GG纯钛粘结瓷的改良及GG瓷粉相关性能的研究
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摘要
钛瓷结合力低的主要原因是在钛表面极易生成氧化膜。许多研究通过钛表面改性减少TiO2的生成以提高化学结合力，提升钛瓷结合强度。表面改性的方法很多，包括酸蚀、微弧氧化、磁控溅射等，这些方法虽然具有一定效果，但操作复杂、制作时间长、费用较高等都使它们在临床中的应用受到了限制。
本实验通过改良粘结瓷配方，即通过在粘结瓷中加入具有还原性的物质，达到提高钛瓷结合力的目的。改良粘结瓷与表面改性相比不增加操作步骤，粘结瓷粉还可批量生产，在临床操作便捷性方面具有明显优势。粘结瓷改良后颜色发生了变化，检测其对遮色瓷遮色能力产生的影响。探讨了改良粘结瓷对烤瓷修复体抗腐蚀能力的影响。对GG瓷粉的耐磨性、边缘适合性进行了检测，为GG瓷粉在临床上的使用提供实验依据。
本实验的研究成果如下：
1.通过粘结瓷中加入还原性的SnX，得到改良GG粘结瓷。实验确定SnX最适质量百分比为8%，在该实验组中三点弯曲结合强度显著提高，达到45.12±4.97Mpa，明显高于改良前及Superporcelain瓷粉36.17±3.94Mpa；剥脱界面SEM显示8%SnX组的瓷残留最多，EDS显示硅氧含量最高；8%SnX组矢状面SEM显示钛和瓷的结合面界限模糊，钛元素和瓷向对方侵入；线扫描发现在烧结过程中出现了Sn元素向钛瓷结合界面的富集现象；XRD证实由于还原性SnX的加入可以减少TiO_2生成，同时生成了新的化合物Ti3Sn，钛瓷间形成了新的化学键，提高了钛瓷结合力。
2.粘结瓷的改良还可提高试件在酸性含氟人工唾液中的抗腐蚀能力。虽然在含氟人工唾液中，随着酸浓度的增高，钛瓷结合力降低，但仍然保持了较高水平34.14±3.27Mpa，远远高于ISO规定的25Mpa。瓷剥脱面SEM显示侵蚀使剥脱界面瓷残留减少，钛基底呈蜂窝状疏松结构；XRD结果表明，剥脱面有氢元素和氟元素存在，同时有Ti、TiH_2形成，氧化物消失，证实脆性TiH_2的生成是钛瓷结合力降低的原因。为更进一步模拟口腔状况，在实验条件中加入静压力，在PH5.4的人工唾液中，三点弯结合强度随静压力和氟离子浓度的升高，钛瓷结合力逐渐降低，14天后趋于稳定；单纯酸性唾液和静压力对钛瓷结合无影响；SEM显示：在酸性人工唾液中随着静压力和氟离子浓度的升高，剥脱面瓷残留减少，钛基底呈蜂窝状疏松结构，XRD分析结果与未施静压力相似。
3.模拟口腔环境，记录不同修复材料与滑石瓷盘对磨时材料体积的磨损百分比，了解材料摩擦磨耗性能。发现在研究的三种瓷材料中GG体瓷的磨损量与天然牙最接近，最适于修复体的制作；且GG体瓷的摩擦系数大，有利于咀嚼功能的发挥。
4.通过观察铸造钛基底及熔附瓷的不同步骤对试件边缘适合性的影响，了解钛瓷粉因烧结制度的差异对边缘适合性的影响及烧结次数对边缘适合性的影响。研究发现在熔附瓷后边缘浮出量明显高于熔附瓷前；而熔附瓷各步骤组间组内均无明显统计学差异，说明烧结制度的差异不会对边缘浮出量产生影响，GG烤瓷烧结制度适于临床应用。也证实烧结次数的增加对GG瓷粉的边缘适合性没有影响。
从实验研究结果中可以看出，改良GG粘结瓷减少了钛基底在烧结过程中氧化物生成，利用还原态锡和氧竞争与钛的结合，达到减少TiO_2生成的目的。在改良粘结瓷烧结阶段，Sn元素向钛瓷结合界面迁移，生成Ti3Sn，增加了钛瓷之间的化学键，进一步增强了钛瓷结合力。以上两点是改良GG粘结瓷得以显著提高钛瓷结合力的重要原因。改良GG粘结瓷与广泛应用于临床的Superporcelain瓷粉相比，钛瓷结合强度提高了20%，有助于降低纯钛烤瓷修复体的失败几率，扩大其在临床的应用范围。现在应用于临床的纯钛粘结瓷无法阻止TiO_2生成，且与钛基底之间没有形成牢固结合力，都突显了自主研发的改良GG粘结瓷的优势，也使自主GG纯钛烤瓷材料的研发得到进一步完善。
The low adhesion between titanium is mainly because the formation ofoxide film in the titanium surface. Surface modification is always used to reducethe production of TiO_2and increase the chemical combination between Ti andporcelain. The purpose of this study was to enhance the combination ofTi-porcelain through adding Sn with reducing state into bonding porcelain. Thispaper discussed the sintering parameters of the improved bonding porcelain, thereason of the increased Ti-porcelain bonding force, the effect of the color changof the improved GG bonding porcelain on the mask compatibility of GG opaqueporcelain, and the corrosion ability of the improved bonding porcelain. Alsoexperiments were carried out to determine the wear resistance and the marginalfit of the GG porcelain.
Results:
1. Using the thermodynamic formula to determine the percentage range ofSnX added in glass powder was about6%-11%in mass fraction. The lightmicroscopy results of the GG bonding porcelain powder showed that the powder particles were mainly at10μm. This result was consistent with the SuperPorcelain Ti-22particle size analysis results. The XRD results showed that thetypical SnX phase was found in the improved GG bonding porcelain. The threepoint bending strength results showed that the improved GG bonding porcelaincould siginificantly improve the Ti-porcelain bonding strength. The SEM resultsof debonded interfaces of the8%SnX group demonstrated that compared toother groups larger porcelain remains were observed, and the EDS showed thatthere was the highest content of silicon and oxygen particles residue. The aboveresults comfirmed that the appropriate the mass percentage of SnX added intothe glass powder was8%.The XRD results showed that there was a typicalcrystalline phase-Ti3Sn on the debonded surface, which indicated a chemicalcombination between titanium substrate and the bonding porcelain was occurred.The SEM of the sagittal section of the specimes showed the boundaries betweenTi and porcelain were not clear in the8%SnX group. Line scan analysisi foundthat Sn elements wae enriched on the interface. It was unable to identify changeby eyes on the mask compatibility of GG opaque porcelain before and after theuse of the improved bonding porcelain
2. The three point bending strength results showed that the SnX with reducingstate into bonding porcelain can improve the corrosion resistance of specimens.Ti-porcelain bond strength did not change significantly in acidic saliva. But thebonding strength decreased with the increase of acid concentration and fluorideion, while after7days there were no significant changes in values of bondingstrength. The SEM results showed that porcelain residues reduced on thedebonded interface due to the erosion of the fluoride ions in acidic saliva. Andthe titanium substrate became loose and honeycomb-like. The XRD analysesshowed that hydrogen and fluorine were observed on the debonded surface. At the same time, TiH_2phase was observed on the debonded surface afterimmersion in acidic fluoride saliva, which confirmed that the weak combinationbetween Ti and porcelain is due to the brittle TiH_2formation. The bondingstrength of Ti-porcelain decreased with the increase of acid and fluoride ionconcentration and static pressure, while there were no significant changes invalues of bonding strength after14days.The SEM results showed thatimmersing in the same acidic artificial saliva ceramic residues reduced ondebonded surface as the increase of static pressure. And titanium substratebecame loose, honeycomb-like. The XRD results were similar to the previousexperiment.
3. The amount of volume loss of the GG body porcelain was mostclose tonatural teeth in this experiment on experimental porcelain materials. The frictioncoefficient curve results showed that the larger friction of the GG body porcelainwas conductive to masticatory function play.
4. In the two experimental groups, we found significant differences inmarginal fit between the substrate crown and fused porcelain crown. There wereno siginificant differences on marginal fit of crowns when porcelain fused. Thedifferences of the sintering parameters did not affect the marginal fit. Theincrease of the sintering times had no significant effect on marginal fit.
The improved GG bonding porcelain could prevent the formation of TiO_2,and produce the chemical combination. Compared to Superporcelain Ti-22, thebonding strength of the improved GG bonding porcelain was increased by20%.It was contributed to reduce the failure rate of of the titanium ceramicrestorations and expand the clinical applications of Ti-porcelain restorations.
本实验通过改良粘结瓷配方，即通过在粘结瓷中加入具有还原性的物质，达到提高钛瓷结合力的目的。改良粘结瓷与表面改性相比不增加操作步骤，粘结瓷粉还可批量生产，在临床操作便捷性方面具有明显优势。粘结瓷改良后颜色发生了变化，检测其对遮色瓷遮色能力产生的影响。探讨了改良粘结瓷对烤瓷修复体抗腐蚀能力的影响。对GG瓷粉的耐磨性、边缘适合性进行了检测，为GG瓷粉在临床上的使用提供实验依据。
本实验的研究成果如下：
1.通过粘结瓷中加入还原性的SnX，得到改良GG粘结瓷。实验确定SnX最适质量百分比为8%，在该实验组中三点弯曲结合强度显著提高，达到45.12±4.97Mpa，明显高于改良前及Superporcelain瓷粉36.17±3.94Mpa；剥脱界面SEM显示8%SnX组的瓷残留最多，EDS显示硅氧含量最高；8%SnX组矢状面SEM显示钛和瓷的结合面界限模糊，钛元素和瓷向对方侵入；线扫描发现在烧结过程中出现了Sn元素向钛瓷结合界面的富集现象；XRD证实由于还原性SnX的加入可以减少TiO_2生成，同时生成了新的化合物Ti3Sn，钛瓷间形成了新的化学键，提高了钛瓷结合力。
2.粘结瓷的改良还可提高试件在酸性含氟人工唾液中的抗腐蚀能力。虽然在含氟人工唾液中，随着酸浓度的增高，钛瓷结合力降低，但仍然保持了较高水平34.14±3.27Mpa，远远高于ISO规定的25Mpa。瓷剥脱面SEM显示侵蚀使剥脱界面瓷残留减少，钛基底呈蜂窝状疏松结构；XRD结果表明，剥脱面有氢元素和氟元素存在，同时有Ti、TiH_2形成，氧化物消失，证实脆性TiH_2的生成是钛瓷结合力降低的原因。为更进一步模拟口腔状况，在实验条件中加入静压力，在PH5.4的人工唾液中，三点弯结合强度随静压力和氟离子浓度的升高，钛瓷结合力逐渐降低，14天后趋于稳定；单纯酸性唾液和静压力对钛瓷结合无影响；SEM显示：在酸性人工唾液中随着静压力和氟离子浓度的升高，剥脱面瓷残留减少，钛基底呈蜂窝状疏松结构，XRD分析结果与未施静压力相似。
3.模拟口腔环境，记录不同修复材料与滑石瓷盘对磨时材料体积的磨损百分比，了解材料摩擦磨耗性能。发现在研究的三种瓷材料中GG体瓷的磨损量与天然牙最接近，最适于修复体的制作；且GG体瓷的摩擦系数大，有利于咀嚼功能的发挥。
4.通过观察铸造钛基底及熔附瓷的不同步骤对试件边缘适合性的影响，了解钛瓷粉因烧结制度的差异对边缘适合性的影响及烧结次数对边缘适合性的影响。研究发现在熔附瓷后边缘浮出量明显高于熔附瓷前；而熔附瓷各步骤组间组内均无明显统计学差异，说明烧结制度的差异不会对边缘浮出量产生影响，GG烤瓷烧结制度适于临床应用。也证实烧结次数的增加对GG瓷粉的边缘适合性没有影响。
从实验研究结果中可以看出，改良GG粘结瓷减少了钛基底在烧结过程中氧化物生成，利用还原态锡和氧竞争与钛的结合，达到减少TiO_2生成的目的。在改良粘结瓷烧结阶段，Sn元素向钛瓷结合界面迁移，生成Ti3Sn，增加了钛瓷之间的化学键，进一步增强了钛瓷结合力。以上两点是改良GG粘结瓷得以显著提高钛瓷结合力的重要原因。改良GG粘结瓷与广泛应用于临床的Superporcelain瓷粉相比，钛瓷结合强度提高了20%，有助于降低纯钛烤瓷修复体的失败几率，扩大其在临床的应用范围。现在应用于临床的纯钛粘结瓷无法阻止TiO_2生成，且与钛基底之间没有形成牢固结合力，都突显了自主研发的改良GG粘结瓷的优势，也使自主GG纯钛烤瓷材料的研发得到进一步完善。
The low adhesion between titanium is mainly because the formation ofoxide film in the titanium surface. Surface modification is always used to reducethe production of TiO_2and increase the chemical combination between Ti andporcelain. The purpose of this study was to enhance the combination ofTi-porcelain through adding Sn with reducing state into bonding porcelain. Thispaper discussed the sintering parameters of the improved bonding porcelain, thereason of the increased Ti-porcelain bonding force, the effect of the color changof the improved GG bonding porcelain on the mask compatibility of GG opaqueporcelain, and the corrosion ability of the improved bonding porcelain. Alsoexperiments were carried out to determine the wear resistance and the marginalfit of the GG porcelain.
Results:
1. Using the thermodynamic formula to determine the percentage range ofSnX added in glass powder was about6%-11%in mass fraction. The lightmicroscopy results of the GG bonding porcelain powder showed that the powder particles were mainly at10μm. This result was consistent with the SuperPorcelain Ti-22particle size analysis results. The XRD results showed that thetypical SnX phase was found in the improved GG bonding porcelain. The threepoint bending strength results showed that the improved GG bonding porcelaincould siginificantly improve the Ti-porcelain bonding strength. The SEM resultsof debonded interfaces of the8%SnX group demonstrated that compared toother groups larger porcelain remains were observed, and the EDS showed thatthere was the highest content of silicon and oxygen particles residue. The aboveresults comfirmed that the appropriate the mass percentage of SnX added intothe glass powder was8%.The XRD results showed that there was a typicalcrystalline phase-Ti3Sn on the debonded surface, which indicated a chemicalcombination between titanium substrate and the bonding porcelain was occurred.The SEM of the sagittal section of the specimes showed the boundaries betweenTi and porcelain were not clear in the8%SnX group. Line scan analysisi foundthat Sn elements wae enriched on the interface. It was unable to identify changeby eyes on the mask compatibility of GG opaque porcelain before and after theuse of the improved bonding porcelain
2. The three point bending strength results showed that the SnX with reducingstate into bonding porcelain can improve the corrosion resistance of specimens.Ti-porcelain bond strength did not change significantly in acidic saliva. But thebonding strength decreased with the increase of acid concentration and fluorideion, while after7days there were no significant changes in values of bondingstrength. The SEM results showed that porcelain residues reduced on thedebonded interface due to the erosion of the fluoride ions in acidic saliva. Andthe titanium substrate became loose and honeycomb-like. The XRD analysesshowed that hydrogen and fluorine were observed on the debonded surface. At the same time, TiH_2phase was observed on the debonded surface afterimmersion in acidic fluoride saliva, which confirmed that the weak combinationbetween Ti and porcelain is due to the brittle TiH_2formation. The bondingstrength of Ti-porcelain decreased with the increase of acid and fluoride ionconcentration and static pressure, while there were no significant changes invalues of bonding strength after14days.The SEM results showed thatimmersing in the same acidic artificial saliva ceramic residues reduced ondebonded surface as the increase of static pressure. And titanium substratebecame loose, honeycomb-like. The XRD results were similar to the previousexperiment.
3. The amount of volume loss of the GG body porcelain was mostclose tonatural teeth in this experiment on experimental porcelain materials. The frictioncoefficient curve results showed that the larger friction of the GG body porcelainwas conductive to masticatory function play.
4. In the two experimental groups, we found significant differences inmarginal fit between the substrate crown and fused porcelain crown. There wereno siginificant differences on marginal fit of crowns when porcelain fused. Thedifferences of the sintering parameters did not affect the marginal fit. Theincrease of the sintering times had no significant effect on marginal fit.
The improved GG bonding porcelain could prevent the formation of TiO_2,and produce the chemical combination. Compared to Superporcelain Ti-22, thebonding strength of the improved GG bonding porcelain was increased by20%.It was contributed to reduce the failure rate of of the titanium ceramicrestorations and expand the clinical applications of Ti-porcelain restorations.
引文
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