煤层气水合物储运与提纯的基础研究
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摘要
煤层气俗称矿井瓦斯,CH4含量达95%以上,是优质的清洁燃料和化工原料,是一种新型洁净能源。我国煤层气已探明的储量约为30～35×1012 m3,居世界第三位;同时我国又是世界上最大的煤层气排放国家,煤层气年排放量约为8～10×109 m3,占全球排放量的1/4左右。2000年全国1000多座高瓦斯和瓦斯突出矿井中,仅有184座煤矿建立了煤层气井下抽放系统和地面输气系统,年抽放煤层气8.58×108 m3,全国平均井下煤层气抽放率仅为23%;2004年全国井下开发煤层气约16×108 m3,国有高瓦斯突出矿井平均煤层气的开发率仅为10%左右。由于CH4浓度偏低且缺乏有效的储运和提纯技术以及管理技术因素,大量抽放瓦斯被作为废气直接排入大气,既浪费了能源又对环境造成严重污染;另外,输气管道缺乏是制约我国煤层气发展的又一重要外部条件,在已有的和正在建设中的中小型煤层气试验开发井网范围内基本没有输气管道(除部分地区有地域性的输气管道外)。因此对煤层气不能进行有效提纯与经济储运,长期严重地制约着有关方面对其进一步投入开发和勘探的热情,不仅严重威胁煤矿安全生产,而且直接影响着煤层气工业产业链的形成,成为其进一步发展的瓶颈。实验发现煤层气中的CH4在0～10℃、3～8 MPa下与水能够生成固态气体水合物,这种固体水合物在1atm压力下具有较好的稳定性,分解时能释放出160～200体积的CH4,其巨大的储气能力和相对温和的储气条件备受重视,另外在安全性方面还有其优越性,使其成为对煤层气加工处理与储运的优选方式。因此,对煤层气水合反应过程及其水合物相关性质进行基础研究,为煤层气加工处理与储运提供理论指导和技术支持,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值,同时对促进我国温室气体的减排、履行国际义务具有积极作用。
太原理工大学经过多年的深入研究分析,提出了采用气体水合物技术储运与提纯含氧煤层气的基本研究思想和理论,本论文通过大量实验,系统研究了煤层气水合物在不同条件下储运特性与气体成份变化的影响规律,较详细地推导了气体水合物生成与分解的反应-扩散物理模型,从理论数值计算方面研究了气体水合物颗粒生成与分解的机理与影响因素,并与其它储运工艺在工业生产中的技术经济进行评价。主要研究工作有以下几个方面:
1.进行了喷雾方式纯水与表面活性剂溶液体系的煤层气水合物生成实验,分析了两种体系下气体水合物生成特性,表面活性剂不仅能够有效提高反应速度,同时能明显提高水合物的储气量;
2.实验分析了不同浓度与压力下表面活性剂溶液的气体水合物生成特征,通过实验发现:不同压力对气体水合物的含气量影响不明显,含气量与反应速度随促进剂的浓度增大而升高,但浓度超过300 ppm后增幅急剧减小;
3.利用反应-扩散模型建立了液滴生成气体水合物颗粒的物理模型,模型显示气体水合物形成受气体在气膜扩散、固体层扩散与生成反应速率控制,通过计算分析水滴颗粒半径减小可以显著降低反应时间,同时反应机理也逐渐由气体扩散向生成反应速率控制转变,升高压力或降低温度均能使反应时间缩短,此时气体扩散占反应主导地位,附着层气膜的扩散始终对总反应时间影响很小;
4.促进剂十二烷基硫酸钠SDS与四氢呋喃THF均能不同程度促进含氧煤层气水合物的生成,但THF能有效降低反应压力,弱化气体水合物生成条件,并且THF溶液在对含氧煤层气中CH4与N2、O2的分离与提纯具有积极效果,因此,这类促进剂对混合气体水合物的影响研究规律是气体水合物提纯含氧煤层气技术应用发展的关键所在;
5.通过反应-扩散气固反应过程理论并结合实验研究,揭示了气体水合物分解特性与机理,在低于0℃时,随温度的降低分解反应速率快速下降成为控制整个分解的主要因素,但升高体系压力可使扩散成为分解的主要控制因素,通过对总分解时间分析,压力对分解速率影响不及温度,在实际储运过程中气体水合物至少保持在-10℃以下;高于0℃时气体分解速度存在一个温度门槛值,对于煤层气水合物来说,该门槛值一般为60℃,低于该门槛值时,水合物分解速率敏感地依赖于温度,随温度升高增加明显,当高于门槛值温度后分解速率变化很小,这时总分解时间随温度变化不明显;
6.通过对压缩天然气CNG、液化天然气LNG与天然气水合物NGH三种储运方式在生产、运输与投资综合成本对比发现:在250～700km的供气范围内,天然气水合物储运气体具有较低的综合成本,加之简单和灵活的生产工艺使得气体水合物储运煤层气具有很好的推广前景。
The coal-bed methane was also usually called coal-bed gas which main composition is CH4 that is the kind of high quality clean fuel, the industrial chemicals and new clean energy. Prospective reserves of coal-bed methane are 30~35×1012 m3 approximately in China that occupied one third of the world. At the same time China also is the biggest coal-bed methane discharge country that was about 194×108 m3 which composes about global discharge 1/3. Only 184 underground coal mines have established coal-bed methane gas drainage systems and ground gas transportation systems in 2000 among the 1,000 high gas and coal gas outburst mine which about 8.58×108 m3 coal-bed methane was drainage every year. The national average drainage rate of coal-bed methane was only 23%. The amount of National Underground development coal-bed methane was about 16×108 m3 and the average rate of the development coal-bed methane is only about 10% in 2004 among state-owned high gas outburst coal mine. Most gas discharge of coal mines during the mining process has the low CH4 concentration so it directly discharges as the waste gas as lack of effective treatment and use channels and the management of technical factors. It not only be a waste of energy, but also create serious environmental pollution. Moreover lacks of the gas line is restricts our country coal-bed methane development an important external condition, but the massive center small coal-bed methane field (100~5000×108 m3) in the quantity accounts for 57% and the reserves accounts for 18.3% which the geographical position dispersible that it is impossible to construct the pipe net system. Therefore the coal-bed methane cannot carry on the effective processing to withdraw with the economical storage and transport poses the serious threat to the coal mine safety in production also affects the coal-bed to be mad the industry directly the development. The hydrocarbon of coal-bed methane such as CH4 can form the gas hydrate with the water under 0~10℃, 3~8 MPa. The hydrate has the good stability under the atmospheric pressure when dissociation can release 180~200 volumes CH4. At the same time gas which form the hydrate such as N2 phase equilibrium condition and the hydrocarbon are clearly different. The hydrate formation has the selectivity, the gas storage ability and the relatively temperate gas storage condition causes it possibly to become the coal-bed methane processing, storage and transport optimal feasible way. Therefore the basic experimental researches of the coal-bed methane hydrate formation and its property have the vital scientific significance and the application value.
The basic study principles and theories of the hydrate storage/transportation and concentration of coal-bed methane were introduced after years of in-depth study in Taiyuan University of Technology. The relevant laws of storage propriety and gas composition changes were studied under different conditions during the process of formation and decomposition experiment of coal-bed methane hydrate in the paper. A more detailed physical model of the hydrate formation and decomposition was derivate based on reaction-diffusion theory. From theories and numerical calculations the mechanism and influencing factors of hydrate particles formation and decomposition were analyzed. The technical and economic evaluation was conducted with other storage technology in industrial production in the last. Main research work in the following areas:
1. Hydrate formation experiments was conducted at the pure water and surfactant solution in the form of spray system. From the analysis of the two systems the hydrate formation of surfactant can not only effectively improve the reaction rate, at the same time can also significantly improve the hydrate storage capability.
2. Hydrate formation propriety of surfactant solution was analyzed in the different concentrations and pressure. From the experiments it can be found: the pressure was not obvious effects gas content of the gas hydrate, the gas content and the reaction rate increased with the concentration of additives, but after more than 300 ppm it increase dramatically reduced.
3. Formation kinetics equation of the hydrate particles was established according to the reaction-diffusion of gas-solid reaction kinetics principle. From the analysis of formation reaction rate under certain pressure and different temperature it can be found: Both lower temperature and increased pressure can promote hydration reaction and shorten reaction time from which the changes of response mechanism from reaction to diffusion-controlled as these two factors was analyzed according to theoretical models. The mechanism of diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant in different temperature and press influence to hydrate formation from drop is concluded and it provides a theoretical basis to the hydrate technology.
4. Volumetric specific process of gas hydrate formation was in a spontaneous reaction so the whole process reflects the basic requirements under the reaction conditions and energy minimization. Through the volumetric specific experiment the suitable reaction condition can be determinate for it is a spontaneous course.
5. The experiment of hydrate concentration process is carried out to coal-bed gas and 19% tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution at different initial pressure on hydrate formation reactor with spring nozzle. The respective gas concentration of coal-bed gas was monitored on-line with using gas chromatography in gas phase and hydrate phase on reactor during hydrate formation. The experimental results show that THF solution can effectively reduce the phase equilibria pressure of gas mixture hydrate formation. High initial pressure can accelerate the reaction rate but CH4 concentration range has decreased and the concentration difference of respective component between hydrate phase and gas phase also decreased. Therefore, the appropriate reducing reaction pressure has the positive effect to concentration of CH4 from the oxygen-containing coal-bed gas in the THF solution.
6. Dissociation experiments was conducted on laboratory to synthesis hydrate at constant temperature in different press and dissociation kinetics equation of the hydrate particles was established according to the reaction- diffusion of gas-solid reaction kinetics principle. From the analysis of decomposition rate under certain pressure and different temperature it can be found: the decomposition rate changes significantly with temperature under 60℃. The pressure on the impact of hydrate dissociation is less than temperature. The mechanism of diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant in different temperature and press influence to hydrate dissociation is concluded.
7. From CNG, LNG and NGH in the production transport and investment comprehensive cost comparison it can be found: NGH have the most cost advantages in the transport distance of 250 to 700 km. This distance is also general inter-provincial transport of moderate to hydrate. The cost of the production with gas storage and transportation is higher than that of compressed natural gas. But due to compressed natural gas transport tanker prices are more expensive and transport of compressed natural gas is high-pressure gas it has poor security and more quality of the tank. So it greatly increases the cost of transport in the form of CNG. At the same time storage and transportation at the hydrate form much lower investment in liquefied form below.
太原理工大学经过多年的深入研究分析,提出了采用气体水合物技术储运与提纯含氧煤层气的基本研究思想和理论,本论文通过大量实验,系统研究了煤层气水合物在不同条件下储运特性与气体成份变化的影响规律,较详细地推导了气体水合物生成与分解的反应-扩散物理模型,从理论数值计算方面研究了气体水合物颗粒生成与分解的机理与影响因素,并与其它储运工艺在工业生产中的技术经济进行评价。主要研究工作有以下几个方面:
1.进行了喷雾方式纯水与表面活性剂溶液体系的煤层气水合物生成实验,分析了两种体系下气体水合物生成特性,表面活性剂不仅能够有效提高反应速度,同时能明显提高水合物的储气量;
2.实验分析了不同浓度与压力下表面活性剂溶液的气体水合物生成特征,通过实验发现:不同压力对气体水合物的含气量影响不明显,含气量与反应速度随促进剂的浓度增大而升高,但浓度超过300 ppm后增幅急剧减小;
3.利用反应-扩散模型建立了液滴生成气体水合物颗粒的物理模型,模型显示气体水合物形成受气体在气膜扩散、固体层扩散与生成反应速率控制,通过计算分析水滴颗粒半径减小可以显著降低反应时间,同时反应机理也逐渐由气体扩散向生成反应速率控制转变,升高压力或降低温度均能使反应时间缩短,此时气体扩散占反应主导地位,附着层气膜的扩散始终对总反应时间影响很小;
4.促进剂十二烷基硫酸钠SDS与四氢呋喃THF均能不同程度促进含氧煤层气水合物的生成,但THF能有效降低反应压力,弱化气体水合物生成条件,并且THF溶液在对含氧煤层气中CH4与N2、O2的分离与提纯具有积极效果,因此,这类促进剂对混合气体水合物的影响研究规律是气体水合物提纯含氧煤层气技术应用发展的关键所在;
5.通过反应-扩散气固反应过程理论并结合实验研究,揭示了气体水合物分解特性与机理,在低于0℃时,随温度的降低分解反应速率快速下降成为控制整个分解的主要因素,但升高体系压力可使扩散成为分解的主要控制因素,通过对总分解时间分析,压力对分解速率影响不及温度,在实际储运过程中气体水合物至少保持在-10℃以下;高于0℃时气体分解速度存在一个温度门槛值,对于煤层气水合物来说,该门槛值一般为60℃,低于该门槛值时,水合物分解速率敏感地依赖于温度,随温度升高增加明显,当高于门槛值温度后分解速率变化很小,这时总分解时间随温度变化不明显;
6.通过对压缩天然气CNG、液化天然气LNG与天然气水合物NGH三种储运方式在生产、运输与投资综合成本对比发现:在250～700km的供气范围内,天然气水合物储运气体具有较低的综合成本,加之简单和灵活的生产工艺使得气体水合物储运煤层气具有很好的推广前景。
The coal-bed methane was also usually called coal-bed gas which main composition is CH4 that is the kind of high quality clean fuel, the industrial chemicals and new clean energy. Prospective reserves of coal-bed methane are 30~35×1012 m3 approximately in China that occupied one third of the world. At the same time China also is the biggest coal-bed methane discharge country that was about 194×108 m3 which composes about global discharge 1/3. Only 184 underground coal mines have established coal-bed methane gas drainage systems and ground gas transportation systems in 2000 among the 1,000 high gas and coal gas outburst mine which about 8.58×108 m3 coal-bed methane was drainage every year. The national average drainage rate of coal-bed methane was only 23%. The amount of National Underground development coal-bed methane was about 16×108 m3 and the average rate of the development coal-bed methane is only about 10% in 2004 among state-owned high gas outburst coal mine. Most gas discharge of coal mines during the mining process has the low CH4 concentration so it directly discharges as the waste gas as lack of effective treatment and use channels and the management of technical factors. It not only be a waste of energy, but also create serious environmental pollution. Moreover lacks of the gas line is restricts our country coal-bed methane development an important external condition, but the massive center small coal-bed methane field (100~5000×108 m3) in the quantity accounts for 57% and the reserves accounts for 18.3% which the geographical position dispersible that it is impossible to construct the pipe net system. Therefore the coal-bed methane cannot carry on the effective processing to withdraw with the economical storage and transport poses the serious threat to the coal mine safety in production also affects the coal-bed to be mad the industry directly the development. The hydrocarbon of coal-bed methane such as CH4 can form the gas hydrate with the water under 0~10℃, 3~8 MPa. The hydrate has the good stability under the atmospheric pressure when dissociation can release 180~200 volumes CH4. At the same time gas which form the hydrate such as N2 phase equilibrium condition and the hydrocarbon are clearly different. The hydrate formation has the selectivity, the gas storage ability and the relatively temperate gas storage condition causes it possibly to become the coal-bed methane processing, storage and transport optimal feasible way. Therefore the basic experimental researches of the coal-bed methane hydrate formation and its property have the vital scientific significance and the application value.
The basic study principles and theories of the hydrate storage/transportation and concentration of coal-bed methane were introduced after years of in-depth study in Taiyuan University of Technology. The relevant laws of storage propriety and gas composition changes were studied under different conditions during the process of formation and decomposition experiment of coal-bed methane hydrate in the paper. A more detailed physical model of the hydrate formation and decomposition was derivate based on reaction-diffusion theory. From theories and numerical calculations the mechanism and influencing factors of hydrate particles formation and decomposition were analyzed. The technical and economic evaluation was conducted with other storage technology in industrial production in the last. Main research work in the following areas:
1. Hydrate formation experiments was conducted at the pure water and surfactant solution in the form of spray system. From the analysis of the two systems the hydrate formation of surfactant can not only effectively improve the reaction rate, at the same time can also significantly improve the hydrate storage capability.
2. Hydrate formation propriety of surfactant solution was analyzed in the different concentrations and pressure. From the experiments it can be found: the pressure was not obvious effects gas content of the gas hydrate, the gas content and the reaction rate increased with the concentration of additives, but after more than 300 ppm it increase dramatically reduced.
3. Formation kinetics equation of the hydrate particles was established according to the reaction-diffusion of gas-solid reaction kinetics principle. From the analysis of formation reaction rate under certain pressure and different temperature it can be found: Both lower temperature and increased pressure can promote hydration reaction and shorten reaction time from which the changes of response mechanism from reaction to diffusion-controlled as these two factors was analyzed according to theoretical models. The mechanism of diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant in different temperature and press influence to hydrate formation from drop is concluded and it provides a theoretical basis to the hydrate technology.
4. Volumetric specific process of gas hydrate formation was in a spontaneous reaction so the whole process reflects the basic requirements under the reaction conditions and energy minimization. Through the volumetric specific experiment the suitable reaction condition can be determinate for it is a spontaneous course.
5. The experiment of hydrate concentration process is carried out to coal-bed gas and 19% tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution at different initial pressure on hydrate formation reactor with spring nozzle. The respective gas concentration of coal-bed gas was monitored on-line with using gas chromatography in gas phase and hydrate phase on reactor during hydrate formation. The experimental results show that THF solution can effectively reduce the phase equilibria pressure of gas mixture hydrate formation. High initial pressure can accelerate the reaction rate but CH4 concentration range has decreased and the concentration difference of respective component between hydrate phase and gas phase also decreased. Therefore, the appropriate reducing reaction pressure has the positive effect to concentration of CH4 from the oxygen-containing coal-bed gas in the THF solution.
6. Dissociation experiments was conducted on laboratory to synthesis hydrate at constant temperature in different press and dissociation kinetics equation of the hydrate particles was established according to the reaction- diffusion of gas-solid reaction kinetics principle. From the analysis of decomposition rate under certain pressure and different temperature it can be found: the decomposition rate changes significantly with temperature under 60℃. The pressure on the impact of hydrate dissociation is less than temperature. The mechanism of diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant in different temperature and press influence to hydrate dissociation is concluded.
7. From CNG, LNG and NGH in the production transport and investment comprehensive cost comparison it can be found: NGH have the most cost advantages in the transport distance of 250 to 700 km. This distance is also general inter-provincial transport of moderate to hydrate. The cost of the production with gas storage and transportation is higher than that of compressed natural gas. But due to compressed natural gas transport tanker prices are more expensive and transport of compressed natural gas is high-pressure gas it has poor security and more quality of the tank. So it greatly increases the cost of transport in the form of CNG. At the same time storage and transportation at the hydrate form much lower investment in liquefied form below.
引文
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