保护性脂肪与苜蓿对热应激及低质粗饲料条件下奶牛的营养调控效果
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摘要
本试验研究了保护性脂肪与苜蓿对热应激及低质粗饲料条件下奶牛的影响，并对其机制进行了初步探讨，为保护性脂肪和苜蓿在生产实践中的应用提供理论依据。z
试验Ⅰ：选择2～4胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛48头，按照配对试验分为4组，每组12头，各试验组基础日粮相同。Ⅰ组喂基础日粮，Ⅱ组喂基础日粮+400g脂肪酸钙，Ⅲ组喂基础日粮+2.5kg苜蓿干草，Ⅳ组喂基础日粮+400g脂肪酸钙+2.5kg苜蓿干草。正试期50d。结果表明：(1)在热应激条件下，脂肪酸钙和苜蓿干草可以减缓产奶量下降，试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组平均日产量比对照组提高12.6％、14.08％、26.31％，试验Ⅳ组与对照组差异极显著（P<0.01）。（2）试验期各组乳脂率平均值较试验前都有所上升，试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别上升了20.42%、16.41%和21.17％，对照组上升了10.13％，对乳中其它成分如乳蛋白、非脂固形物、乳密度等影响不大。（3）对血清激素水平的影响是：试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组试验期T3的水平较试验前分别提高1.65％、20.2％和17.82％，而对照组试验期较试验前下降2.27％，试验Ⅳ组与对照组试期相比差异显著（Ｐ<0.05）。参试牛血清中T4水平的变化情况与T3大致相同，试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组试验期T4的水平较试验前分别提高11％、4.42％和24.88％，对照组试验期较试验前下降9.91％，试验期各组T4水平差异均不显著（Ｐ>0.05）。试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组和对照组试验期与试验前血清中COR水平相比均有上升，差异均不显著（Ｐ>0.05），但试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ
组相对于对照组低6.06％、17.54％、10.37％。而PRL的水平较试验前都有上升，以第Ⅳ组上升最多，为34.54％，Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组为14.88％、11％，对照组为6.33％。脂肪酸钙和苜蓿干草可维持试验组血清中T3、T4含量稳定，减缓因热应激造成的血清中PRL的下降和COR的上升。（4）Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组比对照组每头奶牛每天多产奶分别为2.06、2.3和4.3kg/head?d,盈利分别为1.09、1.45和2.45Yuan/head?d在这几组中，经济效益Ⅳ组最佳，其次是Ⅲ组、Ⅱ组。
试验Ⅱ：选择1～3胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛10头，按照配对试验的思想分为对照组和试验组，两组的混合精料组成相同，粗饲料对照组为豆秸、玉米秸、花生秧和玉米淀粉渣，试验组以10kg苜蓿青贮替代等量粗饲料。正试期60d。结果表明：（1）对照组试验后比试验前体重下降了3.91％，而试验组试验后比试验前体重上升了5.64％。试验后奶牛体重试验组与对照组相比差异极显著（P<0.01）。因此，对奶牛饲喂苜蓿青贮，可以缓解低质粗饲料对奶牛造成的体况较差、体重下降的影响。（2）在整个试验期苜蓿青贮组干物质采食量高于对照组16.67％，且差异极显著（p﹤0.01）。（3）在试验期间，对照组日平均产奶量下降，苜蓿青贮组日平均产奶量上升，二者差异极显著(P<0.01)。（4）苜蓿青贮可以显著提高乳脂率（P<0.05），对乳蛋白、非脂固形物含量和乳密度影响不大。（5）苜蓿青贮可以带来明显的经济效益，试验组牛比对照组牛净增收入6.38Yuan/ head?d。
试验Ⅲ：在奶牛小区分别从农户A、B选择1～3胎次泌乳前期的荷斯坦牛10和4头，按照配对试验分为两组，对照组喂基础日粮，试
验组喂基础日粮+300g保护性脂肪。正试期50d。试验组与对照组相比：（1）干物质采食量提高了7.17％，且差异极显著（p﹤0.01）；（2）产奶量提高了9.69％，且差异极显著（P<0.01）；（3）乳脂率增加了0.19个百分点（P<0.05），乳蛋白率下降了0.02个百分点（P>.05），其它乳成分指标基本无变化；（4）血清中葡萄糖下降了6.03％，尿素氮增加了4.08％，α-羟丁酸脱氢酶下降了13.05％，但差异都不显著（P>0.05），说明保护性脂肪对奶牛血液代谢物质无显著影响；（5）每头牛日产奶量增加2.23kg,盈利增加了 1.35 Yuan/ head?d。
This paper studied the effect of hyprofat and alfalfa on cattles under heat-sressed condition or with low quality roughages ,the mechanisms were also initially concerned.
In experiment I,48 Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided intoGroupⅠ (controlgroup),Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣ, according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. The test lasted 50 days, during which GroupⅡwas added with 400g hyprofat, GroupⅢwas supplemented 2.5kg alfalfa hay ,400g hyprofat and 2.5kg alfalfa hay were added to groupⅣat the same time, while there was nothing addition in the control concentrate. The results showed:(1) feeding hyprofat and alfalfa hay could lessen the decline tendency of milk yield which were raised respectively by 12.6%、14.08%、26.31%（p﹤0.01） compared with the control.(2) The milkfat percentage of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣwere raised respectively by 4.91%,15.34%, 14.11% compared with the control. Lactoprotein, SNF and density had little change.(3) T3 levels of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣwere all increased by 7.56%,13.95%and 19.19%（p﹤0.05）compared with the control. The change of T4 level of the serum was same to which of T3. T4 levels of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣwere all raised by 14.49%,14.5%and 27.39%（p﹤0.05）compared with the control. COR level of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣ was decreased by 6.06%,17.54%and 10.37% compared with the control. PRL level of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣ was raised by8.55%,5.02% and 20.58% compared with the control.(4)Milk yield of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣ was increased respectively by 2.06kg/head/day,2.3 kg/head/day and 4.3 kg/head/day.In a year(305 days)the milk yield would be raised 628.3kg,701.5kg and 1311.5kg.The added profit would be 397.85yuan,442.3yuan and 747.25yuan.GroupⅣcould achieve the greatest profit.
In experiment II,10 Holstein dairy cows which parturition numbers was from 1 to 3 were randomly divided into Group I(control group), Group II according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. The test lasted 60 days.The two groups had the same concentrate.The roughage of control group was composed of soybean straw,corn straw and peanut vine,while that of Group II was made of alfalfa silage. The results showed:(1)The alfalfa silage group increased the DMI by 16.67% compared with the control. There was significant difference between them( p﹤0.01).(2)The milk yield was significantly raised by feeding alfalfa silage (p﹤0.01).(3)
The milkfat percentage was significantly raised by feeding alfalfa silage (p﹤0.05).There was little change in lactoprotein, SNF and density.(4)Alfalfa silage could achieved great profit. In a year(305 days)the milk yield of a cow fed with alfalfa silage would be raised by 2516kg,the added profit would be 1945.9yuan.
In experiment III,10 and 4 Holstein dairy cattles which were in early lactation were respectively chosen from two farmers.The 14 Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into Group I(control group), Group II according to their parturition numbers, milk yield. Group II was supplemented 300g hyprofat while there was no addition in the control group. The test lasted 50 days. The results showed:(1) DMI of Group II was significantly increased by 7.17%( p﹤0.01).(2) The milk yield of Group II was raised by 9.69%( p﹤0.01).(3) The milkfat percentage Group II was raised by 0.19%( p﹤0.05).The lactoprotein decreased by 0.02% compared with the control group ,and SNF,milk density had little change.(4)The level of GLU and HBDH of the serum were respectively decreased by 6.03%,13.05% by hyprofat as compared with the control group. The level of BUN of the serum was increased by 4.08%.There was no significantiy difference between the two groups.(5) The milk yield of the hyorofat group could be raised by 2.23kg/head/day.In one year(305 days),there would be added 813.9kg/head,and the added profit would be 411.75yuan.
试验Ⅰ：选择2～4胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛48头，按照配对试验分为4组，每组12头，各试验组基础日粮相同。Ⅰ组喂基础日粮，Ⅱ组喂基础日粮+400g脂肪酸钙，Ⅲ组喂基础日粮+2.5kg苜蓿干草，Ⅳ组喂基础日粮+400g脂肪酸钙+2.5kg苜蓿干草。正试期50d。结果表明：(1)在热应激条件下，脂肪酸钙和苜蓿干草可以减缓产奶量下降，试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组平均日产量比对照组提高12.6％、14.08％、26.31％，试验Ⅳ组与对照组差异极显著（P<0.01）。（2）试验期各组乳脂率平均值较试验前都有所上升，试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别上升了20.42%、16.41%和21.17％，对照组上升了10.13％，对乳中其它成分如乳蛋白、非脂固形物、乳密度等影响不大。（3）对血清激素水平的影响是：试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组试验期T3的水平较试验前分别提高1.65％、20.2％和17.82％，而对照组试验期较试验前下降2.27％，试验Ⅳ组与对照组试期相比差异显著（Ｐ<0.05）。参试牛血清中T4水平的变化情况与T3大致相同，试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组试验期T4的水平较试验前分别提高11％、4.42％和24.88％，对照组试验期较试验前下降9.91％，试验期各组T4水平差异均不显著（Ｐ>0.05）。试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组和对照组试验期与试验前血清中COR水平相比均有上升，差异均不显著（Ｐ>0.05），但试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ
组相对于对照组低6.06％、17.54％、10.37％。而PRL的水平较试验前都有上升，以第Ⅳ组上升最多，为34.54％，Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组为14.88％、11％，对照组为6.33％。脂肪酸钙和苜蓿干草可维持试验组血清中T3、T4含量稳定，减缓因热应激造成的血清中PRL的下降和COR的上升。（4）Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组比对照组每头奶牛每天多产奶分别为2.06、2.3和4.3kg/head?d,盈利分别为1.09、1.45和2.45Yuan/head?d在这几组中，经济效益Ⅳ组最佳，其次是Ⅲ组、Ⅱ组。
试验Ⅱ：选择1～3胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛10头，按照配对试验的思想分为对照组和试验组，两组的混合精料组成相同，粗饲料对照组为豆秸、玉米秸、花生秧和玉米淀粉渣，试验组以10kg苜蓿青贮替代等量粗饲料。正试期60d。结果表明：（1）对照组试验后比试验前体重下降了3.91％，而试验组试验后比试验前体重上升了5.64％。试验后奶牛体重试验组与对照组相比差异极显著（P<0.01）。因此，对奶牛饲喂苜蓿青贮，可以缓解低质粗饲料对奶牛造成的体况较差、体重下降的影响。（2）在整个试验期苜蓿青贮组干物质采食量高于对照组16.67％，且差异极显著（p﹤0.01）。（3）在试验期间，对照组日平均产奶量下降，苜蓿青贮组日平均产奶量上升，二者差异极显著(P<0.01)。（4）苜蓿青贮可以显著提高乳脂率（P<0.05），对乳蛋白、非脂固形物含量和乳密度影响不大。（5）苜蓿青贮可以带来明显的经济效益，试验组牛比对照组牛净增收入6.38Yuan/ head?d。
试验Ⅲ：在奶牛小区分别从农户A、B选择1～3胎次泌乳前期的荷斯坦牛10和4头，按照配对试验分为两组，对照组喂基础日粮，试
验组喂基础日粮+300g保护性脂肪。正试期50d。试验组与对照组相比：（1）干物质采食量提高了7.17％，且差异极显著（p﹤0.01）；（2）产奶量提高了9.69％，且差异极显著（P<0.01）；（3）乳脂率增加了0.19个百分点（P<0.05），乳蛋白率下降了0.02个百分点（P>.05），其它乳成分指标基本无变化；（4）血清中葡萄糖下降了6.03％，尿素氮增加了4.08％，α-羟丁酸脱氢酶下降了13.05％，但差异都不显著（P>0.05），说明保护性脂肪对奶牛血液代谢物质无显著影响；（5）每头牛日产奶量增加2.23kg,盈利增加了 1.35 Yuan/ head?d。
This paper studied the effect of hyprofat and alfalfa on cattles under heat-sressed condition or with low quality roughages ,the mechanisms were also initially concerned.
In experiment I,48 Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided intoGroupⅠ (controlgroup),Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣ, according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. The test lasted 50 days, during which GroupⅡwas added with 400g hyprofat, GroupⅢwas supplemented 2.5kg alfalfa hay ,400g hyprofat and 2.5kg alfalfa hay were added to groupⅣat the same time, while there was nothing addition in the control concentrate. The results showed:(1) feeding hyprofat and alfalfa hay could lessen the decline tendency of milk yield which were raised respectively by 12.6%、14.08%、26.31%（p﹤0.01） compared with the control.(2) The milkfat percentage of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣwere raised respectively by 4.91%,15.34%, 14.11% compared with the control. Lactoprotein, SNF and density had little change.(3) T3 levels of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣwere all increased by 7.56%,13.95%and 19.19%（p﹤0.05）compared with the control. The change of T4 level of the serum was same to which of T3. T4 levels of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣwere all raised by 14.49%,14.5%and 27.39%（p﹤0.05）compared with the control. COR level of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣ was decreased by 6.06%,17.54%and 10.37% compared with the control. PRL level of the serum of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣ was raised by8.55%,5.02% and 20.58% compared with the control.(4)Milk yield of GroupⅡ,ⅢandⅣ was increased respectively by 2.06kg/head/day,2.3 kg/head/day and 4.3 kg/head/day.In a year(305 days)the milk yield would be raised 628.3kg,701.5kg and 1311.5kg.The added profit would be 397.85yuan,442.3yuan and 747.25yuan.GroupⅣcould achieve the greatest profit.
In experiment II,10 Holstein dairy cows which parturition numbers was from 1 to 3 were randomly divided into Group I(control group), Group II according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. The test lasted 60 days.The two groups had the same concentrate.The roughage of control group was composed of soybean straw,corn straw and peanut vine,while that of Group II was made of alfalfa silage. The results showed:(1)The alfalfa silage group increased the DMI by 16.67% compared with the control. There was significant difference between them( p﹤0.01).(2)The milk yield was significantly raised by feeding alfalfa silage (p﹤0.01).(3)
The milkfat percentage was significantly raised by feeding alfalfa silage (p﹤0.05).There was little change in lactoprotein, SNF and density.(4)Alfalfa silage could achieved great profit. In a year(305 days)the milk yield of a cow fed with alfalfa silage would be raised by 2516kg,the added profit would be 1945.9yuan.
In experiment III,10 and 4 Holstein dairy cattles which were in early lactation were respectively chosen from two farmers.The 14 Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into Group I(control group), Group II according to their parturition numbers, milk yield. Group II was supplemented 300g hyprofat while there was no addition in the control group. The test lasted 50 days. The results showed:(1) DMI of Group II was significantly increased by 7.17%( p﹤0.01).(2) The milk yield of Group II was raised by 9.69%( p﹤0.01).(3) The milkfat percentage Group II was raised by 0.19%( p﹤0.05).The lactoprotein decreased by 0.02% compared with the control group ,and SNF,milk density had little change.(4)The level of GLU and HBDH of the serum were respectively decreased by 6.03%,13.05% by hyprofat as compared with the control group. The level of BUN of the serum was increased by 4.08%.There was no significantiy difference between the two groups.(5) The milk yield of the hyorofat group could be raised by 2.23kg/head/day.In one year(305 days),there would be added 813.9kg/head,and the added profit would be 411.75yuan.
引文
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21.李震钟主编，家畜环境生理学，北京，中国农业出版社,1999，31～32。
22.唐俊英，热应激对奶牛生产力的影响[J]中国奶牛，2000，2：27~28。
23.杨红建，冯仰廉，热应激与反刍动物营养[J]饲料研究，1999，（10）：1~3。
24.康世良，应激对动物营养与健康的影响[J]饲料博览，1994，（5），16~18。
25.高士争，脂肪酸钙添加剂提高奶牛生产性能的研究[J]中国奶牛，1998（4）21-22
26.张仲平等，奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙试验[J]饲料工业，1993.14（8）：29
27.Rogers,G.etal.Fatty acid calium soaps as supplements for grazing dairy cows ,Procedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 1998,17,459
28.Boodiolu.P.etal .Fatty acid calium soaps is animal feeding rivista Italiana-delle Sostanze Grasse,1993,70:6 271-272
28.Wu Z,Satter L D.Milk production during the complete lactation of dairy cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83:1042-1051.
29.NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.(7th Rev.Ed)Washington,DC:National Academy Press,2001.
30. NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.(6th Rev.Ed)Washington,DC:National Academy Press,1989
31..Broderick G A.Performance of lactating dairy cows fed either alfalfa silage or alfalfa hay as the sole forage. Journal of Dairy Science,1995,78:321-329
32.Cunningham K D,Cecava M J,Johnson T R,Ludden P R.Influence of source and amount of dietary protein on milk yield by cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79:620-630
33. 孟庆翔[主译]，奶牛营养需要，中国农业大学出版社，2001（7）
34.张龙翔.生化实验方法和技术，北京：人民教育出版社，1981
35.北京农业大学，动物生物化学，北京：农业出版社，1987
36.吴润培，高产和低产奶牛血清生化指标的比较，浙江农业大学学报，1988，14（3）：307-311
37.苗树君，韩明堂，不同产奶水平奶牛泌乳盛中后期血清T4 和T3 浓度变化的研究，黑龙江畜牧兽医，1992.6：1-3
38.Petit,H.V;Veira,D.M. Effects of grain level and protein on yield,feed intake,and blood traits of lactating cows fed alfalfa silage. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(6)1923-1932
39.Combs,D.K. Effect of forage to concentrate ratio and intake level on utilization of early vegetative alfalfa silage by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science.(1991)74(2)526-536
40.Broderick.G.A. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed either alfalfa silage or alfalfa hay as the sole forage. Journal of Dairy Science,1995,78(2)320-329
41.Roffler,R.E.;Deitelhoff,D.P. Response of dairy cows in early lactation to additions of cottonseed meal in alfalfa-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(8)2580-2587
42.Jerred,M.J.;Carroll,D.J. Effects of fat supplementation and immature alfalfa to concentrate ratio on lactation performance of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science,(1990)73(10)2842-2854
43.Belibasakis,N.G. Comparison of maize and alfalfa silages on milk production,milk composition and blood components of dairy cows.Veterinarni Medicina (1997)42(8)239-242
44.Robinson,P.H.;Charmley,E. Protein supplementation of high protein alfalfa silage fed to lactation dairy cows . Canadian Journal of Animal Science(1992)72(4)831-841
45.Beauchemin,K.A. Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and alfalfa hay quality on chewing,rumen funtion,and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(9)3140-3151
46.Poore,M.H.;Moore,J.A Wheat straw or alfalfa hay in diets with 30% neutral detergent fiber for lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(9)3152-3159
47.Weiss,W.P.;Shockey,W.L Value of orchardgrass and alfalfa silage fed with varying amounts of concentrates to dairy cows Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(6)1933-1943
48.Beauchemin,K.A.;Rode,L.M. Compressed baled alfalfa hay for primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1994)77(4)1003-1012
49.Peyraud,J.L.;Delaby,L Effect of substituting dried Lucerne for maize silage in diets for dairy cows. Annales de zootechnie(1994)43(1)91-104
50.Todorov,N.A. Dehydrated alfalfa and chemically preserved alfalfa silage in combination with sunflower meal or urea as sources of protein for dairy cows.Animal Feed Science and Technology(1993)45(3/4)299-307
51.Clark,P.W.;Armentano,L.E. Replacement of alfalfa neutral detergent fiber with a combination of non-forage fiber sources. Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(4)675-680
52.Waldo,D.R.;Capuco,A.V. Milk production of Holstein heifers fed either alfalfa or corn silage diets at two rates of daily grain. Journal of Dairy Science,(1998)81(3)756-764
53.Ernesto Jahn,B. Simulation model of dairy cows production. Changes and level of alfalfa .Agricultura Tecnica (Santiago)(1998)58(3)181-190
54.Orozco,Hernandez,J.R.;Brisson,G.J. Timothy grass or alfalfa silage for cows in midlaction:effect of supplementary barley. Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(11)2876-2884
55.Peteva-Vancheva,Z. Lucerne silage,hay and dried meal as protein sources for high-yielding dairy cows. Zhivotnov dni Nauki(1989)26(5)3-10
56.Petewa-Wantschewa,S Value of Lucerne protein in feeding dairy cattle. Internationale agarindustrie Zeitschrift(1990)No.6,415-416
57.Hoffman,P.C.;Combs,D.K Performance of lactating dairy cows fed red clover or alfalfa silage . Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(12)3308-3315
58.Beauchemin,K.A Effects of alfalfa silage chop length and supplementary long hay on chewing and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1994)77(5)1326-1339
59.Rode,I.M. Chewing activities and milk production of dairy cows fed alfalfa as hay,silage ,or dried cubes of hay or silage. Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(2)324-333
60.Clark,P.W. Influence of particle size on the effectiveness of the fiber in alfalfa silage. Journal of Dairy Science,(2002)85(11)3000-3007
61.Hadjipanayiotou,M The use of alfalfa cubes as partial replacement for conventional roughages and protein sources. Technical Bulletin –Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute (1999)No.204.10pp.
62.Chen,C.P.;Lee,C.F Studies on the application of alfalfa prouducts in dairy ration in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan.livestock Research(1993)26(1)67-76
63.Sadoya,H.;Sato,T.;Tanaka,K Feeding values of beet pulp compared with corn,grass hay and alfalfa hay cube for dairy cows. Animal Science and Technology (1995)66(6)540-547
64.Dhiman,T.R.;Satter,L.D. Digestion and energy balance in lactating dairy cows fed varying ratios of alfalfa silage and grain. Journal of Dairy Science,(1995)78(2)330-341
65.Broderick,G.A.;Koegel,R.G Effect of feeding macerated alfalfa silage on nutrient digestibility and milk yield in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1999)82(11)2472-2485
66.Nelson,W.F.;Satter,L.D. Impact of alfalfa maturity and preservation method on milk production by cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science,(1992)75(6)1562-1570
67.Knowlton,K.F.;Pitt,R.E.;Fox,D.G Dynamic model prediction of the value of reduced solubility of alfalfa silage protrin for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1992)75(6)1507-1516
68.Charmley,E.;Robinson,P.H Corn or alfalfa as the forage source in predominantly silage diets for late-lactation dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science(1993)73(1)67-77
69.Dhiman,T.R.;Satter,L.D. Protein as the firstlimiting nutrient for lactating dairy cows fed high proportions of good quality alfalfa silage, Journal of Dairy Science,(1993)76(7)1960-1971
70.Cadornica,C.; Satter,L.D. Protein versus energy supplementation of high alfalfa silage diets for early lactation cows Journal of Dairy Science,(1993)76(7)1972-1977
71.Alhadhrami,G;Huber,J.T. Effects of alfalfa hay of varying fiber fed at 35 or 50% of diet on lactation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1992)75(11)3091-3099
72.Boillon,N.;Roux,M. Use of Lucerne for high production dairy cows. Cahiers Agricultures(1996)5(3)137-148
73.Peyraud,J.L.;Delaby,L. Use of high-quality dried Lucerne in part substitution of maize silage in diets for dairy cows. Bulletin des.G.T.V.(1995)No.2,41-51
74.邱怀等，1992.牛生产学.中国农业出版社
75.张强，莫放，1996，油脂在高产奶牛饲料中的应用研究进展[J]国外畜牧科技，（3）：6-9
76.卢德勋，1993，反刍动物营养调控理论及应用，内蒙古畜牧科学特刊
77.Holst,P.J.;Hall,D.G.;Staniey,D.F. Effects of sex and liveweight on feeding behaviour of crossbred weaner lambs receiving oaten grain supplement on Lucerne pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture(1997)37(6)611-615
78.Emile,J.C Effects of maize and alfalfa genotypes on dairy cow performances. Annales de Zootechnie(1996)45(1)17-27
79.Kistowski,T.;Korniewicz Lucerne silage and Lucerne haylage in a diet for lactating cows. Roczniki Naukowe Zootecniki(1995)22(1)207-219
80.West,J.W. Effects of dietary fiber on intake,milk yield,and digestion by lactating dairy cows during cool or hot,humid weather. Journal of Dairy Science,(1999)82(11)2455-2465
81.Bielak,F. Milk yield and milk composition in cows fed on maize silage and wilted Lucerne silage. Roczniki Naukowe Zootecniki(1995)22(1)163-174
2.刘艳琴，李建国，江富华 奶牛泌乳早期能量负平衡的危害及解决措施[J]中国奶牛，2000（1）：31-32
3.王秀梅，包赛娜，王琪瑞，杜敏 长链脂肪酸钙在奶牛日粮中添加效果的研究[J]内蒙古畜牧科学，1998（1）：17-19
4. 李如治，奶牛热应激研究现状[J]中国奶牛，1995，（4）：38~40。
5.Jenkins,T.C Palmquist Effects of fatty acids or calcium soaps on rumen and total nutrient digestibility of dairy rations [J]Dairy Science,1984,67：978-986
6.张尚昆，日本夏季高温对奶牛生产的影响及补救措施[J]中国奶牛，1995，（3）22
7. 曹玉凤等.紫花苜蓿在畜禽生产中的应用技术[J]饲料工业，2001，（8）36－37
8.哈尔阿力.苜蓿半干青贮饲料调制方法研究[J]中国饲料，1996，（20）26－27
9 李志强.谈苜蓿的合理利用[J]饲料广角， 2002，（14），7－10
10 刘建仁.持续饲喂紫花苜蓿对乳牛泌乳的影响 [J]河北畜牧兽医，1997， 13（3） 119－120
11.李志强.苜蓿干草在高产奶牛日粮中适宜添加量的研究[J]中国农业科学，2003，36（8）950－954
13. 李季蓉等.苜蓿蛋白质及利用技术[J]当代畜牧，2002，（12）30－32
14. 陈越等.持续饲喂苜蓿干草对乳牛血液生化指标的影响[J]中国兽医杂志，1997，23（9）17－18
15. 张涛等.苜蓿产品在奶牛日粮中的应用[J]中国草食家畜，2003，23（5）39－41
16. 李胜利.优质粗饲料――苜蓿干草和鲁梅克斯对奶牛产奶性能的影响[J]中国奶业，2002，（1）23-25
17. 王运亨.苜蓿取代羊草饲喂奶牛的效果观察[J]北京奶业，2000 (4)8—10
18. DHIMAN,T.R.;SATTER,L.D. Yield response of dairy cows fed different proportions of
alfalfa silage and corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science(1997)80(9)2069-2082[En,28ref.]US Dairy Forage Research Center,USDA,Agricultural Research Service,University of Wisconsin,Madison 53706. USA.
19. HOFFMAN,P.C.;COMBS,D.K.;CASLER,M.D. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or perennial ryegrass silage. Journal of Dairy Science(1998)81(1)162-168
20.李建国，桑润滋，张正姗等，热应激对母牛内分泌及繁殖机能的影响[J]中国奶牛，1998，（3）：31~32。
21.李震钟主编，家畜环境生理学，北京，中国农业出版社,1999，31～32。
22.唐俊英，热应激对奶牛生产力的影响[J]中国奶牛，2000，2：27~28。
23.杨红建，冯仰廉，热应激与反刍动物营养[J]饲料研究，1999，（10）：1~3。
24.康世良，应激对动物营养与健康的影响[J]饲料博览，1994，（5），16~18。
25.高士争，脂肪酸钙添加剂提高奶牛生产性能的研究[J]中国奶牛，1998（4）21-22
26.张仲平等，奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙试验[J]饲料工业，1993.14（8）：29
27.Rogers,G.etal.Fatty acid calium soaps as supplements for grazing dairy cows ,Procedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 1998,17,459
28.Boodiolu.P.etal .Fatty acid calium soaps is animal feeding rivista Italiana-delle Sostanze Grasse,1993,70:6 271-272
28.Wu Z,Satter L D.Milk production during the complete lactation of dairy cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83:1042-1051.
29.NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.(7th Rev.Ed)Washington,DC:National Academy Press,2001.
30. NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.(6th Rev.Ed)Washington,DC:National Academy Press,1989
31..Broderick G A.Performance of lactating dairy cows fed either alfalfa silage or alfalfa hay as the sole forage. Journal of Dairy Science,1995,78:321-329
32.Cunningham K D,Cecava M J,Johnson T R,Ludden P R.Influence of source and amount of dietary protein on milk yield by cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79:620-630
33. 孟庆翔[主译]，奶牛营养需要，中国农业大学出版社，2001（7）
34.张龙翔.生化实验方法和技术，北京：人民教育出版社，1981
35.北京农业大学，动物生物化学，北京：农业出版社，1987
36.吴润培，高产和低产奶牛血清生化指标的比较，浙江农业大学学报，1988，14（3）：307-311
37.苗树君，韩明堂，不同产奶水平奶牛泌乳盛中后期血清T4 和T3 浓度变化的研究，黑龙江畜牧兽医，1992.6：1-3
38.Petit,H.V;Veira,D.M. Effects of grain level and protein on yield,feed intake,and blood traits of lactating cows fed alfalfa silage. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(6)1923-1932
39.Combs,D.K. Effect of forage to concentrate ratio and intake level on utilization of early vegetative alfalfa silage by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science.(1991)74(2)526-536
40.Broderick.G.A. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed either alfalfa silage or alfalfa hay as the sole forage. Journal of Dairy Science,1995,78(2)320-329
41.Roffler,R.E.;Deitelhoff,D.P. Response of dairy cows in early lactation to additions of cottonseed meal in alfalfa-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(8)2580-2587
42.Jerred,M.J.;Carroll,D.J. Effects of fat supplementation and immature alfalfa to concentrate ratio on lactation performance of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science,(1990)73(10)2842-2854
43.Belibasakis,N.G. Comparison of maize and alfalfa silages on milk production,milk composition and blood components of dairy cows.Veterinarni Medicina (1997)42(8)239-242
44.Robinson,P.H.;Charmley,E. Protein supplementation of high protein alfalfa silage fed to lactation dairy cows . Canadian Journal of Animal Science(1992)72(4)831-841
45.Beauchemin,K.A. Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and alfalfa hay quality on chewing,rumen funtion,and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(9)3140-3151
46.Poore,M.H.;Moore,J.A Wheat straw or alfalfa hay in diets with 30% neutral detergent fiber for lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(9)3152-3159
47.Weiss,W.P.;Shockey,W.L Value of orchardgrass and alfalfa silage fed with varying amounts of concentrates to dairy cows Journal of Dairy Science,(1991)74(6)1933-1943
48.Beauchemin,K.A.;Rode,L.M. Compressed baled alfalfa hay for primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1994)77(4)1003-1012
49.Peyraud,J.L.;Delaby,L Effect of substituting dried Lucerne for maize silage in diets for dairy cows. Annales de zootechnie(1994)43(1)91-104
50.Todorov,N.A. Dehydrated alfalfa and chemically preserved alfalfa silage in combination with sunflower meal or urea as sources of protein for dairy cows.Animal Feed Science and Technology(1993)45(3/4)299-307
51.Clark,P.W.;Armentano,L.E. Replacement of alfalfa neutral detergent fiber with a combination of non-forage fiber sources. Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(4)675-680
52.Waldo,D.R.;Capuco,A.V. Milk production of Holstein heifers fed either alfalfa or corn silage diets at two rates of daily grain. Journal of Dairy Science,(1998)81(3)756-764
53.Ernesto Jahn,B. Simulation model of dairy cows production. Changes and level of alfalfa .Agricultura Tecnica (Santiago)(1998)58(3)181-190
54.Orozco,Hernandez,J.R.;Brisson,G.J. Timothy grass or alfalfa silage for cows in midlaction:effect of supplementary barley. Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(11)2876-2884
55.Peteva-Vancheva,Z. Lucerne silage,hay and dried meal as protein sources for high-yielding dairy cows. Zhivotnov dni Nauki(1989)26(5)3-10
56.Petewa-Wantschewa,S Value of Lucerne protein in feeding dairy cattle. Internationale agarindustrie Zeitschrift(1990)No.6,415-416
57.Hoffman,P.C.;Combs,D.K Performance of lactating dairy cows fed red clover or alfalfa silage . Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(12)3308-3315
58.Beauchemin,K.A Effects of alfalfa silage chop length and supplementary long hay on chewing and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1994)77(5)1326-1339
59.Rode,I.M. Chewing activities and milk production of dairy cows fed alfalfa as hay,silage ,or dried cubes of hay or silage. Journal of Dairy Science,(1997)80(2)324-333
60.Clark,P.W. Influence of particle size on the effectiveness of the fiber in alfalfa silage. Journal of Dairy Science,(2002)85(11)3000-3007
61.Hadjipanayiotou,M The use of alfalfa cubes as partial replacement for conventional roughages and protein sources. Technical Bulletin –Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute (1999)No.204.10pp.
62.Chen,C.P.;Lee,C.F Studies on the application of alfalfa prouducts in dairy ration in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan.livestock Research(1993)26(1)67-76
63.Sadoya,H.;Sato,T.;Tanaka,K Feeding values of beet pulp compared with corn,grass hay and alfalfa hay cube for dairy cows. Animal Science and Technology (1995)66(6)540-547
64.Dhiman,T.R.;Satter,L.D. Digestion and energy balance in lactating dairy cows fed varying ratios of alfalfa silage and grain. Journal of Dairy Science,(1995)78(2)330-341
65.Broderick,G.A.;Koegel,R.G Effect of feeding macerated alfalfa silage on nutrient digestibility and milk yield in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1999)82(11)2472-2485
66.Nelson,W.F.;Satter,L.D. Impact of alfalfa maturity and preservation method on milk production by cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science,(1992)75(6)1562-1570
67.Knowlton,K.F.;Pitt,R.E.;Fox,D.G Dynamic model prediction of the value of reduced solubility of alfalfa silage protrin for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1992)75(6)1507-1516
68.Charmley,E.;Robinson,P.H Corn or alfalfa as the forage source in predominantly silage diets for late-lactation dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science(1993)73(1)67-77
69.Dhiman,T.R.;Satter,L.D. Protein as the firstlimiting nutrient for lactating dairy cows fed high proportions of good quality alfalfa silage, Journal of Dairy Science,(1993)76(7)1960-1971
70.Cadornica,C.; Satter,L.D. Protein versus energy supplementation of high alfalfa silage diets for early lactation cows Journal of Dairy Science,(1993)76(7)1972-1977
71.Alhadhrami,G;Huber,J.T. Effects of alfalfa hay of varying fiber fed at 35 or 50% of diet on lactation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,(1992)75(11)3091-3099
72.Boillon,N.;Roux,M. Use of Lucerne for high production dairy cows. Cahiers Agricultures(1996)5(3)137-148
73.Peyraud,J.L.;Delaby,L. Use of high-quality dried Lucerne in part substitution of maize silage in diets for dairy cows. Bulletin des.G.T.V.(1995)No.2,41-51
74.邱怀等，1992.牛生产学.中国农业出版社
75.张强，莫放，1996，油脂在高产奶牛饲料中的应用研究进展[J]国外畜牧科技，（3）：6-9
76.卢德勋，1993，反刍动物营养调控理论及应用，内蒙古畜牧科学特刊
77.Holst,P.J.;Hall,D.G.;Staniey,D.F. Effects of sex and liveweight on feeding behaviour of crossbred weaner lambs receiving oaten grain supplement on Lucerne pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture(1997)37(6)611-615
78.Emile,J.C Effects of maize and alfalfa genotypes on dairy cow performances. Annales de Zootechnie(1996)45(1)17-27
79.Kistowski,T.;Korniewicz Lucerne silage and Lucerne haylage in a diet for lactating cows. Roczniki Naukowe Zootecniki(1995)22(1)207-219
80.West,J.W. Effects of dietary fiber on intake,milk yield,and digestion by lactating dairy cows during cool or hot,humid weather. Journal of Dairy Science,(1999)82(11)2455-2465
81.Bielak,F. Milk yield and milk composition in cows fed on maize silage and wilted Lucerne silage. Roczniki Naukowe Zootecniki(1995)22(1)163-174
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