浙江红山茶遗传多样性分析及观赏价值评价
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摘要
浙江红山茶(Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu)是我国浙江、江西、福建、安徽等省山区的特有树种,集观赏、油用、药用等价值于一身,是山茶新品种培育的物质基础和杂交育种的重要亲本,具有重要的观赏价值和经济价值。浙江红山茶冬春开花,花大色艳,已成为蜚声中外的园林观赏植物珍品。在木本食用油和花卉生产中有着巨大的潜在价值。通过对浙江红山茶野生种质资源实地调查及文献资料比对发现,浙江红山茶野生的分布区、面积及资源总量正在迅速减少,生存状况恶化,接近濒危。因此,急需对浙江红山茶野生资源的现状和遗传多样性进行系统研究,以制定科学的保护策略。
本研究通过对其分布区内资源的实地调查、群落结构调查、表型性状分析、分子标记、叶绿体基因测序、观赏特性评价等研究,初步查明了浙江红山茶的分布状况、生态环境、濒危状况、致濒因素、资源遗传多样性特点、近缘种之间的亲缘关系,建立了观赏山茶观赏特性的评价标准和指标体系。主要结果如下:
1、浙江红山茶野生资源集中分布在华东地区武夷山系和怀玉山系,水平分布于北纬25°50′~31°,东径113°52′~121°2′,垂直分布介于海拔360~1600m之间。人工林和半野生林资源数量较少,仅存2266.67hm2,主要集中在浙江省丽水地区的缙云、庆元、松阳、景宁、遂昌和青田,有2153.33 hm2,重点分布在浙西南山区和浙中丘陵盆地。福建霞浦有200年栽培历史的人工林,半野生林主要位于江西的德兴。
2、浙江红山茶天然林和人工林群落结构特征调查显示:在5个种源地群落样地中的维管束植物共有86科202属363种,群落的表征科为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)等。不同种源地群落的区系特征显示群落成分复杂,属的地理成分中热带成分比例稍低于温带成分比例。植被均具有温带向热带的过渡性,群落区系属中国-日本森林植物亚区的华东区。5个种源地的群落中常绿阔叶树种均占绝对优势,群落成层现象明显,在垂直方向上大致可以分为5层,大乔木较少,乔木层树冠不连续,灌木层与乔木层的中下层个体数量占较大优势。物种的重要值计算结果显示,人工林中浙江红山茶占优势;野生林中浙江红山茶不占优势。各个种源地的生境南北差异不大,均以高位芽植物为主。物种多样性计算结果显示灌木层的多样性指数与均匀度指数都显著大于乔木层,在乔木中层以中下层的物种多样性较高,总体上5个群落的物种多样性与均匀度都较高。
3、浙江红山茶表型变异分析结果显示:种内存在丰富的居群间、居群内个体间表型变异,其10个居群的叶、花、果、种子等22个表型性状差异显著,变异系数较大。其中变异程度最高的是柱裂深度,变异系数为55.11%,其次是花瓣宽和花径,均为30.95%。变异程度最低的是叶片厚度,变异系数为3.91%。主成份分析提取出了3个主要的变异因子,占到总变异的66.36%,虽然没有达到80%以上,但包含了大部分浙江红山茶表型性状信息。22个表型性状的平均表型分化系数为12.62%,说明浙江红山茶表型变异在居群间的贡献占12.62%,居群内个体间的贡献占87.38%,表明表型性状在居群内个体间的多样性高于居群间的多样性。居群内个体间变异是浙江红山茶形态变异的主要变异来源。平均遗传多样性指数(I)为1.7187,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。表型标记聚类结果表明:可将10个浙江红山茶居群划分为3大组群,组群与地理来源有明显的相关性。大多地理位置相近的如浙江开化、天台和缙云居群表型性状更为相似,聚在了一起,而距离较远的如岳西、永新、霞浦在15阈值处还各自独立,说明这三个居群与其他居群表型性状差距较大。
4、应用ISSR分子标记方法对我国全分布区内的7个浙江红山茶居群共210个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。21个引物共扩增到384个位点,其中多态性位点372个。分析结果表明:⑴浙江红山茶在物种水平上的遗传多样性很高,多态位点百分率P(%)达96.88%,物种水平的Shannon信息指数(I)为0.4966,Nei基因多样性指数(h)为0.3331;而居群水平的遗传多样性较低,P%平均为59.79%,I平均为0.3106,h平均为0.2077;⑵居群间的遗传分化低于居群内个体间的遗传分化。居群间遗传多样性分化系数Gst=0.3758。AMOVA分子差异分析显示12.0%的变异存在于地区间,28.0%的变异存在于居群间,60.0%的变异存在于居群内个体间,居群内个体间的遗传分化明显。居群间的基因流较低,为0.8304。⑶210份个体的分子系统聚类分析(UPPGMA)结果显示,7个居群间的平均遗传距离为0.1986。开化居群和天台居群组成一组,再与缙云居群组成另一组,其次是霞浦、岳西和南丰,最远的是江西的永新。⑷居群间的地理距离及遗传一致度存在一定的相关性。研究认为,安徽岳西和福建霞浦的浙江红山茶居群可能早期引种于浙江境内。
5、叶绿体psbA-trnH基因序列分析结果表明,浙江红山茶、厚叶红山茶、离蕊红山茶和闪光红山茶四个近缘种的叶绿体基因psbA-trnH序列相同,与前人的ITS序列分析结果一致,说明四者的亲缘关系很近,但厚叶红山茶与其他三个近缘种之间的差异还是比较大,其亲缘关系相对要远些。我们认为浙江红山茶、离蕊红山茶、闪光红山茶可视为同一物种,而厚叶红山茶还需更进一步研究。
6、采用层次分析法和专家问卷法,建立递阶层次结构评价模型,从观赏山茶的观赏特性和生长势方面建立了观赏山茶观赏特性评价的指标体系,选出了生长势、株型、花色、花期、果色、开花季节、生长习性、嫩梢颜色、花的显示度、单位面积花量、花香、果量、果形、叶稠密度、花瓣着色类型、果径等16个权重较大的指标。
Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu is an endemic tree species distributed in the mountainous areas in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui provinces in China. It has high values in ornamentals, edible oil use and Chinese medicine etc. This tree may be used as the important parent in hybridization for breeding ornamnetal camellias and edible oil varieteies. It flowering in winter and spring with splend large flowers, has become known in the world of ornamental plant treasures. It has the huge potential value in woody edible oils and flower production.
It was found out that the distributions, areas and resource quantities of C. chekiangoleosa are reducing rapidly, close to be in imminent danger through field surveys of germplasm resources and literature comparative analysis. Therefore it is urgent and necessary to do a systematic research on its current status quo and the genetic diversity so as to propose conservative strategies to protect it.
This study primarily discovered its distribution status, ecological environment, endangered situation, threatening factors, genetic diversity, genetic relationship of the four similar species, and evaluation of ornamental value etc by means of doing field work, community composition investigation, phenotypic character analysis, molecular markers, chloroplasts gene sequencing. The main findings are as follows:
1. The study showed that wild C. chekiangoleosa is mainly distributed in Wuyi and Huaiyu Mountains, and horizontally distributed at north latitude 25°50'~31°, east longitude 113°52'~121°2', and vertically distributed between 360~1600m above sea level.
The resources of plantation and semi-wild forest is in samll quantity, which only remains 2266.67hm2, mainly in the area of Lishui regional, such as Jinyun County, Qingyuan County, Songyang County, Jingning County and Qingtian County in Zhejiang province, covering 2153.33hm2 in total. So the cultivation resources mainly distribute in the southwest of mountains and central hilly basin in Zhejiang province. It also revealed that Camellia chekiangoleosa has 200-year history in Xiapu County of Fujian province. Semi-wild forest mainly distributes in Dexing region of Jiangxi province.
2. The results of community component of C. chekiangoleosa indicated that there were 86 families of vascular plants, including 202 genera and 363 species in C. chekiangoleosa communities from 5 provenances. The dominent families were Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae and so on. Floristic characteristics displayed complicated ingredients in communities, and in the geographical elements of genera, tropical composition proportion was slightly lower than temperate components in proportion. The vegetation had the character of transitional from temperate to tropical. It also showed that floras of the five provenances all belonged to East-China province in Sino-Japanese. Evergreen trees dominated in communities of the five provenances. In the vertical structure the layers were obvious and there were five plant layers, among which large trees in upper tree layer were few and tree canopy in middle tree layer was not continous, the individual number in shrub layer and in middle and lower tree layer were comparatively dominant. The important value of species showed that C. chekiangoleosa was dominant in plantation and not in wild forest. The community living envirnment of each provenance was nearly similar because the high-bud plants of each provenance were all majority. The statistics of species diversity revealed that Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index in shrub layers were significantly larger than the index in tree layers. The indexes of species diversity in lower tree layers were larger than the indexes in the other tree layers. Above all, the species diversity was all higher among the five communities.
3. The analysis of phenotypic diversity of C. chekiangolesa showed the variations within populations or between populations were rich. The differences of 22 phenotypic traits of leaf, flower, fruits and seeds in 10 populations measured in this study were found to be very significant, and the coefficients of variations were comparatively larger. The depth of the splited style got the highest value of variation, the variation coefficient was 55.11%, the second was 30.95% of the petal width and flower diameter, and the lowest was 3.91% of leaf blade thickness. According to principle component analysis,the first three main components made the contribution of 66.36% to variation. Although it didn’t reach over 80%, it still contained most information of phenotypic traits. The average phenotypic Differentiation coefficient (12.62%) of the 22 phenotypic traits indicated that phenotypic variations within populations (87.38%) were larger than the ones between populations (12.62%), and phenotypic variations within populations were the main variation source. High level of diversity was detected, with an average Shannon index (I) of 1.7187. The clustering results of phenotypic markers showed that: ten populations had been divided into three clusters. The clusters and geographical origin had obvious correlation. The more close in geography of the populations the more similar in phenotypes, such as Kaihua, Tiantai and Jinyun in Zhejiang province, and the three populations, such as Yuexi, Yongxing, Xiapu were independent at 15 threshold, showing that the three populations distinguish from the others.
4. Genetic diversity of 210 individuals from seven populations of Camellia chekiangoleosa from its whole distribution were analyzed using ISSR molecular markers. A total of 384 loci, of which 372 were polymorphic ones, were detected using 21 ISSR primers. The results revealed an extraordinarily high level of genetic diversity at species level. Total percentage of polymorphic loci (P, % ) was 96.88% while Shannon’s information index (I) and Nei’s gene diversity (h) were 0.4966 and 0.3331 in the species. Whereas the genetic diversity at population level of Camellia chekiangoleosa was relatively low, and the value of P%, I and h were 59.79%, 0.3106 and 0.2077, respectively. The genetic differentiation (Gst= 0.3758) among the populations showed that the level of genetic differentiation among populations was lower than that within populations, Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that among-region variation accounted for 12.0%, the among-population component accounted for 28.0% of the total variations, while the within-population component accounted for 60.0%. The genetic differentiation was relatively high and the gene flow was low (0.8304). The pair-wise mean genetic distance among populations was 0.1696. The cluster analysis of 210 individuals showed that Kaihua population and Tiantai population were in one group, then with Jinyun, and then Xiapu, Yuexi and Nanfeng, and Yongxin population separated from all the other populations in the dendrogram. There is a certaqin association between geographical distance and genetic consistence. Thus it may be inferred that C. chekiangoleosa of Anhui Yuexi and Fujian Xiapu county might be introduced from Zhejiang Province.
5. The analysis of chloroplasts gene psbA-trnH sequences showed that the four related species, such as C. chekiangoleosa, C. lucidissima, C. liberisamina, C. crassissima have the same genetic sequence of psbA-trnH, sharing the similar result of ITS sequencing analysis. This findings indicated that the genetic relationship of the four similar species is extremely close to each other. C. crassissima, however, is significantly different from the other three Camellias and its genetic relationship is relatively far from the other three ones. Thus it can be preliminarily determined that C. chekiangoleosa, C. lucidissima, C. liberisamina belong to the same species, and the genetic relationship between C. crassissima and the others needs to be studied further.
6. By using AHP and questionnaire for experts methods, the level structural evaluation model and index system of ornamental character were proposed. The 16 greater weight indicators were selected, such as growth potential, plant shape, color of flowers, florescence, fruit color, bloom season, growth habit, young shoots color, flower visibility, the amount of flowers per unit area, flower fragrance, the number of flowers , fruit shape, leaf densities, colored petals types, fruit diameter etc.
本研究通过对其分布区内资源的实地调查、群落结构调查、表型性状分析、分子标记、叶绿体基因测序、观赏特性评价等研究,初步查明了浙江红山茶的分布状况、生态环境、濒危状况、致濒因素、资源遗传多样性特点、近缘种之间的亲缘关系,建立了观赏山茶观赏特性的评价标准和指标体系。主要结果如下:
1、浙江红山茶野生资源集中分布在华东地区武夷山系和怀玉山系,水平分布于北纬25°50′~31°,东径113°52′~121°2′,垂直分布介于海拔360~1600m之间。人工林和半野生林资源数量较少,仅存2266.67hm2,主要集中在浙江省丽水地区的缙云、庆元、松阳、景宁、遂昌和青田,有2153.33 hm2,重点分布在浙西南山区和浙中丘陵盆地。福建霞浦有200年栽培历史的人工林,半野生林主要位于江西的德兴。
2、浙江红山茶天然林和人工林群落结构特征调查显示:在5个种源地群落样地中的维管束植物共有86科202属363种,群落的表征科为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)等。不同种源地群落的区系特征显示群落成分复杂,属的地理成分中热带成分比例稍低于温带成分比例。植被均具有温带向热带的过渡性,群落区系属中国-日本森林植物亚区的华东区。5个种源地的群落中常绿阔叶树种均占绝对优势,群落成层现象明显,在垂直方向上大致可以分为5层,大乔木较少,乔木层树冠不连续,灌木层与乔木层的中下层个体数量占较大优势。物种的重要值计算结果显示,人工林中浙江红山茶占优势;野生林中浙江红山茶不占优势。各个种源地的生境南北差异不大,均以高位芽植物为主。物种多样性计算结果显示灌木层的多样性指数与均匀度指数都显著大于乔木层,在乔木中层以中下层的物种多样性较高,总体上5个群落的物种多样性与均匀度都较高。
3、浙江红山茶表型变异分析结果显示:种内存在丰富的居群间、居群内个体间表型变异,其10个居群的叶、花、果、种子等22个表型性状差异显著,变异系数较大。其中变异程度最高的是柱裂深度,变异系数为55.11%,其次是花瓣宽和花径,均为30.95%。变异程度最低的是叶片厚度,变异系数为3.91%。主成份分析提取出了3个主要的变异因子,占到总变异的66.36%,虽然没有达到80%以上,但包含了大部分浙江红山茶表型性状信息。22个表型性状的平均表型分化系数为12.62%,说明浙江红山茶表型变异在居群间的贡献占12.62%,居群内个体间的贡献占87.38%,表明表型性状在居群内个体间的多样性高于居群间的多样性。居群内个体间变异是浙江红山茶形态变异的主要变异来源。平均遗传多样性指数(I)为1.7187,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。表型标记聚类结果表明:可将10个浙江红山茶居群划分为3大组群,组群与地理来源有明显的相关性。大多地理位置相近的如浙江开化、天台和缙云居群表型性状更为相似,聚在了一起,而距离较远的如岳西、永新、霞浦在15阈值处还各自独立,说明这三个居群与其他居群表型性状差距较大。
4、应用ISSR分子标记方法对我国全分布区内的7个浙江红山茶居群共210个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。21个引物共扩增到384个位点,其中多态性位点372个。分析结果表明:⑴浙江红山茶在物种水平上的遗传多样性很高,多态位点百分率P(%)达96.88%,物种水平的Shannon信息指数(I)为0.4966,Nei基因多样性指数(h)为0.3331;而居群水平的遗传多样性较低,P%平均为59.79%,I平均为0.3106,h平均为0.2077;⑵居群间的遗传分化低于居群内个体间的遗传分化。居群间遗传多样性分化系数Gst=0.3758。AMOVA分子差异分析显示12.0%的变异存在于地区间,28.0%的变异存在于居群间,60.0%的变异存在于居群内个体间,居群内个体间的遗传分化明显。居群间的基因流较低,为0.8304。⑶210份个体的分子系统聚类分析(UPPGMA)结果显示,7个居群间的平均遗传距离为0.1986。开化居群和天台居群组成一组,再与缙云居群组成另一组,其次是霞浦、岳西和南丰,最远的是江西的永新。⑷居群间的地理距离及遗传一致度存在一定的相关性。研究认为,安徽岳西和福建霞浦的浙江红山茶居群可能早期引种于浙江境内。
5、叶绿体psbA-trnH基因序列分析结果表明,浙江红山茶、厚叶红山茶、离蕊红山茶和闪光红山茶四个近缘种的叶绿体基因psbA-trnH序列相同,与前人的ITS序列分析结果一致,说明四者的亲缘关系很近,但厚叶红山茶与其他三个近缘种之间的差异还是比较大,其亲缘关系相对要远些。我们认为浙江红山茶、离蕊红山茶、闪光红山茶可视为同一物种,而厚叶红山茶还需更进一步研究。
6、采用层次分析法和专家问卷法,建立递阶层次结构评价模型,从观赏山茶的观赏特性和生长势方面建立了观赏山茶观赏特性评价的指标体系,选出了生长势、株型、花色、花期、果色、开花季节、生长习性、嫩梢颜色、花的显示度、单位面积花量、花香、果量、果形、叶稠密度、花瓣着色类型、果径等16个权重较大的指标。
Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu is an endemic tree species distributed in the mountainous areas in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui provinces in China. It has high values in ornamentals, edible oil use and Chinese medicine etc. This tree may be used as the important parent in hybridization for breeding ornamnetal camellias and edible oil varieteies. It flowering in winter and spring with splend large flowers, has become known in the world of ornamental plant treasures. It has the huge potential value in woody edible oils and flower production.
It was found out that the distributions, areas and resource quantities of C. chekiangoleosa are reducing rapidly, close to be in imminent danger through field surveys of germplasm resources and literature comparative analysis. Therefore it is urgent and necessary to do a systematic research on its current status quo and the genetic diversity so as to propose conservative strategies to protect it.
This study primarily discovered its distribution status, ecological environment, endangered situation, threatening factors, genetic diversity, genetic relationship of the four similar species, and evaluation of ornamental value etc by means of doing field work, community composition investigation, phenotypic character analysis, molecular markers, chloroplasts gene sequencing. The main findings are as follows:
1. The study showed that wild C. chekiangoleosa is mainly distributed in Wuyi and Huaiyu Mountains, and horizontally distributed at north latitude 25°50'~31°, east longitude 113°52'~121°2', and vertically distributed between 360~1600m above sea level.
The resources of plantation and semi-wild forest is in samll quantity, which only remains 2266.67hm2, mainly in the area of Lishui regional, such as Jinyun County, Qingyuan County, Songyang County, Jingning County and Qingtian County in Zhejiang province, covering 2153.33hm2 in total. So the cultivation resources mainly distribute in the southwest of mountains and central hilly basin in Zhejiang province. It also revealed that Camellia chekiangoleosa has 200-year history in Xiapu County of Fujian province. Semi-wild forest mainly distributes in Dexing region of Jiangxi province.
2. The results of community component of C. chekiangoleosa indicated that there were 86 families of vascular plants, including 202 genera and 363 species in C. chekiangoleosa communities from 5 provenances. The dominent families were Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae and so on. Floristic characteristics displayed complicated ingredients in communities, and in the geographical elements of genera, tropical composition proportion was slightly lower than temperate components in proportion. The vegetation had the character of transitional from temperate to tropical. It also showed that floras of the five provenances all belonged to East-China province in Sino-Japanese. Evergreen trees dominated in communities of the five provenances. In the vertical structure the layers were obvious and there were five plant layers, among which large trees in upper tree layer were few and tree canopy in middle tree layer was not continous, the individual number in shrub layer and in middle and lower tree layer were comparatively dominant. The important value of species showed that C. chekiangoleosa was dominant in plantation and not in wild forest. The community living envirnment of each provenance was nearly similar because the high-bud plants of each provenance were all majority. The statistics of species diversity revealed that Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index in shrub layers were significantly larger than the index in tree layers. The indexes of species diversity in lower tree layers were larger than the indexes in the other tree layers. Above all, the species diversity was all higher among the five communities.
3. The analysis of phenotypic diversity of C. chekiangolesa showed the variations within populations or between populations were rich. The differences of 22 phenotypic traits of leaf, flower, fruits and seeds in 10 populations measured in this study were found to be very significant, and the coefficients of variations were comparatively larger. The depth of the splited style got the highest value of variation, the variation coefficient was 55.11%, the second was 30.95% of the petal width and flower diameter, and the lowest was 3.91% of leaf blade thickness. According to principle component analysis,the first three main components made the contribution of 66.36% to variation. Although it didn’t reach over 80%, it still contained most information of phenotypic traits. The average phenotypic Differentiation coefficient (12.62%) of the 22 phenotypic traits indicated that phenotypic variations within populations (87.38%) were larger than the ones between populations (12.62%), and phenotypic variations within populations were the main variation source. High level of diversity was detected, with an average Shannon index (I) of 1.7187. The clustering results of phenotypic markers showed that: ten populations had been divided into three clusters. The clusters and geographical origin had obvious correlation. The more close in geography of the populations the more similar in phenotypes, such as Kaihua, Tiantai and Jinyun in Zhejiang province, and the three populations, such as Yuexi, Yongxing, Xiapu were independent at 15 threshold, showing that the three populations distinguish from the others.
4. Genetic diversity of 210 individuals from seven populations of Camellia chekiangoleosa from its whole distribution were analyzed using ISSR molecular markers. A total of 384 loci, of which 372 were polymorphic ones, were detected using 21 ISSR primers. The results revealed an extraordinarily high level of genetic diversity at species level. Total percentage of polymorphic loci (P, % ) was 96.88% while Shannon’s information index (I) and Nei’s gene diversity (h) were 0.4966 and 0.3331 in the species. Whereas the genetic diversity at population level of Camellia chekiangoleosa was relatively low, and the value of P%, I and h were 59.79%, 0.3106 and 0.2077, respectively. The genetic differentiation (Gst= 0.3758) among the populations showed that the level of genetic differentiation among populations was lower than that within populations, Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that among-region variation accounted for 12.0%, the among-population component accounted for 28.0% of the total variations, while the within-population component accounted for 60.0%. The genetic differentiation was relatively high and the gene flow was low (0.8304). The pair-wise mean genetic distance among populations was 0.1696. The cluster analysis of 210 individuals showed that Kaihua population and Tiantai population were in one group, then with Jinyun, and then Xiapu, Yuexi and Nanfeng, and Yongxin population separated from all the other populations in the dendrogram. There is a certaqin association between geographical distance and genetic consistence. Thus it may be inferred that C. chekiangoleosa of Anhui Yuexi and Fujian Xiapu county might be introduced from Zhejiang Province.
5. The analysis of chloroplasts gene psbA-trnH sequences showed that the four related species, such as C. chekiangoleosa, C. lucidissima, C. liberisamina, C. crassissima have the same genetic sequence of psbA-trnH, sharing the similar result of ITS sequencing analysis. This findings indicated that the genetic relationship of the four similar species is extremely close to each other. C. crassissima, however, is significantly different from the other three Camellias and its genetic relationship is relatively far from the other three ones. Thus it can be preliminarily determined that C. chekiangoleosa, C. lucidissima, C. liberisamina belong to the same species, and the genetic relationship between C. crassissima and the others needs to be studied further.
6. By using AHP and questionnaire for experts methods, the level structural evaluation model and index system of ornamental character were proposed. The 16 greater weight indicators were selected, such as growth potential, plant shape, color of flowers, florescence, fruit color, bloom season, growth habit, young shoots color, flower visibility, the amount of flowers per unit area, flower fragrance, the number of flowers , fruit shape, leaf densities, colored petals types, fruit diameter etc.
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