去求解微分方程而直接通过制定规则来模拟非线性物理现象,具有较强的模拟各种物理系统和自然现象的能力。
本文在现有的行人流元胞自动机模型基础上,考虑行人实际的行为特征和典型公共场所的建筑结构特点,合理调整行人运动规则,建立新的人员疏散元胞自动机模型。计算机模拟研究了在不同情景下人员疏散过程,分析了各种因素对人员疏散时间的影响,并探讨了疏散动力学行为的生成机制。
本文的主要工作如下：
1.考虑教室内桌椅对人员运动速度的影响,建立了存在座位区域和过道区域的人员疏散元胞自动机模型。分析了人员密度、不同出口位置及课桌布局对人员疏散时间的影响。数值模拟结果表明,在座位区域人员密度越大,对疏散的影响越明显,增加了疏散时间；当出口设在侧面时,出口不应正对课桌和座位,紧靠两侧墙应有纵向过道,尤其紧靠出口墙壁侧留有纵向过道对疏散有利；纵向过道的数目和宽度对疏散都有影响,设计布局时,应使人员能较快离开座位区域,而在出口又不形成致密拥堵,以达到最优疏散效率。
2.大型影剧院内光线不良,或者停电、火灾等紧急事件发生时,导致行人视线受影响。该情况下的疏散过程与正常疏散情况不同,会呈现不一样的疏散流动力学特征。为了研究行人视线受影响的疏散过程,在先前建立的人员疏散模型的基础上,提出一种改进的元胞自动机疏散模型。在模型中,疏散空间根据不同的行人视野半径可划分为可见出口区域和盲目区域；行人在不同区域移动行为不同,包括行人向出口移动、行人定向移动、沿墙移动和变化运动方向等行为。采用该模型对影院内的人员疏散过程进行模拟研究,并讨论了不同可见出口区域半径对疏散过程的影响。数值模拟结果表明,可见出口区域半径是影响人员疏散的关键因素；盲目区域内行人选择运动方向并移动的盲目性和随意性延误了总体疏散时间。最后研究盲区过道上安装疏散指示标志的疏散情况,并与前面的疏散情况进行比较。结果表明,过道上安装疏散指示标志对整个疏散过程十分有利。
3.为了更细致地描述人员疏散过程中的行人运动行为,考虑了行人可具有多个运动方向和多种运动速度的情况,借鉴了多网格模型的思想,将行人占据的空间划分为多个小网格,构建了一种新的多网格模型。模拟研究房间内人员疏散过程,得到了传统单网格模型无法描述人员疏散动力学行为：①行人在单个时间步的运动距离与行人的尺寸不匹配；②行人在出口处于杂乱排列状态；③出口被单个行人独占,较好描述了出口对流量的限制效应。分析了行人数目和出口宽度对疏散时间的影响,并与单网格模型的情况进行比较。数值模拟结果对紧急情况下的人员疏散具有一定的指导意义。
最后,对全文的工作进行了总结和概括,并指出一些有待研究的问题,对今后行人疏散流的研究方向进行了展望。
With the sustainable development of society and economy, and the acceleration of urbanization process, urban population explosive growth, cinemas, theatres, shopping malls, convention centers, and other crowded public places constantly emerge. At the same time, urban disasters and major emergencies are more serious threats. In recent years, earthquake, fire, stampede and other accidents occur frequently, causing heavy casualties. It is an exigent problem that how to conduct scientific and effective evacuation when emergency incident happen have became the hotspot and keystone of study on public safety and fire safety field. Therefore, research on the characteristic of individual microcosmic behavior and holistic macro behavior, and the mechanism of evacuation phenomena in the occupant evacuation process has significant practical value.
The issue of occupant evacuation is a very complicated nonlinear physical problem. The study on the mechanism of pedestrian characteristic, evacuation phenomena and other correlative questions have formed the theories of the pedestrian flow dynamics, also established various emulated models about pedestrian flow. Among these models, cellular automaton model has been widely used in simulation and investigation of pedestrian flow and occupant evacuation. Because cellular automaton is a discrete mathematical model in space, time and state, we can simulate the nonlinear physical phenomenon by leaving out solving the differential equation and establishing rules directly. The model has a strong ability to simulate diverse physical systems and nature phenomenon.
In this paper, considering the practical behavior characteristics of pedestrian and the building structure characteristics of the typical public places, we adjust the pedestrian moving rules rationally and propose a new cellular automaton evacuation model based on the existed cellular automata model. We simulate and study the occupant evacuation process in different scenes by computer, and analyze the effect on evacuation time, also investigate the mechanism of evacuation dynamics.
The main texts are the followings:
1. Considered desk and chair affecting pedestrian moving velocity, we propose a new cellular automaton evacuation model with two seating and desk regions, and analyze the effect of the occupant density, different exit positions and internal layout on evacuation time. The numerical results demonstrate that:With the greater occupant density, the effect of the seating region on pedestrian evacuation will be much more evident, and the evacuation time increase; When the exit is designed on the side, it should not face to the desks and seats; aisles closed to the two side of the wall are necessary, especially that it is very beneficial for the aisles closed to the exit side of the wall. In order to achieve optimal evacuation efficiency, considered the effect of the number and width of aisle on evacuation time, the internal layout should be made so that the pedestrian can leave the seating region much more quickly, and the exit should not be formed dense congestion.
2. Because of poor light or emergency event such as power failure and fire occurs in large cinemas, pedestrian sight is affected. So that the evacuation process in this case is different from the normal one, and show different evacuation dynamics characteristics. In order to investigate the evacuation process with affected pedestrian sight, an improved cellular automata evacuation model is proposed on the basis of the previous cellular automata model. In the model, the space to be evacuated is divided into exit visible area and blind area by pedestrian sight radius. Pedestrian have varied movement in different evacuation areas, including movement to the exit, movement in fixed direction, movement along the wall, changing movement direction and so on. We study the evacuation process in cinemas via the model and discuss the effect of exit visible area on evacuation process. The numerical results demonstrate that:the radius of exit visible area is the key factor in evacuation; pedestrian in blind area select the movement direction to move blindly and randomly, delaying collectivity evacuation time. Finally, we simulate the evacuation process with evacuation indication sign installed in aisles of the blind area, and contrasted it with the previous evacuation. The results show that it is very beneficial to aisles with evacuation indication sign for the evacuation process.
3. In order to describe the pedestrian dynamics more carefully in occupant evacuation process, considered the case that pedestrian have multi-direction of movement and manifold movement velocity, we divide the occupied space of a pedestrian into many small grids and propose a new multi-grid model based on the idea of multi-grid model. We simulate the occupant evacuation process in room and get the different evacuation dynamics which traditional single-grid model can not depict:①The motion distance of a pedestrian in single time step do not match with the size of a pedestrian;②the pedestrians in the exit are out of alignment;③a single pedestrian takes up the exist, it is better to describe the effect of exit restrictions on the flow. We analyze that the effect of number of occupant, width of exit on evacuation time, and compare with the case of single-grid model. The numerical results have some guide significance to occupant evacuation in urgent instances
Finally, we give the conclusions of our works and present the prospect of further research of pedestrian flow.
人员疏散是一个极其复杂的非线性物理问题,对行人运动特征、疏散现象的生成机制以及疏散相关问题的研究已经形成了行人流动力学相关理论,并建立了各种各样的行人流仿真模型。其中,元胞自动机模型被广泛应用于行人流和人员疏散的模拟研究,因为元胞自动机是一个时间、空间和状态变量都离散的数学模型,可以省去求解微分方程而直接通过制定规则来模拟非线性物理现象,具有较强的模拟各种物理系统和自然现象的能力。
本文在现有的行人流元胞自动机模型基础上,考虑行人实际的行为特征和典型公共场所的建筑结构特点,合理调整行人运动规则,建立新的人员疏散元胞自动机模型。计算机模拟研究了在不同情景下人员疏散过程,分析了各种因素对人员疏散时间的影响,并探讨了疏散动力学行为的生成机制。
本文的主要工作如下：
1.考虑教室内桌椅对人员运动速度的影响,建立了存在座位区域和过道区域的人员疏散元胞自动机模型。分析了人员密度、不同出口位置及课桌布局对人员疏散时间的影响。数值模拟结果表明,在座位区域人员密度越大,对疏散的影响越明显,增加了疏散时间；当出口设在侧面时,出口不应正对课桌和座位,紧靠两侧墙应有纵向过道,尤其紧靠出口墙壁侧留有纵向过道对疏散有利；纵向过道的数目和宽度对疏散都有影响,设计布局时,应使人员能较快离开座位区域,而在出口又不形成致密拥堵,以达到最优疏散效率。
2.大型影剧院内光线不良,或者停电、火灾等紧急事件发生时,导致行人视线受影响。该情况下的疏散过程与正常疏散情况不同,会呈现不一样的疏散流动力学特征。为了研究行人视线受影响的疏散过程,在先前建立的人员疏散模型的基础上,提出一种改进的元胞自动机疏散模型。在模型中,疏散空间根据不同的行人视野半径可划分为可见出口区域和盲目区域；行人在不同区域移动行为不同,包括行人向出口移动、行人定向移动、沿墙移动和变化运动方向等行为。采用该模型对影院内的人员疏散过程进行模拟研究,并讨论了不同可见出口区域半径对疏散过程的影响。数值模拟结果表明,可见出口区域半径是影响人员疏散的关键因素；盲目区域内行人选择运动方向并移动的盲目性和随意性延误了总体疏散时间。最后研究盲区过道上安装疏散指示标志的疏散情况,并与前面的疏散情况进行比较。结果表明,过道上安装疏散指示标志对整个疏散过程十分有利。
3.为了更细致地描述人员疏散过程中的行人运动行为,考虑了行人可具有多个运动方向和多种运动速度的情况,借鉴了多网格模型的思想,将行人占据的空间划分为多个小网格,构建了一种新的多网格模型。模拟研究房间内人员疏散过程,得到了传统单网格模型无法描述人员疏散动力学行为：①行人在单个时间步的运动距离与行人的尺寸不匹配；②行人在出口处于杂乱排列状态；③出口被单个行人独占,较好描述了出口对流量的限制效应。分析了行人数目和出口宽度对疏散时间的影响,并与单网格模型的情况进行比较。数值模拟结果对紧急情况下的人员疏散具有一定的指导意义。
最后,对全文的工作进行了总结和概括,并指出一些有待研究的问题,对今后行人疏散流的研究方向进行了展望。
With the sustainable development of society and economy, and the acceleration of urbanization process, urban population explosive growth, cinemas, theatres, shopping malls, convention centers, and other crowded public places constantly emerge. At the same time, urban disasters and major emergencies are more serious threats. In recent years, earthquake, fire, stampede and other accidents occur frequently, causing heavy casualties. It is an exigent problem that how to conduct scientific and effective evacuation when emergency incident happen have became the hotspot and keystone of study on public safety and fire safety field. Therefore, research on the characteristic of individual microcosmic behavior and holistic macro behavior, and the mechanism of evacuation phenomena in the occupant evacuation process has significant practical value.
The issue of occupant evacuation is a very complicated nonlinear physical problem. The study on the mechanism of pedestrian characteristic, evacuation phenomena and other correlative questions have formed the theories of the pedestrian flow dynamics, also established various emulated models about pedestrian flow. Among these models, cellular automaton model has been widely used in simulation and investigation of pedestrian flow and occupant evacuation. Because cellular automaton is a discrete mathematical model in space, time and state, we can simulate the nonlinear physical phenomenon by leaving out solving the differential equation and establishing rules directly. The model has a strong ability to simulate diverse physical systems and nature phenomenon.
In this paper, considering the practical behavior characteristics of pedestrian and the building structure characteristics of the typical public places, we adjust the pedestrian moving rules rationally and propose a new cellular automaton evacuation model based on the existed cellular automata model. We simulate and study the occupant evacuation process in different scenes by computer, and analyze the effect on evacuation time, also investigate the mechanism of evacuation dynamics.
The main texts are the followings:
1. Considered desk and chair affecting pedestrian moving velocity, we propose a new cellular automaton evacuation model with two seating and desk regions, and analyze the effect of the occupant density, different exit positions and internal layout on evacuation time. The numerical results demonstrate that:With the greater occupant density, the effect of the seating region on pedestrian evacuation will be much more evident, and the evacuation time increase; When the exit is designed on the side, it should not face to the desks and seats; aisles closed to the two side of the wall are necessary, especially that it is very beneficial for the aisles closed to the exit side of the wall. In order to achieve optimal evacuation efficiency, considered the effect of the number and width of aisle on evacuation time, the internal layout should be made so that the pedestrian can leave the seating region much more quickly, and the exit should not be formed dense congestion.
2. Because of poor light or emergency event such as power failure and fire occurs in large cinemas, pedestrian sight is affected. So that the evacuation process in this case is different from the normal one, and show different evacuation dynamics characteristics. In order to investigate the evacuation process with affected pedestrian sight, an improved cellular automata evacuation model is proposed on the basis of the previous cellular automata model. In the model, the space to be evacuated is divided into exit visible area and blind area by pedestrian sight radius. Pedestrian have varied movement in different evacuation areas, including movement to the exit, movement in fixed direction, movement along the wall, changing movement direction and so on. We study the evacuation process in cinemas via the model and discuss the effect of exit visible area on evacuation process. The numerical results demonstrate that:the radius of exit visible area is the key factor in evacuation; pedestrian in blind area select the movement direction to move blindly and randomly, delaying collectivity evacuation time. Finally, we simulate the evacuation process with evacuation indication sign installed in aisles of the blind area, and contrasted it with the previous evacuation. The results show that it is very beneficial to aisles with evacuation indication sign for the evacuation process.
3. In order to describe the pedestrian dynamics more carefully in occupant evacuation process, considered the case that pedestrian have multi-direction of movement and manifold movement velocity, we divide the occupied space of a pedestrian into many small grids and propose a new multi-grid model based on the idea of multi-grid model. We simulate the occupant evacuation process in room and get the different evacuation dynamics which traditional single-grid model can not depict:①The motion distance of a pedestrian in single time step do not match with the size of a pedestrian;②the pedestrians in the exit are out of alignment;③a single pedestrian takes up the exist, it is better to describe the effect of exit restrictions on the flow. We analyze that the effect of number of occupant, width of exit on evacuation time, and compare with the case of single-grid model. The numerical results have some guide significance to occupant evacuation in urgent instances
Finally, we give the conclusions of our works and present the prospect of further research of pedestrian flow.
引文
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