基于普通数字影像的近景摄影测量技术研究与应用
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摘要
普通数码影像(在本文中主要指采用普通非量测数码相机获得的数码影像)的出现，解决了现场快速获取影像的问题，且降低了近景摄影测量作业对设备及技能的要求，并使摄影测量过程成为全数字流程，但现有的对普通数字影像的量测处理算法均是基于直接线性变换或光线束理论的，存在像控点要求多、分布要求高、不适宜应用的缺点。为了提高普通数码相机应用于数字近景摄影测量的适用性和作业精度，本文对基于普通数字影像的近景摄影测量技术、方法进行了研究，具体包括以下几个方面：
1．试验和研究普通数码相机的量测化可行性、量测化方法和量测化性能。其中包括普通数码影像畸变差的改正、数码相机内方位元素的检定、数码近景摄影机的研制及外方位元素改正值的确定、普通数码相机量测化性能评价；
2．普通数码影像的单像空间后交算法研究及其精度评价；
3．普通数码影像的立体测量方法研究，其中包括对普通数字影像的相对定向方法、绝对定向方法、影像匹配方法的研究及其相应精度的评价；
4．基于DSM的数字投影转绘方法研究；
研究及实验表明，论文所述的普通数码相机量测化改造方法可行有效，研究及改进的适用于普通数字影像的近景摄影测量基本算法正确可靠，基于普通数码相机的量测化作业方法可以在中等精度要求的工程中广泛应用。
为将上述基于普通数字影像的近景摄影测量技术方法研究成果应用于实践，本文结合水利水电工程建设需求，论述了数字摄影地质编录信息系统的研究开发。
主要内容包括：
1．具有精度控制体系的快速摄影地质编录理论方法；
2．数字摄影地质编录图像处理算法及编录算法；
3．影像地质编录信息系统设计开发；
论文研究开发的数字摄影地质编录信息系统，集成了数字近景摄影测量技术、数字图像处理技术和GIS技术，已在龙滩等大型水电工程建设中得到初步应用，有望改变工程地质编录传统落后的作业模式，为水利水电工程施工地质编录带来技术变革。
The emergence of the ordinary digital images (which in this paper means the digital images acquired by common non-metric digital cameras), resolved the the problem of acquiring images quickly on the spot, and lowered the requirement for equipments and skills in photogrammetry, so that made photogrammetry a whole digital process. But all current ways to the measurement of ordinary images are based on DLT or Bundles theory, which both require a lot of control points distributing properly, and are inapplicable.In order to increase the adaptability and accuracy of digital close-range photogrammetry based on common digital cameras, researches and experiments have been done on these methods in this paper, as following:
1. the measurement and alteration of ordinary digital camera. It includes the correction of lens distortion of digital cameras, the computing of camera interior orientation parameters and pictures' exterior orientation parameters, and the evaluation of it's capability;
2. the space resection and evaluation of it's accuracy;
3. Researches on the stereophotogrammetry of digital images , which include relative orientation, absolute orientation , image matching and the evaluation of their accuracies;
4. the methods of digital projection based on DSM;
Researches and experiments illustrated that the measurement and alteration of common digital camera is successful, Researches and improvements in basic algorithm Which is applicable to photogrammetry based on ordinary digital images is accurate and dependable, this photogrammetric techniques and methods based on ordinary digital images can be applied extensively in engineering which requests a moderate accuracy.
Aimed at the actual application of the researches on photogrammetric techniques and methods based on ordinary digital images, this paper recounts the development of a Digital Image Geologic Logging Information System which has taken into consideration the requirement of the construction of hydroelectric project. It's principal content includes the following aspects:
1. theories and methods of photogrammetric geologic logging with a accuracy control system;
2. digital image processing and logging algorithm in digital photogrammetric geologic logging;
3. the development of a digital image geologic logging information system;
The Digital Image Geologic Logging Information System in this paper, which integrates digital c lose-range photogrammetry ,digital image processing and GIS, has been applied in some large constructions of hydroelectric project such as LongTan hydroelectric engineering. This system hopes to change traditional operation mode of geologic logging, and brings a new technique to replace the old ones in hydroelectric project.
1．试验和研究普通数码相机的量测化可行性、量测化方法和量测化性能。其中包括普通数码影像畸变差的改正、数码相机内方位元素的检定、数码近景摄影机的研制及外方位元素改正值的确定、普通数码相机量测化性能评价；
2．普通数码影像的单像空间后交算法研究及其精度评价；
3．普通数码影像的立体测量方法研究，其中包括对普通数字影像的相对定向方法、绝对定向方法、影像匹配方法的研究及其相应精度的评价；
4．基于DSM的数字投影转绘方法研究；
研究及实验表明，论文所述的普通数码相机量测化改造方法可行有效，研究及改进的适用于普通数字影像的近景摄影测量基本算法正确可靠，基于普通数码相机的量测化作业方法可以在中等精度要求的工程中广泛应用。
为将上述基于普通数字影像的近景摄影测量技术方法研究成果应用于实践，本文结合水利水电工程建设需求，论述了数字摄影地质编录信息系统的研究开发。
主要内容包括：
1．具有精度控制体系的快速摄影地质编录理论方法；
2．数字摄影地质编录图像处理算法及编录算法；
3．影像地质编录信息系统设计开发；
论文研究开发的数字摄影地质编录信息系统，集成了数字近景摄影测量技术、数字图像处理技术和GIS技术，已在龙滩等大型水电工程建设中得到初步应用，有望改变工程地质编录传统落后的作业模式，为水利水电工程施工地质编录带来技术变革。
The emergence of the ordinary digital images (which in this paper means the digital images acquired by common non-metric digital cameras), resolved the the problem of acquiring images quickly on the spot, and lowered the requirement for equipments and skills in photogrammetry, so that made photogrammetry a whole digital process. But all current ways to the measurement of ordinary images are based on DLT or Bundles theory, which both require a lot of control points distributing properly, and are inapplicable.In order to increase the adaptability and accuracy of digital close-range photogrammetry based on common digital cameras, researches and experiments have been done on these methods in this paper, as following:
1. the measurement and alteration of ordinary digital camera. It includes the correction of lens distortion of digital cameras, the computing of camera interior orientation parameters and pictures' exterior orientation parameters, and the evaluation of it's capability;
2. the space resection and evaluation of it's accuracy;
3. Researches on the stereophotogrammetry of digital images , which include relative orientation, absolute orientation , image matching and the evaluation of their accuracies;
4. the methods of digital projection based on DSM;
Researches and experiments illustrated that the measurement and alteration of common digital camera is successful, Researches and improvements in basic algorithm Which is applicable to photogrammetry based on ordinary digital images is accurate and dependable, this photogrammetric techniques and methods based on ordinary digital images can be applied extensively in engineering which requests a moderate accuracy.
Aimed at the actual application of the researches on photogrammetric techniques and methods based on ordinary digital images, this paper recounts the development of a Digital Image Geologic Logging Information System which has taken into consideration the requirement of the construction of hydroelectric project. It's principal content includes the following aspects:
1. theories and methods of photogrammetric geologic logging with a accuracy control system;
2. digital image processing and logging algorithm in digital photogrammetric geologic logging;
3. the development of a digital image geologic logging information system;
The Digital Image Geologic Logging Information System in this paper, which integrates digital c lose-range photogrammetry ,digital image processing and GIS, has been applied in some large constructions of hydroelectric project such as LongTan hydroelectric engineering. This system hopes to change traditional operation mode of geologic logging, and brings a new technique to replace the old ones in hydroelectric project.
引文
[1]李浩等．硐室摄影地质编录原理及其精度(EI检索)。武汉大学学报。2002年第6期。
[2]张友静、李浩等．摄影地质快速编录的关键技术研究．水文地质工程地质,2003年第3期。
[3]张祖勋，张剑清．数字摄影测量学．武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社，1997
[4]李德仁．摄影测量与遥感的现状及发展趋势．武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000年第25卷第1期
[5]朱肇光．孙护．崔炳光．摄影测量学．北京：测绘出版社．1984．6
[6]万发贯等．遥感图像数字处理．武汉：华中理工人学出版社．1991．7
【7】黄文莉等．镶嵌图像上拼接缝的消除方法．测绘学院学报，第17卷第1期
【8】陆兆溱．工程地质学．北京：水利电力出版社．1989
[9】李志林．朱庆．数字高程模型．武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社，2000
【10]曹代勇等．地质构造三维可视化模型探讨．地质与勘探，第37卷第4期
【11]沈庭芝．方子文．数字图象处理及模式识别．北京理工大学出版社，1998．6
[12]王能斌．数据库系统原理．电子工业出版社,2001．1
[13]唐新明等．基于等高线和高程点建立DEM的精度评价方法探讨．遥感信息,1999年第55卷第3期
[14]李冬田等．隧洞摄影施工地质编录的DTI方法．水利水电科技进展，2000年第20卷第1期
[15]黄醒春等．大型沉井施工过程的数字化摄影监测．岩土工程学报，1999年第21卷第5期
[16]冯文灏．近景摄影测量的控制．武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000年第25卷第5期
[17]魏明果等．普通数码相机数字摄影测量的数理模型研究．武汉水利电力大学(宜昌)学报，2000年6月
[18]熊忠幼等．边坡摄像快速地质编录．水力发电，1998年第2期
[19]戴晨光等．基于数字摄影测量的虚拟地形生成技术测绘工程，1999年第8卷第3期
[20]郭术义等．立体摄影测量系统的现状与进展．北京机械工业学院学报，1999年第1期
[21]王永刚．基于数码相机的图像采集系统．测控技术,2000年第19卷第5期
【22]郝延锦等．矿山可视化技术关键问题探讨．东北测绘,2000年第2期
【23]李峻等．DEM及纹理图像的集成数据库研究．测绘科学，第25卷第3期
【24]刘志铭等．非量测数码相机在砼管片变形检测中的应用．测绘通报,2001年第6期
【25]邬伦等．地理信息系统一原理、方法和应用．北京：科学出版社2001
【26]陈述彭 周成虎等．地理信息系统导论．北京：科学出版社，2000
[27】吴信才等．地理信息系统设计与实现．电子工业出版社，2002，3
[28】徐开礼等．编构造地质学．北京：地质出版社．1984
[29]王让会等．数字地形模型(DTM)的特征及其应．干旱区研究,1999年第16卷第4期
[30]袁相儒等．互联网地理信息系统的分布式部件方法．测绘学报，2000年第29卷第1期
[31]赵西安等．古建筑保护与数字图像技术．西安建筑科技大学学报，1999年第1期
[32]王丰元等．计算机视觉摄影测量三维控制场设计．农业机械学报，1998年第29卷第3期
[33]王书茂．人机界面空间几何位置的摄影测量．农业工程学报，1999年第1期．
[34]周长发．科学与工程数值算法．北京：清华大学出版社．2002
[35]潘爱民．COM原理与应用．北京：清华大学山版社，1999
[36]周振红等．运用组件编程模型建软组件．武汉：武汉大学学报，2001．1
[37]Francesco Balena.Visual Basic 6 编程技术全．机械工业出版社．2000．1
[38]Abdel-Aziz,Y I,H M Karara. Phtogrammetric Potentials of Non-Metric Cameras. Photogrammetry Series No.36,1974.46～51
[39]McCormick B H, Defanti T A, Brown M Deds. Special Issue on Visualization in Scientific Computing.SIGRAPH Computer Graphics. 1987,21 (6): 1～14
[40] Christopher B J, Geraint L B and Ware J M. Map Generalization with a Triangulated Data Structure.Cartography and GIS, 1995,22(4)
[41] Allan A L. A Simple Control System for the Photogrammetric Survey of A Tree. Survey Review, 1998,34(267):373～403
[42] Baltsavias P E,Multi-Photo Geometrically Constraint Matching, [PHD Dissertation].ETH Zurich,1991
[43] Norihiko Nakano, et al.Digital Still Camera System for Megapixel CCD. IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, 1998, 44(3),. 581～586
[44] Jarvais R A. A perspective on range finding techniques for computer vision. IEEE Trans, Pattern Anal, Machine Intel, 1983, PAMt-(5):122～129
[45] Henrik Hagger n. Photogrammetric machine vision. Optic and Lasers in Engineering, 1989, (10):265～285
[46] Brown D C. Close-range camera calibration. Photogrammetric Engineering, 1971(37):855～866
[47] Tsai R A. A versatile camera calibration technique for high accuracy 3-D machine vision using the off-the-shelf camera and the lenses. IEEE J Robot Automat, 1998, RA-(3):323～344
[48] Henrik Haggr n. On-line and off-line application of photogrammetric stations. Computer Vision Industry, SPIE,1993, 1989:375～381
[49] Wong K W, Ke Ying, Michael Lew et al. Three-dimensional gaging with stereo computer vision. Industry Vision Metrology, SPIE, 1991, 1526:17～25
[50] D.A. Forsyth and J. Ponce, Computer Vision- A Modem Approach, Prentice Hall, Upper addle River, NJ,2002.
[51] R. Hartley and A. Zisserman, Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press,2000.
[52] L. Lucchese and S.K. Mitra, "Using Saddle Points for Subpixel Feature Detection in Camera Calibration Targets," Proc. of the 2002 Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, Singapore, Dec. 16-18, 2002.
[53] L. Luechese, "Geometric Calibration of Digital Cameras.Part .Ⅱ: internal and Extemal Geometry From Multi-View Alignment," Proc. of the 3rd IASTED Int'l Conf. on Visualization, Imaging, and Image Processing (VIIP 2003), Benalm'adena, Spain, Sept. 2003.
[54] R. Hartley and A. Zisserman, Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press,2000.
[55] L. Lucchese, "Estimating the Pose and Focal Length of a Camera from the Perspective Projection of a Planar Calibration Plate," Proc. of the 9th IASTED Int't Conf. on Signal and Image Processing (SIP 2003),Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2003.
[2]张友静、李浩等．摄影地质快速编录的关键技术研究．水文地质工程地质,2003年第3期。
[3]张祖勋，张剑清．数字摄影测量学．武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社，1997
[4]李德仁．摄影测量与遥感的现状及发展趋势．武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000年第25卷第1期
[5]朱肇光．孙护．崔炳光．摄影测量学．北京：测绘出版社．1984．6
[6]万发贯等．遥感图像数字处理．武汉：华中理工人学出版社．1991．7
【7】黄文莉等．镶嵌图像上拼接缝的消除方法．测绘学院学报，第17卷第1期
【8】陆兆溱．工程地质学．北京：水利电力出版社．1989
[9】李志林．朱庆．数字高程模型．武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社，2000
【10]曹代勇等．地质构造三维可视化模型探讨．地质与勘探，第37卷第4期
【11]沈庭芝．方子文．数字图象处理及模式识别．北京理工大学出版社，1998．6
[12]王能斌．数据库系统原理．电子工业出版社,2001．1
[13]唐新明等．基于等高线和高程点建立DEM的精度评价方法探讨．遥感信息,1999年第55卷第3期
[14]李冬田等．隧洞摄影施工地质编录的DTI方法．水利水电科技进展，2000年第20卷第1期
[15]黄醒春等．大型沉井施工过程的数字化摄影监测．岩土工程学报，1999年第21卷第5期
[16]冯文灏．近景摄影测量的控制．武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000年第25卷第5期
[17]魏明果等．普通数码相机数字摄影测量的数理模型研究．武汉水利电力大学(宜昌)学报，2000年6月
[18]熊忠幼等．边坡摄像快速地质编录．水力发电，1998年第2期
[19]戴晨光等．基于数字摄影测量的虚拟地形生成技术测绘工程，1999年第8卷第3期
[20]郭术义等．立体摄影测量系统的现状与进展．北京机械工业学院学报，1999年第1期
[21]王永刚．基于数码相机的图像采集系统．测控技术,2000年第19卷第5期
【22]郝延锦等．矿山可视化技术关键问题探讨．东北测绘,2000年第2期
【23]李峻等．DEM及纹理图像的集成数据库研究．测绘科学，第25卷第3期
【24]刘志铭等．非量测数码相机在砼管片变形检测中的应用．测绘通报,2001年第6期
【25]邬伦等．地理信息系统一原理、方法和应用．北京：科学出版社2001
【26]陈述彭 周成虎等．地理信息系统导论．北京：科学出版社，2000
[27】吴信才等．地理信息系统设计与实现．电子工业出版社，2002，3
[28】徐开礼等．编构造地质学．北京：地质出版社．1984
[29]王让会等．数字地形模型(DTM)的特征及其应．干旱区研究,1999年第16卷第4期
[30]袁相儒等．互联网地理信息系统的分布式部件方法．测绘学报，2000年第29卷第1期
[31]赵西安等．古建筑保护与数字图像技术．西安建筑科技大学学报，1999年第1期
[32]王丰元等．计算机视觉摄影测量三维控制场设计．农业机械学报，1998年第29卷第3期
[33]王书茂．人机界面空间几何位置的摄影测量．农业工程学报，1999年第1期．
[34]周长发．科学与工程数值算法．北京：清华大学出版社．2002
[35]潘爱民．COM原理与应用．北京：清华大学山版社，1999
[36]周振红等．运用组件编程模型建软组件．武汉：武汉大学学报，2001．1
[37]Francesco Balena.Visual Basic 6 编程技术全．机械工业出版社．2000．1
[38]Abdel-Aziz,Y I,H M Karara. Phtogrammetric Potentials of Non-Metric Cameras. Photogrammetry Series No.36,1974.46～51
[39]McCormick B H, Defanti T A, Brown M Deds. Special Issue on Visualization in Scientific Computing.SIGRAPH Computer Graphics. 1987,21 (6): 1～14
[40] Christopher B J, Geraint L B and Ware J M. Map Generalization with a Triangulated Data Structure.Cartography and GIS, 1995,22(4)
[41] Allan A L. A Simple Control System for the Photogrammetric Survey of A Tree. Survey Review, 1998,34(267):373～403
[42] Baltsavias P E,Multi-Photo Geometrically Constraint Matching, [PHD Dissertation].ETH Zurich,1991
[43] Norihiko Nakano, et al.Digital Still Camera System for Megapixel CCD. IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, 1998, 44(3),. 581～586
[44] Jarvais R A. A perspective on range finding techniques for computer vision. IEEE Trans, Pattern Anal, Machine Intel, 1983, PAMt-(5):122～129
[45] Henrik Hagger n. Photogrammetric machine vision. Optic and Lasers in Engineering, 1989, (10):265～285
[46] Brown D C. Close-range camera calibration. Photogrammetric Engineering, 1971(37):855～866
[47] Tsai R A. A versatile camera calibration technique for high accuracy 3-D machine vision using the off-the-shelf camera and the lenses. IEEE J Robot Automat, 1998, RA-(3):323～344
[48] Henrik Haggr n. On-line and off-line application of photogrammetric stations. Computer Vision Industry, SPIE,1993, 1989:375～381
[49] Wong K W, Ke Ying, Michael Lew et al. Three-dimensional gaging with stereo computer vision. Industry Vision Metrology, SPIE, 1991, 1526:17～25
[50] D.A. Forsyth and J. Ponce, Computer Vision- A Modem Approach, Prentice Hall, Upper addle River, NJ,2002.
[51] R. Hartley and A. Zisserman, Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press,2000.
[52] L. Lucchese and S.K. Mitra, "Using Saddle Points for Subpixel Feature Detection in Camera Calibration Targets," Proc. of the 2002 Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, Singapore, Dec. 16-18, 2002.
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