贝类辐射生物学效应的初步研究
摘要
海水贝类在我国海水养殖业中占有重要的地位，但是由于海水贝类养殖品种
主要是野生家养型，持续高密度大面积养殖给养殖业造成了严重的破坏，养殖贝
类经常出现大面积死亡。本文通过使用γ射线辐射几种经济贝类，研究贝类辐射
的生物学效应，为获得贝类突变新品种研究提供理论基础，并最终达到改善贝类
的品质的目的。
60Co-γ 辐射处理于 2002 年 4 月和 2002 年 10 月在莱阳农学院原子能利用实
验站进行，辐射源强度 1.2 万 Ci，剂量率 1.5Gy/min，源强度经中国计量科学研
究院电离辐射处用丙氨酸剂量计进行标定。辐射处理采用外照射方法，辐射过程
贝类一直在干露降温的泡沫箱中。
辐射处理前，将材料随机分组，用游标卡尺分别测量每个体的壳长、壳宽、
壳高和全湿重等生物学性状参数。辐射处理后，在中国科学院海洋研究所培育楼
内用自然海水暂养，每日投喂硅藻 3 次、全量换水 1 次并统计死亡率。室内暂养
一段时间之后挂养到青岛海区的浮筏上，定期测量各组的存活率和生长相关指
标。
研究发现：辐射对长牡蛎、皱纹盘鲍、栉孔扇贝致死的死亡高峰在 30d 左右，
长牡蛎和皱纹盘鲍瞬时死亡与时间变化呈单峰曲线，栉孔扇贝的曲线有 2 个峰，
第 2 个峰为辐射致死效应峰，死亡率与时间和辐射剂量的相关关系显著。
长牡蛎存活率和辐射剂量的关系呈典型的抛物线，在低于 80Gy 的剂量区内
出现了 1 个相当宽的肩区，而在小于 60Gy 辐射剂量区出现了一个存活率为 100%
的区域。当辐射剂量达到 80Gy 时，才开始出现死亡现象，在 80~180Gy 的剂量
范围内，长牡蛎的存活率出现了接近线性的下降趋势。
皱纹盘鲍的存活曲线为指数型，低剂量时存活曲线下降很快，近似直线下降，
高剂量（>120Gy）曲线平缓，对照组到 120Gy 基本上成直线下降，而 150 到 250Gy
皱纹盘鲍存活率都趋于 0，150Gy 剂量对皱纹盘鲍就可以致死；栉孔扇贝存活率
和辐射剂量的曲线为一个类似开口朝下的抛物线，在低剂量区曲线出现一段缓慢
4
摘要
下降的肩区，高剂量区曲线下降迅速。
4 种经济贝类的辐射敏感性比较发现，皱纹盘鲍对辐射最敏感，其次是海湾
扇贝和长牡蛎，对辐射最不敏感的是栉孔扇贝。
辐射对四种贝类的生长均有一定的影响。低剂量辐射对长牡蛎的生长具有刺
激作用，对壳长、壳宽、全湿重生长指标的观测表明，这些生长指标随辐射剂量
的变化有相似的趋势，在 60Gy 范围内，生长速率随辐射剂量增加而升高，然后
随辐射剂量进一步升高而呈现下降的趋势，但 100Gy 以内的辐射处理组 3 项生
长指标均高于对照组，其中 20~60Gy 全湿重增重率与对照组的差异显著
（P<0.05），60Gy 体长和体宽增长率与对照组的差异显著（P<0.05），40~60Gy
体宽增长率与对照组差异显著（P<0.05）。该结果表明，8~100Gy 的 Co-γ 射线
60
对长牡蛎的生长速率均有一定的促进作用，40~60Gy 时促进作用达到最大值。条
件指数与全湿重随辐射剂量的变化趋势基本一致，在实验所用的剂量范围内，
60Co-γ 射线辐射处理均可显著促进长牡蛎的条件指数增加，最大促进剂量在
40~80Gy 范围内，40、80、120Gy 与对照组的差异显著（P<0.05）。
辐射抑制了皱纹盘鲍的生长，皱纹盘鲍CK的壳长2个月增长率为60%，40Gy
为 38.45%，大剂量的增长率依次降低。
在 40Gy 以内辐射对栉孔扇贝生长具有刺激作用，以全湿重的刺激效果最明
显，40Gy 的全湿重增重率为 9.6%，是 CK 组的 175.4%。其它剂量则抑制生长。
辐射导致栉孔扇贝的性腺发育受损，雌雄性腺都呈斑块状发育。组织切片观
察发现，栉孔扇贝的卵巢和精巢中都有未发育的空滤泡，滤泡四周只分布少量的
原始生殖细胞。从性腺抑制指数可以看出，随辐射剂量的增加，对性腺发育的损
伤越大。
用辐射后存活的长牡蛎做亲本，1～120Gy 各辐射组内交配，各辐射组雌与
未辐射 CK 组雄贝交配，都可以正常受精，双亲亲本均受过辐射的受精卵孵化率
相对对照组的低，幼虫的生长速率慢，但幼贝生长的差异不显著，所有存活辐射
组的子一代都存活下来，辐射后经修复存活的雌雄牡蛎都是可育的。
Marine molluscs occupy the important position in our country sea-farming
industry. But, the molluscs are wild. Successive heavy mortalities have been the
major limiting factor in the development of this industry. There are several
suspected causes of such massive mortality, such as: prevalence of virus and
rickettsia-like pathogenic microorganisms, high stock densities which exceed carrying
capacity of sea areas, deterioration of water quality, etc. This paper was to study γ
ray applied to shellfish breeding.
The shellfish were exposed to cobalt-60 gamma ray at Laiyang Agriculture
College Atomic Laboratory 2002. The radiation source is 12,000 Ci, at a rate of 1.5
Gy / min. And the source was calculated at Chinese Science Institute of Electricity.
The experiment was performed, derived from water.
Before the materials were treated, they were grouped at random. The length,
width, height, and wet weight of each was measured. The radiations were kept
temporarily with the nature sea water in Chinese Science Institute of Oceanology after
treated. The radiations were fed with diatom three times everyday, and the water
was changed once a day and the mortality rate was statisticed. Then the materials
were cultured in the sea of Qingdao. The survival rate and the growth rate were
measured at certain stage.
The research expresses high peak of mortality at 30 days or so in the molluscs.
Instantaneous mortality and time variety is a single peak curve in the Pacific oyster
and the Pacific abalone. Significant differences between the mortality rate and
cultivation time and the irradiation dosage show evidently.
6
英文摘要
The survival curve of the Pacific oyster is the typical parabola. A wide shoulder
area appeared in that lower than 80Gy. But in smaller than 60Gy, the survival was
100 percenet. Higher than 80Gy, the oysters began to die. And the survival rate is
linear decreasing as the dosage increasing. The survival curve of the Pacific abalone
descent very quick at low dosage, looks like a straight line. The survival curve of
the Zhikong scallop a parabola. There is a slow-descendent shoulder area at low
dosage the curve, the high amount of area curve descent is quick.
The low dosage of radiation has the incitement function to the growth of Pacific
oyster, such as for shell length, shell width, shell height, and whole wet weight. And
the growth rate of them are similar. Within the scope of 60Gy, the growth rate
increases with the irradiation dosage at first, then decreases. Within the scope of
100Gy, the growth rates are all higher than the control. The result indicates that
irradiation can stimulate the growth rate of Pacific oyster at dosage from 8Gy to
100Gy. And the most effect dosage is between 40 and 60Gy. The condition index
is accorded with the growth rate of the whole wet weight. The condition index can
be stimulated by γ ray. The biggest accelerant measures are within the scope of
40~80Gy. The radiation repressed the growth of Pacific abalone. The growth rate
of the control is 60 percent, and 40Gy is 38.45 percent at 2 month. The growth rate
decreases with the dose of radiation increases. Low dosage (≦40Gy) can incite the
growth rate of Zhikong scallop. The most obvious is the whole wet weight(9.6%),
which is 175.4 percent to the control.
The gonad development of Zhikong scallop was damaged by γ ray irradiation.
The gonad can not develop completely or develop spottedly. There are some
better-developed follicle and some without-developed follicle in the ovary. The
gonad was injured as the dosage increased.
The Pacific oysters that survives after radiation are crossed. The hatching rate
of 80 and 120Gy is lower than the control significantly. The growth rate of the
larvae slower than the control. And the grow
主要是野生家养型，持续高密度大面积养殖给养殖业造成了严重的破坏，养殖贝
类经常出现大面积死亡。本文通过使用γ射线辐射几种经济贝类，研究贝类辐射
的生物学效应，为获得贝类突变新品种研究提供理论基础，并最终达到改善贝类
的品质的目的。
60Co-γ 辐射处理于 2002 年 4 月和 2002 年 10 月在莱阳农学院原子能利用实
验站进行，辐射源强度 1.2 万 Ci，剂量率 1.5Gy/min，源强度经中国计量科学研
究院电离辐射处用丙氨酸剂量计进行标定。辐射处理采用外照射方法，辐射过程
贝类一直在干露降温的泡沫箱中。
辐射处理前，将材料随机分组，用游标卡尺分别测量每个体的壳长、壳宽、
壳高和全湿重等生物学性状参数。辐射处理后，在中国科学院海洋研究所培育楼
内用自然海水暂养，每日投喂硅藻 3 次、全量换水 1 次并统计死亡率。室内暂养
一段时间之后挂养到青岛海区的浮筏上，定期测量各组的存活率和生长相关指
标。
研究发现：辐射对长牡蛎、皱纹盘鲍、栉孔扇贝致死的死亡高峰在 30d 左右，
长牡蛎和皱纹盘鲍瞬时死亡与时间变化呈单峰曲线，栉孔扇贝的曲线有 2 个峰，
第 2 个峰为辐射致死效应峰，死亡率与时间和辐射剂量的相关关系显著。
长牡蛎存活率和辐射剂量的关系呈典型的抛物线，在低于 80Gy 的剂量区内
出现了 1 个相当宽的肩区，而在小于 60Gy 辐射剂量区出现了一个存活率为 100%
的区域。当辐射剂量达到 80Gy 时，才开始出现死亡现象，在 80~180Gy 的剂量
范围内，长牡蛎的存活率出现了接近线性的下降趋势。
皱纹盘鲍的存活曲线为指数型，低剂量时存活曲线下降很快，近似直线下降，
高剂量（>120Gy）曲线平缓，对照组到 120Gy 基本上成直线下降，而 150 到 250Gy
皱纹盘鲍存活率都趋于 0，150Gy 剂量对皱纹盘鲍就可以致死；栉孔扇贝存活率
和辐射剂量的曲线为一个类似开口朝下的抛物线，在低剂量区曲线出现一段缓慢
4
摘要
下降的肩区，高剂量区曲线下降迅速。
4 种经济贝类的辐射敏感性比较发现，皱纹盘鲍对辐射最敏感，其次是海湾
扇贝和长牡蛎，对辐射最不敏感的是栉孔扇贝。
辐射对四种贝类的生长均有一定的影响。低剂量辐射对长牡蛎的生长具有刺
激作用，对壳长、壳宽、全湿重生长指标的观测表明，这些生长指标随辐射剂量
的变化有相似的趋势，在 60Gy 范围内，生长速率随辐射剂量增加而升高，然后
随辐射剂量进一步升高而呈现下降的趋势，但 100Gy 以内的辐射处理组 3 项生
长指标均高于对照组，其中 20~60Gy 全湿重增重率与对照组的差异显著
（P<0.05），60Gy 体长和体宽增长率与对照组的差异显著（P<0.05），40~60Gy
体宽增长率与对照组差异显著（P<0.05）。该结果表明，8~100Gy 的 Co-γ 射线
60
对长牡蛎的生长速率均有一定的促进作用，40~60Gy 时促进作用达到最大值。条
件指数与全湿重随辐射剂量的变化趋势基本一致，在实验所用的剂量范围内，
60Co-γ 射线辐射处理均可显著促进长牡蛎的条件指数增加，最大促进剂量在
40~80Gy 范围内，40、80、120Gy 与对照组的差异显著（P<0.05）。
辐射抑制了皱纹盘鲍的生长，皱纹盘鲍CK的壳长2个月增长率为60%，40Gy
为 38.45%，大剂量的增长率依次降低。
在 40Gy 以内辐射对栉孔扇贝生长具有刺激作用，以全湿重的刺激效果最明
显，40Gy 的全湿重增重率为 9.6%，是 CK 组的 175.4%。其它剂量则抑制生长。
辐射导致栉孔扇贝的性腺发育受损，雌雄性腺都呈斑块状发育。组织切片观
察发现，栉孔扇贝的卵巢和精巢中都有未发育的空滤泡，滤泡四周只分布少量的
原始生殖细胞。从性腺抑制指数可以看出，随辐射剂量的增加，对性腺发育的损
伤越大。
用辐射后存活的长牡蛎做亲本，1～120Gy 各辐射组内交配，各辐射组雌与
未辐射 CK 组雄贝交配，都可以正常受精，双亲亲本均受过辐射的受精卵孵化率
相对对照组的低，幼虫的生长速率慢，但幼贝生长的差异不显著，所有存活辐射
组的子一代都存活下来，辐射后经修复存活的雌雄牡蛎都是可育的。
Marine molluscs occupy the important position in our country sea-farming
industry. But, the molluscs are wild. Successive heavy mortalities have been the
major limiting factor in the development of this industry. There are several
suspected causes of such massive mortality, such as: prevalence of virus and
rickettsia-like pathogenic microorganisms, high stock densities which exceed carrying
capacity of sea areas, deterioration of water quality, etc. This paper was to study γ
ray applied to shellfish breeding.
The shellfish were exposed to cobalt-60 gamma ray at Laiyang Agriculture
College Atomic Laboratory 2002. The radiation source is 12,000 Ci, at a rate of 1.5
Gy / min. And the source was calculated at Chinese Science Institute of Electricity.
The experiment was performed, derived from water.
Before the materials were treated, they were grouped at random. The length,
width, height, and wet weight of each was measured. The radiations were kept
temporarily with the nature sea water in Chinese Science Institute of Oceanology after
treated. The radiations were fed with diatom three times everyday, and the water
was changed once a day and the mortality rate was statisticed. Then the materials
were cultured in the sea of Qingdao. The survival rate and the growth rate were
measured at certain stage.
The research expresses high peak of mortality at 30 days or so in the molluscs.
Instantaneous mortality and time variety is a single peak curve in the Pacific oyster
and the Pacific abalone. Significant differences between the mortality rate and
cultivation time and the irradiation dosage show evidently.
6
英文摘要
The survival curve of the Pacific oyster is the typical parabola. A wide shoulder
area appeared in that lower than 80Gy. But in smaller than 60Gy, the survival was
100 percenet. Higher than 80Gy, the oysters began to die. And the survival rate is
linear decreasing as the dosage increasing. The survival curve of the Pacific abalone
descent very quick at low dosage, looks like a straight line. The survival curve of
the Zhikong scallop a parabola. There is a slow-descendent shoulder area at low
dosage the curve, the high amount of area curve descent is quick.
The low dosage of radiation has the incitement function to the growth of Pacific
oyster, such as for shell length, shell width, shell height, and whole wet weight. And
the growth rate of them are similar. Within the scope of 60Gy, the growth rate
increases with the irradiation dosage at first, then decreases. Within the scope of
100Gy, the growth rates are all higher than the control. The result indicates that
irradiation can stimulate the growth rate of Pacific oyster at dosage from 8Gy to
100Gy. And the most effect dosage is between 40 and 60Gy. The condition index
is accorded with the growth rate of the whole wet weight. The condition index can
be stimulated by γ ray. The biggest accelerant measures are within the scope of
40~80Gy. The radiation repressed the growth of Pacific abalone. The growth rate
of the control is 60 percent, and 40Gy is 38.45 percent at 2 month. The growth rate
decreases with the dose of radiation increases. Low dosage (≦40Gy) can incite the
growth rate of Zhikong scallop. The most obvious is the whole wet weight(9.6%),
which is 175.4 percent to the control.
The gonad development of Zhikong scallop was damaged by γ ray irradiation.
The gonad can not develop completely or develop spottedly. There are some
better-developed follicle and some without-developed follicle in the ovary. The
gonad was injured as the dosage increased.
The Pacific oysters that survives after radiation are crossed. The hatching rate
of 80 and 120Gy is lower than the control significantly. The growth rate of the
larvae slower than the control. And the grow
引文
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