生物质合成气的组分调控技术及深度净化
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摘要
生物质是一种清洁的可再生能源，合理利用可缓解当前常规能源短缺和环境污染带来的压力。在中意国际科技合作项目-“生物质富氧气化关键技术研究”(2009DFA61500)的资助下，从拓展生物质气化技术应用领域的角度出发，试制了鼓泡床冷模试验台，并在此基础上研制了处理量为50kg/h的流化床气化试验系统；试验研究了不同气化条件对气化效果的影响；根据影响因素与气化效果的对应关系，选择合适的气化工艺来调控气化气的组分分布；研制生物质气化净化装置，完善生物质气化净化技术，提出生物质气化深度净化工艺；最后，试验研究了机动车燃用生物质气化气的行驶与排放特性以及不同条件对生物质合成气合成甲醇的影响因素。
本文首先分析了生物质气化技术的应用现状。发现生物质气化集中供气和发电应用中氢气组分不宜过高，过高会引起爆燃现象；制氢要求燃气中尽可能多的产生氢气；合成液体燃料则要求燃气中H2和CO具有合适的化学当量比。因此，如何有效控制生物质气化气的组分组成是目前生物质气化技术面临的重大问题之一。另外，生物质气化气中含有焦油、硫化物、氮化物等杂质，在应用过程中造成各种各样的问题，优化生物质气化净化工艺，开发和研制新型、高效净化装置，有效去除燃气中的杂质，是生物质气化气走向市场的另一个关键技术。
鼓泡流化床气化系统设计与调试。由于流化床气化炉具有气固两相接触充分，传热传质强烈，床层温度均匀，易于放大等特性被认为是最具开发前景的生物质气化反应装置之一。为确定相关参数，试制了有机玻璃冷模试验装置，通过冷模试验确定不同粒径物料的最小流化速度和布风板阻力特性。在选定最大进料速率为50kg/h的前提下，根据相似准则数原则，设计了鼓泡流化床气化系统，通过冷态试验和热态调试的方式研究系统运行的可靠性和稳定性。试验结果表明：开孔率为1%的布风板具有合适的阻力特性，布风均匀；粒径为0.38mm石英砂的最小流化速度为0.21m/s，粒径为0.83mm木屑的最小流化速度为0.13m/s，石英砂和木屑混合物的最小流化速度为0.16m/s；热态试验结果表明：鼓泡流化床气化系统运行正常，产出气热值较高(6200-6500kJ/m3)，可连续稳定运行3h以上。
为了掌握生物质气化影响因素，试验研究了反应温度、物料特性、气化介质、气化设备结构等对气化效果的影响。试验结果表明：当量比和反应温度是影响气化效果的主要因素。富氧气化是一种有效的生产中热值燃气的气化方式。加入水蒸气对气化效果的影响是正反两个方面的，一方面，有效提高的气化气中H2的含量；另一方面，水蒸气的加入致使床内温度下降较快，不利于气化反应的进行。不同物料特性和炉型结构对气化产出气组分分布有较大的影响。富氧-水蒸气气化是一种比较接近制取合成气的气化工艺。
根据不同影响因素对气化气组分分布的影响，提出了固定床高当量比生物质氧气气化制取中热值气化气和鼓泡流化床生物质氧气-水蒸气气化制取合成气试验研究。固定床生物质高当量比氧气气化试验表明：随着当量比从0.31增加到0.4，反应温度、碳转化率和气体产率均逐渐升高，而产出气热值逐渐降低，但保持在10MJ左右。通过提高当量比来提高反应温度的方法，可有效降低产出气中焦油的含量。反应温度达到1075℃时，是脱除焦油的一个重要温度参考点。流化床生物质氧气-水蒸气气化试验表明：用外部热源加热的方法提高反应温度，有效提高了H2和CO含量，H2/CO值变化较小。随着二次风比率的逐渐增加，H2和CO2含量逐渐升高，CO、CH4和CnHm含量逐渐降低，焦油含量从1210mg降低到38mg，脱焦效果明显。在试验范围内，当量比为0.34，S/B为1.7时，合成气中H2/CO达到最大值，为1.593。
由于生物质合成气对净化要求较高，重点考察了焦油热裂解、物理脱氮、催化脱氯和脱硫技术，并提出深度净化工艺。试验结果表明：随着裂解温度的升高，焦油裂解气中H2的含量明显增加，CH4、C2H6、C2H4等脂肪烃的含量逐渐降低，而CO和CO2的含量呈振幅较小、趋势大致相反的波形变化，焦油裂解产气率明显增加，在1000℃时可达79.03%。经过硅胶过滤器后，合成气中NH3和HCN的含量分别为0.32ppm和0.17ppm。以LG-02脱硫剂脱硫后，合成气中H2S和CS2含量均为0，COS含量为46ppb。在试验的基础上，设计了生物质合成气深度净化工艺，为生物质基气化合成气的制备提供了技术支持。
试验研究了机动车燃用生物质气化气的行驶与排放特性。结果表明：相同条件下，燃用生物质空气气化气行驶里程是富氧气化气的1/3，燃用生物质富氧气化气的行驶里程是天然气的1/3；其动力性、加速性能和最大速度与天然气有较大差距。燃料（气体成分）变化对机动车尾气中CO排放影响较小。过量空气系数λ对CO的排放量具有决定性作用。以生物质空气气化气作为发动机燃料时，HC排放量较低，以生物质富氧气化气作为发动机燃料时，HC排放量较高。使用生物质空气气化气和富氧气化气作为燃料时，NOx排放规律截然不同，说明燃料类型(组分变化)对NOx排放起决定性作用。使用两种不同组分生物质气化气作为车用燃料时，其尾气排放污染物量均远远低于汽油，是一种清洁、可再生的代用燃料。
对比研究了配气(纯H2和纯CO)和生物质合成气作为原料气制取甲醇的影响因素。结果表明：在试验范围内，配气和生物质合成气合成甲醇的最佳温度分别为250℃和255℃。在反应温度和空速不变的情况下，随着反应压力升高，甲醇的时空收率和CO转化率均逐渐升高，CO2转化率逐渐降低。配气和生物质合成气的最大甲醇时空收率分别82%和47%。在反应温度和压力不变的情况下，随着时空速率升高，甲醇的时空收率逐渐升高，CO转化率逐渐降低，CO2转化率和液相产物中甲醇的选择性变化不明显。
Biomass is a kind of clean and renewable energy, rational utilization of which is aneffective method for relieving the pressures of conventional energy resources shortage andserious environment pollution. To expand the utilization of biomass gasification, Funded bySino-Italian cooperation program: Key technology research of Biomass oxygen richgasification (2009DFA61500), a cold bubbling fluidized bed, a fluidized bed gasificationsystem of which maximum capacity is50kg/h, the effect of different gasification conditionson results, regulating and controlling the gas compositions through selective appropriate craft,developing product gas decontamination plant, completing product gas cleaning technology,coming up with product gas deeply cleaning craft, performance and emission of vehiclefueled with product gas and the effect of different conditions on methanol were studied in thepresent paper.
The application and research status of biomass gasification technologies were firstlyinvestigated in the thesis. It is founded that there are some problems in biomass gasificationfor application, such as CO content is too high while CH4content is too low in biomassgasification for fuel gas; H2content is too high to detonation in the engine in biomassgasification power plant; H2selectivity is too low in biomass gasification for hydrogen;H2/CO volume ratio is too low in biomass gasification to methanol. All in all, how to regulateand control the compositions of product gas is one of the most important problems in biomassgasification technology. Moreover, there are some kinds of impurities in product gas, such assolids, tar, NOx, NH3, HCN, HCL, SOx, H2S, C2S and so on, to which lead some kinds ofproblems in application. Therefore, optimizing product gas cleaning crafts and developingnew effectively cleaning devices to strip the impurities is a key technology for product gasapplication.
Due to advantages of excellent gas-solid mixing, uniform bed temperature, intensivemass and heat transfer and easy scale-up, fluidized bed gasifier is thought as one of the mostpromising reactors. It is necessary to design and produce a fluidized bed gasification systemto solve the problems about which are talked above. In order to get the parameters of fluidizedbed, a cold model was trial-produced with organic glass firstly and series of cold experimentswere carried out to measure the minimum fluidized velocity on different diameters of solidsand get the pressure drop of distributor. Then combining the results of cold experiment withselecting feed rate50kg/h, the parameters of bubbling fluidized bed system are calculated.Ruled by similarity principal, a bubbling fluidized bed system is produced. Aimed at testingthe reliability and stability of the system, cold test and hot debugging were carried out. Theresults as follows: the aperture ratio of distributor is1%, which gets adaptable pressure dropand distributes well; the minimum velocity of quartz sand (0.38mm), sawdust (0.83mm), themixture of quartz sand quartz sand sawdust is0.21m/s,0.13m/s,0.16m/s, respectively; through 3h running, it is indicated that the bubbling fluidized bed system is reliable and stable; the lowheating value of product gas is between6200kJ/m3and6500kJ/m3.
Design experiment for mastering the effect of different conditions on biomassgasification, which mainly investigates the react temperature, the characters of feedings,gasification agent, the structure of reactors and so on. It is founded that equivalence ratio andreact temperature is a key factor on gasification result; biomass oxygen rich gasification is aeffective way to produce medium heating value product gas; the effect of using steam ongasification is pros and cons, on the one hand, it is obvious to increase the H2content, on theother hand, it makes the react temperature decrease which is disadvantage to gasification; thecharacters of feedings and structure of reactors are both important factors on product gascomposition; compared with other gasification agent, steam-oxygen rich biomass gasificationis a reliable way to make up syngas.
Based on the effect of different factors on product gas composition, the fixed bed gasifierhigh equivalence ratio biomass oxygen gasification for medium heating value product gas andthe bubbling fluidized bed oxygen-steam gasification for syngas were designed. The fixed bedexperimental results show that the react temperature, carbon conversion and gas yield allincrease, while the low heating value decrease, with the equivalence ratio increase from0.31to0.4; via increase equivalence ratio to increase react temperature is a effective way todecrease the tar content,1075℃is an important point on tar desorption. The fluidized bedexperimental results show that both H2and CO content increase, while H2/CO ratio is changelittle with the input of external heat; H2and CO2content increase, while CO, CH4and CnHmdecrease, and tar content decrease from1210mg to38mg, with the increase of secondary flowrate; when the equivalence ratio is0.34, the steam to biomass ratio is1.7, the H2/CO ratio ofproduct gas is1.593, which is the maximum one in the trial stretch.
Because of the high cleaning demand of biomass syngas for methanol, the tar cracking,physical denitrification, chemical dechlorination and desulfuration are investigated mainly inthis chapter. The experimental results indicate that H2content in tar cracking gases increasesquickly, while CH4、C2H6、C2H4content decreases slowly, CO and CO2content changes littlebut getting the opposite trend, the yield rate of tar cracking increase sharply and cracking rateis79.03%at1000℃，with the cracking temperature increas；using silica gel as filter materialto denitrification, the NH3and HCN content is0.32ppm and0.17ppm in the product gas,respectively; using LG-02as catalyst to desulfuration, the H2S and CS2content is0，the COScontent is46ppb in the product gas; based on the experimental results, a product gas deeplycleaning craft is designed, which supplies technical support for biomass gasified syngas.
Performance and emission of vehicle fueled with gasified biomass gas is carried out toinvestigate the dynamic property and emission features. The product gases derived from airand oxygen rich biomass gasification were used as the vehicle fuel for testing the runningperformance and its emission behavior. The results were as following: under the same roadcondition and for the same vehicle, the kilometers of travel with air gasification producer gas as fuel were one third of that with oxygen rich gasification producer gas as fuel, and thekilometers of travel with oxygen rich gasification producer gas as fuel were one third of thatwith CNG as fuel; the producer gas composition had little influence on the carbon monoxideemission in the exhaust gas, but the excess air ratio had crucial impact on the carbonmonoxide emission; with air gasification producer gas as fuel, the content of the hydrocarbonsin the exhaust gas was lower, and it was higher when being with oxygen rich gasificationproducer gas as fuel, for both fuel gases, the content of the hydrocarbons had the sametendency of increasing along with the increasing of the RPM of the engine; the producer gascomposition had definite influence on the NOxemission in the exhaust gas, meanwhile, thetemperature was the dominating factor of the thermal NOxemission. The results showed thatthe biomass gasification producer gas could be a kind of clean and renewable substitute fuel.
Design match experiments for mastering the effect of synthesis (H2and CO) and syngason synthetic methanol. The experiment results show that the optimum temperature ofsynthesis and syngas for methanol is250℃and255℃, respectively; under the sametemperature and for the same space velocity, the space-time yield of methanol and conversionof CO increase, while the conversion of CO2decrease, with the increase of react pressure; themaximum space-time yield of synthesis and syngas is82%and47%, respectively; under thesame temperature and for the same react pressure, the space-time yield of methanol increase,while the conversion of CO decrease, the conversion of CO2and the selectivity of methanol inliquid-phase production change little, with the increase of space velocity increase.
本文首先分析了生物质气化技术的应用现状。发现生物质气化集中供气和发电应用中氢气组分不宜过高，过高会引起爆燃现象；制氢要求燃气中尽可能多的产生氢气；合成液体燃料则要求燃气中H2和CO具有合适的化学当量比。因此，如何有效控制生物质气化气的组分组成是目前生物质气化技术面临的重大问题之一。另外，生物质气化气中含有焦油、硫化物、氮化物等杂质，在应用过程中造成各种各样的问题，优化生物质气化净化工艺，开发和研制新型、高效净化装置，有效去除燃气中的杂质，是生物质气化气走向市场的另一个关键技术。
鼓泡流化床气化系统设计与调试。由于流化床气化炉具有气固两相接触充分，传热传质强烈，床层温度均匀，易于放大等特性被认为是最具开发前景的生物质气化反应装置之一。为确定相关参数，试制了有机玻璃冷模试验装置，通过冷模试验确定不同粒径物料的最小流化速度和布风板阻力特性。在选定最大进料速率为50kg/h的前提下，根据相似准则数原则，设计了鼓泡流化床气化系统，通过冷态试验和热态调试的方式研究系统运行的可靠性和稳定性。试验结果表明：开孔率为1%的布风板具有合适的阻力特性，布风均匀；粒径为0.38mm石英砂的最小流化速度为0.21m/s，粒径为0.83mm木屑的最小流化速度为0.13m/s，石英砂和木屑混合物的最小流化速度为0.16m/s；热态试验结果表明：鼓泡流化床气化系统运行正常，产出气热值较高(6200-6500kJ/m3)，可连续稳定运行3h以上。
为了掌握生物质气化影响因素，试验研究了反应温度、物料特性、气化介质、气化设备结构等对气化效果的影响。试验结果表明：当量比和反应温度是影响气化效果的主要因素。富氧气化是一种有效的生产中热值燃气的气化方式。加入水蒸气对气化效果的影响是正反两个方面的，一方面，有效提高的气化气中H2的含量；另一方面，水蒸气的加入致使床内温度下降较快，不利于气化反应的进行。不同物料特性和炉型结构对气化产出气组分分布有较大的影响。富氧-水蒸气气化是一种比较接近制取合成气的气化工艺。
根据不同影响因素对气化气组分分布的影响，提出了固定床高当量比生物质氧气气化制取中热值气化气和鼓泡流化床生物质氧气-水蒸气气化制取合成气试验研究。固定床生物质高当量比氧气气化试验表明：随着当量比从0.31增加到0.4，反应温度、碳转化率和气体产率均逐渐升高，而产出气热值逐渐降低，但保持在10MJ左右。通过提高当量比来提高反应温度的方法，可有效降低产出气中焦油的含量。反应温度达到1075℃时，是脱除焦油的一个重要温度参考点。流化床生物质氧气-水蒸气气化试验表明：用外部热源加热的方法提高反应温度，有效提高了H2和CO含量，H2/CO值变化较小。随着二次风比率的逐渐增加，H2和CO2含量逐渐升高，CO、CH4和CnHm含量逐渐降低，焦油含量从1210mg降低到38mg，脱焦效果明显。在试验范围内，当量比为0.34，S/B为1.7时，合成气中H2/CO达到最大值，为1.593。
由于生物质合成气对净化要求较高，重点考察了焦油热裂解、物理脱氮、催化脱氯和脱硫技术，并提出深度净化工艺。试验结果表明：随着裂解温度的升高，焦油裂解气中H2的含量明显增加，CH4、C2H6、C2H4等脂肪烃的含量逐渐降低，而CO和CO2的含量呈振幅较小、趋势大致相反的波形变化，焦油裂解产气率明显增加，在1000℃时可达79.03%。经过硅胶过滤器后，合成气中NH3和HCN的含量分别为0.32ppm和0.17ppm。以LG-02脱硫剂脱硫后，合成气中H2S和CS2含量均为0，COS含量为46ppb。在试验的基础上，设计了生物质合成气深度净化工艺，为生物质基气化合成气的制备提供了技术支持。
试验研究了机动车燃用生物质气化气的行驶与排放特性。结果表明：相同条件下，燃用生物质空气气化气行驶里程是富氧气化气的1/3，燃用生物质富氧气化气的行驶里程是天然气的1/3；其动力性、加速性能和最大速度与天然气有较大差距。燃料（气体成分）变化对机动车尾气中CO排放影响较小。过量空气系数λ对CO的排放量具有决定性作用。以生物质空气气化气作为发动机燃料时，HC排放量较低，以生物质富氧气化气作为发动机燃料时，HC排放量较高。使用生物质空气气化气和富氧气化气作为燃料时，NOx排放规律截然不同，说明燃料类型(组分变化)对NOx排放起决定性作用。使用两种不同组分生物质气化气作为车用燃料时，其尾气排放污染物量均远远低于汽油，是一种清洁、可再生的代用燃料。
对比研究了配气(纯H2和纯CO)和生物质合成气作为原料气制取甲醇的影响因素。结果表明：在试验范围内，配气和生物质合成气合成甲醇的最佳温度分别为250℃和255℃。在反应温度和空速不变的情况下，随着反应压力升高，甲醇的时空收率和CO转化率均逐渐升高，CO2转化率逐渐降低。配气和生物质合成气的最大甲醇时空收率分别82%和47%。在反应温度和压力不变的情况下，随着时空速率升高，甲醇的时空收率逐渐升高，CO转化率逐渐降低，CO2转化率和液相产物中甲醇的选择性变化不明显。
Biomass is a kind of clean and renewable energy, rational utilization of which is aneffective method for relieving the pressures of conventional energy resources shortage andserious environment pollution. To expand the utilization of biomass gasification, Funded bySino-Italian cooperation program: Key technology research of Biomass oxygen richgasification (2009DFA61500), a cold bubbling fluidized bed, a fluidized bed gasificationsystem of which maximum capacity is50kg/h, the effect of different gasification conditionson results, regulating and controlling the gas compositions through selective appropriate craft,developing product gas decontamination plant, completing product gas cleaning technology,coming up with product gas deeply cleaning craft, performance and emission of vehiclefueled with product gas and the effect of different conditions on methanol were studied in thepresent paper.
The application and research status of biomass gasification technologies were firstlyinvestigated in the thesis. It is founded that there are some problems in biomass gasificationfor application, such as CO content is too high while CH4content is too low in biomassgasification for fuel gas; H2content is too high to detonation in the engine in biomassgasification power plant; H2selectivity is too low in biomass gasification for hydrogen;H2/CO volume ratio is too low in biomass gasification to methanol. All in all, how to regulateand control the compositions of product gas is one of the most important problems in biomassgasification technology. Moreover, there are some kinds of impurities in product gas, such assolids, tar, NOx, NH3, HCN, HCL, SOx, H2S, C2S and so on, to which lead some kinds ofproblems in application. Therefore, optimizing product gas cleaning crafts and developingnew effectively cleaning devices to strip the impurities is a key technology for product gasapplication.
Due to advantages of excellent gas-solid mixing, uniform bed temperature, intensivemass and heat transfer and easy scale-up, fluidized bed gasifier is thought as one of the mostpromising reactors. It is necessary to design and produce a fluidized bed gasification systemto solve the problems about which are talked above. In order to get the parameters of fluidizedbed, a cold model was trial-produced with organic glass firstly and series of cold experimentswere carried out to measure the minimum fluidized velocity on different diameters of solidsand get the pressure drop of distributor. Then combining the results of cold experiment withselecting feed rate50kg/h, the parameters of bubbling fluidized bed system are calculated.Ruled by similarity principal, a bubbling fluidized bed system is produced. Aimed at testingthe reliability and stability of the system, cold test and hot debugging were carried out. Theresults as follows: the aperture ratio of distributor is1%, which gets adaptable pressure dropand distributes well; the minimum velocity of quartz sand (0.38mm), sawdust (0.83mm), themixture of quartz sand quartz sand sawdust is0.21m/s,0.13m/s,0.16m/s, respectively; through 3h running, it is indicated that the bubbling fluidized bed system is reliable and stable; the lowheating value of product gas is between6200kJ/m3and6500kJ/m3.
Design experiment for mastering the effect of different conditions on biomassgasification, which mainly investigates the react temperature, the characters of feedings,gasification agent, the structure of reactors and so on. It is founded that equivalence ratio andreact temperature is a key factor on gasification result; biomass oxygen rich gasification is aeffective way to produce medium heating value product gas; the effect of using steam ongasification is pros and cons, on the one hand, it is obvious to increase the H2content, on theother hand, it makes the react temperature decrease which is disadvantage to gasification; thecharacters of feedings and structure of reactors are both important factors on product gascomposition; compared with other gasification agent, steam-oxygen rich biomass gasificationis a reliable way to make up syngas.
Based on the effect of different factors on product gas composition, the fixed bed gasifierhigh equivalence ratio biomass oxygen gasification for medium heating value product gas andthe bubbling fluidized bed oxygen-steam gasification for syngas were designed. The fixed bedexperimental results show that the react temperature, carbon conversion and gas yield allincrease, while the low heating value decrease, with the equivalence ratio increase from0.31to0.4; via increase equivalence ratio to increase react temperature is a effective way todecrease the tar content,1075℃is an important point on tar desorption. The fluidized bedexperimental results show that both H2and CO content increase, while H2/CO ratio is changelittle with the input of external heat; H2and CO2content increase, while CO, CH4and CnHmdecrease, and tar content decrease from1210mg to38mg, with the increase of secondary flowrate; when the equivalence ratio is0.34, the steam to biomass ratio is1.7, the H2/CO ratio ofproduct gas is1.593, which is the maximum one in the trial stretch.
Because of the high cleaning demand of biomass syngas for methanol, the tar cracking,physical denitrification, chemical dechlorination and desulfuration are investigated mainly inthis chapter. The experimental results indicate that H2content in tar cracking gases increasesquickly, while CH4、C2H6、C2H4content decreases slowly, CO and CO2content changes littlebut getting the opposite trend, the yield rate of tar cracking increase sharply and cracking rateis79.03%at1000℃，with the cracking temperature increas；using silica gel as filter materialto denitrification, the NH3and HCN content is0.32ppm and0.17ppm in the product gas,respectively; using LG-02as catalyst to desulfuration, the H2S and CS2content is0，the COScontent is46ppb in the product gas; based on the experimental results, a product gas deeplycleaning craft is designed, which supplies technical support for biomass gasified syngas.
Performance and emission of vehicle fueled with gasified biomass gas is carried out toinvestigate the dynamic property and emission features. The product gases derived from airand oxygen rich biomass gasification were used as the vehicle fuel for testing the runningperformance and its emission behavior. The results were as following: under the same roadcondition and for the same vehicle, the kilometers of travel with air gasification producer gas as fuel were one third of that with oxygen rich gasification producer gas as fuel, and thekilometers of travel with oxygen rich gasification producer gas as fuel were one third of thatwith CNG as fuel; the producer gas composition had little influence on the carbon monoxideemission in the exhaust gas, but the excess air ratio had crucial impact on the carbonmonoxide emission; with air gasification producer gas as fuel, the content of the hydrocarbonsin the exhaust gas was lower, and it was higher when being with oxygen rich gasificationproducer gas as fuel, for both fuel gases, the content of the hydrocarbons had the sametendency of increasing along with the increasing of the RPM of the engine; the producer gascomposition had definite influence on the NOxemission in the exhaust gas, meanwhile, thetemperature was the dominating factor of the thermal NOxemission. The results showed thatthe biomass gasification producer gas could be a kind of clean and renewable substitute fuel.
Design match experiments for mastering the effect of synthesis (H2and CO) and syngason synthetic methanol. The experiment results show that the optimum temperature ofsynthesis and syngas for methanol is250℃and255℃, respectively; under the sametemperature and for the same space velocity, the space-time yield of methanol and conversionof CO increase, while the conversion of CO2decrease, with the increase of react pressure; themaximum space-time yield of synthesis and syngas is82%and47%, respectively; under thesame temperature and for the same react pressure, the space-time yield of methanol increase,while the conversion of CO decrease, the conversion of CO2and the selectivity of methanol inliquid-phase production change little, with the increase of space velocity increase.
引文
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