末次冰期以来南海及日本海硅藻及其古环境变化
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摘要
本文研究了西太平洋边缘海192个表层沉积物硅藻数据及现代冬夏季表层温度、盐度数据。数据初步分析结果显示,正对应分析法(CCA)为最合适的数理统计方法。正对应分析法(CCA)结果表明冬、夏季表层盐度以及冬、夏季表层温度两两之间都有着很好的正相关性,而由于海流与季风的相互作用,盐度与温度之间关系不大。硅藻站位与环境变量关系指出太平洋及大部分南海站位高温高盐,南海沿岸站位高温低盐,几乎所有日本海站位低温低盐,黄海和渤海站位低温高盐,东海站位拥有最广泛的盐度梯度分布。分析结果中硅藻种属、站位与环境变量均很好的对应了已知的硅藻生态和该区域海洋学特征。经由蒙特卡洛检验,以上结果均有数理统计意义。
南海17940孔高分辨率硅藻记录了南海北部陆架15 000年来的古环境变化。利用聚类分析划分了四个硅藻带。Thalassionema nitzschioides var.parva比率以及半咸水种属含量可作为温度盐度变化的指示。对比FP-12E-SSTw,SSS数据(在新的年代框架下)和董哥洞δ~(18)O数据,清楚地表明了波令-阿勒罗德暖期(B/A)、新仙女木冷事件(YD)、全新世大暖期(HCO)及3次全新世冷事件(7150-6250,4150-3450,1800-1350 cal.yr BP)。Paralia sulcata在11150-8050 cal.yr BP期间含量的明显上升代表了一次强烈的冲淡水事件,这可能是由台湾海峡的开启造成的。晚更新世至早全新世期间,海平面变化产生的古地理环境变化是引起的古海洋环境变化的主要控制因素,进入全新世以后,东亚夏季风强度的变化则是古海洋环境变化的主要控制因素。
位于日本海南部郁陵海盆(Ulleung Basin)的UB-2孔沉积物硅藻记录反映了近28 000年古海洋和古气候的变化。对比日本海及格陵兰冰芯(GRIP)δ~(18)O数据,硅藻暖水种比率及淡水-海滨种含量清楚的反映出包括氧同位素3期(MIS 3)、末次盛冰期(LGM)、波令-阿勒罗德暖期(B/A)以及新仙女木冷事件(YD)。自15 200 cal.yr BP起,P.sulcata含量逐渐上升,这可能与海平面上升引起的古环境变化有关,可以作为对马海峡开启的标志。11 300-11 100 cal.yr BPP.sulcata含量达到峰值,对应着融冰冲淡水事件(mwp-IB)。气候引起的海平面变化是该区域古气候变化的主要控制因素。
对比南海17940孔与日本海UB-2孔,本文发现二者硅藻组合面貌非常相似,均以浮游硅藻为主,淡水、半咸水、沿岸及海滨种含量不多但变化明显,具有重要环境指示意义的硅藻种属数量较少但能很好的反映古环境变化。新仙女木冷事件(YD)在南海主要表现为海水表层盐度的上升,在日本海,则有着更为明显的降温。早全新世出现的P.sulcata峰值,对应着融冰冲淡水事件(mwp-IB),而P.sulcata含量的上升,可能与海平面上升引起的古环境变化有关,可以作为海峡开启的标志。
Diatom data of 192 surface sediment samples from the marginal seas in the western Pacific together with modern summer and winter sea surface temperature and salinity data were analysed.Canonical correspondence analysis seems to be suitable for diatom data and environmental variables.The results of canonical correspondence analysis show that summer sea-surface salinity(SSS) is highly positively correlated with winter SSS and so is summer sea-surface temperature(SST) with winter SST.The correlations between SSSs and SSTs are less positively correlated,which may be due to interaction of regional current pattern and monsoon climate.The correlations between diatom species and environmental variables on CCA biplot indicate that most of sample sites from the SCS and the Pacific represent the highest water temperatures and salinities,the sample sites from the coast of the SCS favor high water temperatures but relatively low salinity,almost all samples from the Sea of Japan(the East Sea) are characterised by high salinity but low water temperatures,the sample sites from the YS and the BS are located in the area with relatively low temperature and salinity and the sample sites from the ECS cover the largest salinity gradient.The correlations between diatom species,sample sites and environmental variables concur with known diatom ecology and regional oceanographic characters.Monte Carlo permutation tests demonstrate that all the results are statistically significant.
Changes in palaeoenvironments through the last 15 000 years have been documented by a high-resolution diatom record of core 17940 from the northern slope of the South China Sea.Four diatom assemblage zones,each characterized by different diatom components,are distinguished by cluster analysis.The ratios of Thalassionema nitzschioides var.parva and the brackish-littoral species,used as the proxies for temperature and salinity,are compared with previously published sea-surface temperature(FP-12E-SSTw) and sea-surface salinity(SSS) data from the same core and with the Dongge Caveδ~(18)O record.The B(?)lling-Aller(?)d warm phase, the Younger Dryas cold event,the Holocene Climate Optimum and three Holocene cooling events(7150-6250,4150-3450 and 1800-1350 cal.yr BP) are clearly distinguished by changes in the abundance of the brackish-littoral species and/or in the ratio of T.nitzschioides var.parva.A marked increase in abundance of the coastal species Paralia sulcata during the interval 11150-8050 cal.yr BP indicates a strong coastal water influence,probably due to the opening of the Taiwan Strait.During the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene,induced by sea-level changes may be the primarily controller of palaeogeographic variations,whereas,palaeoenvironmental changes appear to be mainly dominated by fluctuations of the East Asian summer monsoon during most of the Holocene.
High-resolution diatom record of core UB-2 from the Ulleung Basin in the southern part of the East Sea(Sea of Japan) reveals palaeoenvironmental changes through the last 28000 years.Comparing withδ~(18)O records of the East Sea(Sea of Japan) and the Greenland ice core(GRIP),the Marine Isotope Stages 3(MIS 3),the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),the B(?)lling-Aller(?)d warm phase(B/A) and the Younger Dryas cold event(YD) are clearly distinguished by the percentage of warm water species and the abundance of fresh-littoral species.Increasing abundance of Paralia sulcata from 15200 cal.yr BP refers to the opening of the Tsushima Strait and the maximum abundance of P.sulcata during 11300 and 11100 cal.yr BP indicated a strong coastal water influence which corresponded to the melt-water pulse IB(mwp-IB).Climate-induced palaeogeographic variations may the main contributor to palaeoenvironmental changes.
A similar diatom assemblage is found by comparing core 17940 of the South China Sea and core UB-2 of the East Sea(Sea of Japan).Planktonic species are the major components.There are little abundances of fresh,brackish,coastal and littoral species,but their varieties are obvious.The palaeoenvironmental changes can be indicated by some ecological important diatom species,although changes in absolute values of these species are relatively small.During the Younger Dryas cold event (YD),increasing of sea surface salinity is the main character,whereas,the East Sea (Sea of Japan) is dominated by lower temperature.The maximum abundance of P. sulcata during the early Holocene can be corresponded to the melt-water pulse IB (mwp-IB),and the increasing abundance of this species,which can be used as a proxy for the opening of straits,is due to sea level rising.
南海17940孔高分辨率硅藻记录了南海北部陆架15 000年来的古环境变化。利用聚类分析划分了四个硅藻带。Thalassionema nitzschioides var.parva比率以及半咸水种属含量可作为温度盐度变化的指示。对比FP-12E-SSTw,SSS数据(在新的年代框架下)和董哥洞δ~(18)O数据,清楚地表明了波令-阿勒罗德暖期(B/A)、新仙女木冷事件(YD)、全新世大暖期(HCO)及3次全新世冷事件(7150-6250,4150-3450,1800-1350 cal.yr BP)。Paralia sulcata在11150-8050 cal.yr BP期间含量的明显上升代表了一次强烈的冲淡水事件,这可能是由台湾海峡的开启造成的。晚更新世至早全新世期间,海平面变化产生的古地理环境变化是引起的古海洋环境变化的主要控制因素,进入全新世以后,东亚夏季风强度的变化则是古海洋环境变化的主要控制因素。
位于日本海南部郁陵海盆(Ulleung Basin)的UB-2孔沉积物硅藻记录反映了近28 000年古海洋和古气候的变化。对比日本海及格陵兰冰芯(GRIP)δ~(18)O数据,硅藻暖水种比率及淡水-海滨种含量清楚的反映出包括氧同位素3期(MIS 3)、末次盛冰期(LGM)、波令-阿勒罗德暖期(B/A)以及新仙女木冷事件(YD)。自15 200 cal.yr BP起,P.sulcata含量逐渐上升,这可能与海平面上升引起的古环境变化有关,可以作为对马海峡开启的标志。11 300-11 100 cal.yr BPP.sulcata含量达到峰值,对应着融冰冲淡水事件(mwp-IB)。气候引起的海平面变化是该区域古气候变化的主要控制因素。
对比南海17940孔与日本海UB-2孔,本文发现二者硅藻组合面貌非常相似,均以浮游硅藻为主,淡水、半咸水、沿岸及海滨种含量不多但变化明显,具有重要环境指示意义的硅藻种属数量较少但能很好的反映古环境变化。新仙女木冷事件(YD)在南海主要表现为海水表层盐度的上升,在日本海,则有着更为明显的降温。早全新世出现的P.sulcata峰值,对应着融冰冲淡水事件(mwp-IB),而P.sulcata含量的上升,可能与海平面上升引起的古环境变化有关,可以作为海峡开启的标志。
Diatom data of 192 surface sediment samples from the marginal seas in the western Pacific together with modern summer and winter sea surface temperature and salinity data were analysed.Canonical correspondence analysis seems to be suitable for diatom data and environmental variables.The results of canonical correspondence analysis show that summer sea-surface salinity(SSS) is highly positively correlated with winter SSS and so is summer sea-surface temperature(SST) with winter SST.The correlations between SSSs and SSTs are less positively correlated,which may be due to interaction of regional current pattern and monsoon climate.The correlations between diatom species and environmental variables on CCA biplot indicate that most of sample sites from the SCS and the Pacific represent the highest water temperatures and salinities,the sample sites from the coast of the SCS favor high water temperatures but relatively low salinity,almost all samples from the Sea of Japan(the East Sea) are characterised by high salinity but low water temperatures,the sample sites from the YS and the BS are located in the area with relatively low temperature and salinity and the sample sites from the ECS cover the largest salinity gradient.The correlations between diatom species,sample sites and environmental variables concur with known diatom ecology and regional oceanographic characters.Monte Carlo permutation tests demonstrate that all the results are statistically significant.
Changes in palaeoenvironments through the last 15 000 years have been documented by a high-resolution diatom record of core 17940 from the northern slope of the South China Sea.Four diatom assemblage zones,each characterized by different diatom components,are distinguished by cluster analysis.The ratios of Thalassionema nitzschioides var.parva and the brackish-littoral species,used as the proxies for temperature and salinity,are compared with previously published sea-surface temperature(FP-12E-SSTw) and sea-surface salinity(SSS) data from the same core and with the Dongge Caveδ~(18)O record.The B(?)lling-Aller(?)d warm phase, the Younger Dryas cold event,the Holocene Climate Optimum and three Holocene cooling events(7150-6250,4150-3450 and 1800-1350 cal.yr BP) are clearly distinguished by changes in the abundance of the brackish-littoral species and/or in the ratio of T.nitzschioides var.parva.A marked increase in abundance of the coastal species Paralia sulcata during the interval 11150-8050 cal.yr BP indicates a strong coastal water influence,probably due to the opening of the Taiwan Strait.During the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene,induced by sea-level changes may be the primarily controller of palaeogeographic variations,whereas,palaeoenvironmental changes appear to be mainly dominated by fluctuations of the East Asian summer monsoon during most of the Holocene.
High-resolution diatom record of core UB-2 from the Ulleung Basin in the southern part of the East Sea(Sea of Japan) reveals palaeoenvironmental changes through the last 28000 years.Comparing withδ~(18)O records of the East Sea(Sea of Japan) and the Greenland ice core(GRIP),the Marine Isotope Stages 3(MIS 3),the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),the B(?)lling-Aller(?)d warm phase(B/A) and the Younger Dryas cold event(YD) are clearly distinguished by the percentage of warm water species and the abundance of fresh-littoral species.Increasing abundance of Paralia sulcata from 15200 cal.yr BP refers to the opening of the Tsushima Strait and the maximum abundance of P.sulcata during 11300 and 11100 cal.yr BP indicated a strong coastal water influence which corresponded to the melt-water pulse IB(mwp-IB).Climate-induced palaeogeographic variations may the main contributor to palaeoenvironmental changes.
A similar diatom assemblage is found by comparing core 17940 of the South China Sea and core UB-2 of the East Sea(Sea of Japan).Planktonic species are the major components.There are little abundances of fresh,brackish,coastal and littoral species,but their varieties are obvious.The palaeoenvironmental changes can be indicated by some ecological important diatom species,although changes in absolute values of these species are relatively small.During the Younger Dryas cold event (YD),increasing of sea surface salinity is the main character,whereas,the East Sea (Sea of Japan) is dominated by lower temperature.The maximum abundance of P. sulcata during the early Holocene can be corresponded to the melt-water pulse IB (mwp-IB),and the increasing abundance of this species,which can be used as a proxy for the opening of straits,is due to sea level rising.
引文
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