中常温相变蓄热的理论与实验研究
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摘要
自上个世纪70年代能源危机以来，相变贮能的理论与应用研究在世界发
达国家迅速崛起并得到不断发展，其研究和应用涉及材料科学、太阳能、工程
热物理、空调和采暖及工业废热利用等领域。
我国相变贮能的理论和应用研究与西方发达国家相比还相当薄弱。已经出
台的旨在利用“削峰填谷”缓解电网负荷峰谷差过大的峰谷电价分时计价制已
使相变贮能成为研究和应用热点。本文在已有理论和实践的基础上，从以下几
个方面作了较为深入的研究。
全文共分为五个部分，硬脂酸相变过程中热性能的测试与分析、相变蓄热
式电暖器的设计与模拟是本文的重点。首先主要说明了课题研究的背景和意义、
介绍了贮能技术的概念与分类，国内外相变蓄热研究的进展与状况；其次对第
二类边界条件下环形区域内硬脂酸融化问题进行了实验研究。测定了不同热流
密度下径向温度分布曲线及固液相变界面随时间移动曲线，分析了加热棒加热
功率对融化速率的影响。通过比较加入肋片前后的融化时间、界面移动速度，
分析了肋片对于融化过程的强化作用。然后是硬脂酸凝固问题的实验研究，分
析了换热流体进口温度、换热流体Re数大小对凝固过程的影响，绘制了凝固过
程中热流密度变化曲线，比较了螺旋肋肋宽对强化传热效果的影响。最后从相
变材料的选取到电暖器蓄热与传热的设计计算、电暖器自控电路的设计，以及
电暖器的最终装配，都做了比较详尽的叙述。建立了电暖器流动与传热的简单
数学模型，对电暖器工作过程进行了模拟，并与电暖器的实测结果进行了比较。
Since energy crisis occurred in 1970's, latent heat thermal energy
storage(LHTES) has gained more attention than before due to its being the key
element to accomplish energy recovery and utilization of solar energy, industrial
waste heat and off peak electricity.
Compared with developed countries, in this area, China still has a long way to
go. In order to shift the peak heating and cooling loads to off-peak hours, Chinese
government has carried out the "peak and off-peak price" policy and research about
LHTES is gradually becoming a new focus again. Based on the existing theoretical
and experimental study, the following aspects are investigated in this thesis.
The emphases in this paper are the measurement and analysis of thermal
characteristics of stearic acid as phase change material and the design and simulation
of the Latent Heat Thermal Storage Radiator. At first the background and
significance of the work are mainly introduced, as well as the concept and type of
thermal storage. Then the thermal performance of the unit is measured and heat
transfer characteristics of melting process of stearic acid is studied under different
heat flux conditions to determine the influence of heat flux on the melting process. A
new fin is designed and fixed to the electrical rod to enhance the thermal response of
stearic acid and the influences of the fin size and pitch on the enhancement are
studied and analyzed. The following is the experimental investigations on
solidification process of stearic acid. The influences which the inlet temperature and
Reynolds number of the cooling water have on the solidification process are
presented. Figures that display how heat flux change versus time has been drawn and
analyzed. In the end, choosing PCM, design calculation and assembly of the radiator
are described in details. Mathematical model on heat transfer of the LHTES radiator
is attempted to establish. It also explains the result of the comparison between curve
acquired by experimental data and the one from model.
达国家迅速崛起并得到不断发展，其研究和应用涉及材料科学、太阳能、工程
热物理、空调和采暖及工业废热利用等领域。
我国相变贮能的理论和应用研究与西方发达国家相比还相当薄弱。已经出
台的旨在利用“削峰填谷”缓解电网负荷峰谷差过大的峰谷电价分时计价制已
使相变贮能成为研究和应用热点。本文在已有理论和实践的基础上，从以下几
个方面作了较为深入的研究。
全文共分为五个部分，硬脂酸相变过程中热性能的测试与分析、相变蓄热
式电暖器的设计与模拟是本文的重点。首先主要说明了课题研究的背景和意义、
介绍了贮能技术的概念与分类，国内外相变蓄热研究的进展与状况；其次对第
二类边界条件下环形区域内硬脂酸融化问题进行了实验研究。测定了不同热流
密度下径向温度分布曲线及固液相变界面随时间移动曲线，分析了加热棒加热
功率对融化速率的影响。通过比较加入肋片前后的融化时间、界面移动速度，
分析了肋片对于融化过程的强化作用。然后是硬脂酸凝固问题的实验研究，分
析了换热流体进口温度、换热流体Re数大小对凝固过程的影响，绘制了凝固过
程中热流密度变化曲线，比较了螺旋肋肋宽对强化传热效果的影响。最后从相
变材料的选取到电暖器蓄热与传热的设计计算、电暖器自控电路的设计，以及
电暖器的最终装配，都做了比较详尽的叙述。建立了电暖器流动与传热的简单
数学模型，对电暖器工作过程进行了模拟，并与电暖器的实测结果进行了比较。
Since energy crisis occurred in 1970's, latent heat thermal energy
storage(LHTES) has gained more attention than before due to its being the key
element to accomplish energy recovery and utilization of solar energy, industrial
waste heat and off peak electricity.
Compared with developed countries, in this area, China still has a long way to
go. In order to shift the peak heating and cooling loads to off-peak hours, Chinese
government has carried out the "peak and off-peak price" policy and research about
LHTES is gradually becoming a new focus again. Based on the existing theoretical
and experimental study, the following aspects are investigated in this thesis.
The emphases in this paper are the measurement and analysis of thermal
characteristics of stearic acid as phase change material and the design and simulation
of the Latent Heat Thermal Storage Radiator. At first the background and
significance of the work are mainly introduced, as well as the concept and type of
thermal storage. Then the thermal performance of the unit is measured and heat
transfer characteristics of melting process of stearic acid is studied under different
heat flux conditions to determine the influence of heat flux on the melting process. A
new fin is designed and fixed to the electrical rod to enhance the thermal response of
stearic acid and the influences of the fin size and pitch on the enhancement are
studied and analyzed. The following is the experimental investigations on
solidification process of stearic acid. The influences which the inlet temperature and
Reynolds number of the cooling water have on the solidification process are
presented. Figures that display how heat flux change versus time has been drawn and
analyzed. In the end, choosing PCM, design calculation and assembly of the radiator
are described in details. Mathematical model on heat transfer of the LHTES radiator
is attempted to establish. It also explains the result of the comparison between curve
acquired by experimental data and the one from model.
引文
1 周大地,韩文科.中国能源问题研究.中国环境科学出版社,2002:25-42
2 张寅平,胡汉平. 孔祥冬等. 相变贮能--理论和应用. 中国科技大学出版社, 1996
3 赵秦生. 新材料与新能源. 胡海南. 轻业工业出版社, 2002.
4 陈国新. 等中国能源资源. 科学普及出版社, 1991.11
5 Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz. Thermal Performance Of Palmitic Acid As A Phase Change Energy Storage Material. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43(6): 863-876
6 Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz. Thermal Performance Of Myristic Acid As A Phase Change Material For Energy Storage Application. Renewable Energy, 2001,24(2):303-317
7 Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz. Thermal performance of a eutectic mixture of lauric and Myristic Acid as PCM encapsulated in the annulus of two concentric pipes. Solar Energy. 2002, 72(6).493-504
8 Sparrow. E. M, Larsen E. D and Ramsey J. W. Freezing On A Finned Tube For Either Conduction-Controlled or Natural-Convection-Controlled Heat Transfer. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1981, (24): 273-284.
9 Smith R.N. and Koch J.D. Numerical Solution For Freezing Adjacent To A Finned Surface. In Proceedings Of The Seventh International Heat Transfer Conference, 1982
10 Sauer E. Energietransport-speicherung und verteilung Technischer Verlag Resch. Koln: Verlag Tuv Rheinland. 1982.
11. Eftekhar J., Sheikh A.H. and Lou D.Y.S. Heat Transfer Enhancement In A Paraffin Wax Thermal Storage System. J. Solar Energy Eng. 1984, (106):299-306.
12 Padmanabhan P.V. and Krishna Murthy M.V. Outward Phase Change In A Cylindrical Annulus With Axial Fins On The Inner Tube. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1986
13 Lacroix M. Study Of The Heat Transfer Behavior Of A Latent Heat Thermal Energy Unit With A finned Tube. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1993, (25): 209-221.
14 Siegel R. Solidfication Of Low Conductivity Material Containing Dispersed High Conductivity Particles. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1977,(20):1087-1089
15 Stovall T. K. and Arimilli R. B. Transient Thermal Analysis Of Three Fast-Based Power System. Proceedings of the 23rd Inter Society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1988, 171-177.
16 Jun Fukai, Makoto Kanou, Yoshikazu Kodama, Osamu Miyatake. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Of Energy Storage Media Using Carbon Fibers. Energy Conversion and Management. 2000
17 Kendall T. Harris Phase-Change Phenomena In Porous Media -A Non-Local Thermal Equilibrium Model. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2001, (44): 1619-1625
18 张洪济. 相变热传导. 重庆大学出版社, 1991
19 陈文振, 程尚模，罗臻. 水平椭圆管内相变材料接触融化的分析, 太阳能学报, 1995
20 陈则韶，陈梅英. 冰箱蓄冷器的设计要点. 流体工程，1990
21 张寅平，葛新石，苏跃红. 二元共晶系融点、融解热的预测. 中国科学技术大学学报，1995；25（4）
22 张寅平，葛新石，苏跃红，梁新刚. 一种速冷后能保温的新颖容器－传热分析. 中国科学技术大学学报，1994；24（3）：384－389
23 Zhang Y P, Liang X G.. Numerical Analysis of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Mixed Solid Materials. Materials & Design, 1995; 16(2): 91-95
24 Zhang Y P, Liang X G.. Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Materials with Metal Matrix. Proc. of the 4th Int. Symposium of Heat Transfer with Exhibition, Beijing, China, 1996.
25 张寅平，葛新石. 球形堆积床相变换热器储、换热性能的理论研究. 中国高校第六届工程热物理年会论文集，1996.5
26 Guo T Y, Zhang Y P, Ge X S. Numerical Analysis on Performance of Plate-packed -bed Latent Heat Storage System. Proc. of the 4th Int. Symposium of Heat Transfer with Exhibition, Beijing, China, 1996.
27 周国强. 中国电力企业联合会多利实业总公司关于推广应用调荷节电新技术蓄冰空调系统的建议. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 11-12
28 郭贵明. 储冰式空调系统简介. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:13-18
29 郑贤明，林秀诚. 蓄冷空调器系统. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:22-29
30 刘道平. 蓄冷和低温送风空调系统及其应用问题. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:29-34
31 张永铨，张彤. 蓄冷系统分类、特性及设计中应注意的一些问题. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:35-38
32 M.Costa, D.Buddhi and A.Oliva Numerical Simulation Of A Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System With Enhanced Heat Conduction. Energy Convers.1998, 39(3/4)
33 Kenumnam Cho, S.H.Choi. Thermal Characteristics Of Paraffin In A Spherical Capsule During Freezing and Melting Processes. International Journal Of Heat and Mass Transfer. 1999
34 Zhongliang Liu, C.F.Ma. Numerical Analysis Of Melting With Constant Heat Flux Heating In a Thermal Energy Storage System. Energy Conversion and Managemen., 2000, 43(18): 2521-2538
35 Afif Hasan. Thermal Energy Storage System With Stearic Acid As Phase Change Material. Energy Convers. Mgmt .1994, 35(10): 843-856
36 Chow, L. C., Zhong, J. K. and Beam, J. E. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Phase Change Storage Media. Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer. 1996, (23) :91-100
37 Jun Fukai, Makoto Kanou, Yoshikazu Kodama, Osamu Miyatake. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Energy Storage Media Using Carbon Fibers, Energy Conversion & Management. , 2000, 41(12):1543-1556
38 Padmanabhan, P. V. and Krishna Murthy, M. V. Outward Phase Change in a Cylindrical Annulus with Axial Fins on the Inner Tube. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1986, 29(12):1855-1866
39 I.M.Bugaje. Enhancing The Thermal Response Of Latent Heat Storage Systems. International Journal Of Energy Research. 1997, 21
40 J.M.Khodadadi, Y.Zhang. Effects Of Buoyancy-driven Convection On Melting Within Spherical Containers. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2000
41 Kenumnam Cho, S.H.Choi. Thermal Characteristics Of Paraffin In A Spherical Capsule During Freezing and Melting Processes. Heat and Mass Transfer. International Journal Of Heat and Mass Transfer 1999
42 Belén Zalba, José M Marín, LuisaF. Review On Thermal Energy Storage With Phase Change: Materials, Heat Transfer Analysis And Applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2003, 23(3): 251-283
2 张寅平,胡汉平. 孔祥冬等. 相变贮能--理论和应用. 中国科技大学出版社, 1996
3 赵秦生. 新材料与新能源. 胡海南. 轻业工业出版社, 2002.
4 陈国新. 等中国能源资源. 科学普及出版社, 1991.11
5 Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz. Thermal Performance Of Palmitic Acid As A Phase Change Energy Storage Material. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43(6): 863-876
6 Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz. Thermal Performance Of Myristic Acid As A Phase Change Material For Energy Storage Application. Renewable Energy, 2001,24(2):303-317
7 Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz. Thermal performance of a eutectic mixture of lauric and Myristic Acid as PCM encapsulated in the annulus of two concentric pipes. Solar Energy. 2002, 72(6).493-504
8 Sparrow. E. M, Larsen E. D and Ramsey J. W. Freezing On A Finned Tube For Either Conduction-Controlled or Natural-Convection-Controlled Heat Transfer. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1981, (24): 273-284.
9 Smith R.N. and Koch J.D. Numerical Solution For Freezing Adjacent To A Finned Surface. In Proceedings Of The Seventh International Heat Transfer Conference, 1982
10 Sauer E. Energietransport-speicherung und verteilung Technischer Verlag Resch. Koln: Verlag Tuv Rheinland. 1982.
11. Eftekhar J., Sheikh A.H. and Lou D.Y.S. Heat Transfer Enhancement In A Paraffin Wax Thermal Storage System. J. Solar Energy Eng. 1984, (106):299-306.
12 Padmanabhan P.V. and Krishna Murthy M.V. Outward Phase Change In A Cylindrical Annulus With Axial Fins On The Inner Tube. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1986
13 Lacroix M. Study Of The Heat Transfer Behavior Of A Latent Heat Thermal Energy Unit With A finned Tube. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1993, (25): 209-221.
14 Siegel R. Solidfication Of Low Conductivity Material Containing Dispersed High Conductivity Particles. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1977,(20):1087-1089
15 Stovall T. K. and Arimilli R. B. Transient Thermal Analysis Of Three Fast-Based Power System. Proceedings of the 23rd Inter Society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1988, 171-177.
16 Jun Fukai, Makoto Kanou, Yoshikazu Kodama, Osamu Miyatake. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Of Energy Storage Media Using Carbon Fibers. Energy Conversion and Management. 2000
17 Kendall T. Harris Phase-Change Phenomena In Porous Media -A Non-Local Thermal Equilibrium Model. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2001, (44): 1619-1625
18 张洪济. 相变热传导. 重庆大学出版社, 1991
19 陈文振, 程尚模，罗臻. 水平椭圆管内相变材料接触融化的分析, 太阳能学报, 1995
20 陈则韶，陈梅英. 冰箱蓄冷器的设计要点. 流体工程，1990
21 张寅平，葛新石，苏跃红. 二元共晶系融点、融解热的预测. 中国科学技术大学学报，1995；25（4）
22 张寅平，葛新石，苏跃红，梁新刚. 一种速冷后能保温的新颖容器－传热分析. 中国科学技术大学学报，1994；24（3）：384－389
23 Zhang Y P, Liang X G.. Numerical Analysis of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Mixed Solid Materials. Materials & Design, 1995; 16(2): 91-95
24 Zhang Y P, Liang X G.. Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Materials with Metal Matrix. Proc. of the 4th Int. Symposium of Heat Transfer with Exhibition, Beijing, China, 1996.
25 张寅平，葛新石. 球形堆积床相变换热器储、换热性能的理论研究. 中国高校第六届工程热物理年会论文集，1996.5
26 Guo T Y, Zhang Y P, Ge X S. Numerical Analysis on Performance of Plate-packed -bed Latent Heat Storage System. Proc. of the 4th Int. Symposium of Heat Transfer with Exhibition, Beijing, China, 1996.
27 周国强. 中国电力企业联合会多利实业总公司关于推广应用调荷节电新技术蓄冰空调系统的建议. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 11-12
28 郭贵明. 储冰式空调系统简介. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:13-18
29 郑贤明，林秀诚. 蓄冷空调器系统. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:22-29
30 刘道平. 蓄冷和低温送风空调系统及其应用问题. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:29-34
31 张永铨，张彤. 蓄冷系统分类、特性及设计中应注意的一些问题. 江苏暖通空调制冷. 1995; 2:35-38
32 M.Costa, D.Buddhi and A.Oliva Numerical Simulation Of A Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System With Enhanced Heat Conduction. Energy Convers.1998, 39(3/4)
33 Kenumnam Cho, S.H.Choi. Thermal Characteristics Of Paraffin In A Spherical Capsule During Freezing and Melting Processes. International Journal Of Heat and Mass Transfer. 1999
34 Zhongliang Liu, C.F.Ma. Numerical Analysis Of Melting With Constant Heat Flux Heating In a Thermal Energy Storage System. Energy Conversion and Managemen., 2000, 43(18): 2521-2538
35 Afif Hasan. Thermal Energy Storage System With Stearic Acid As Phase Change Material. Energy Convers. Mgmt .1994, 35(10): 843-856
36 Chow, L. C., Zhong, J. K. and Beam, J. E. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Phase Change Storage Media. Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer. 1996, (23) :91-100
37 Jun Fukai, Makoto Kanou, Yoshikazu Kodama, Osamu Miyatake. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Energy Storage Media Using Carbon Fibers, Energy Conversion & Management. , 2000, 41(12):1543-1556
38 Padmanabhan, P. V. and Krishna Murthy, M. V. Outward Phase Change in a Cylindrical Annulus with Axial Fins on the Inner Tube. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1986, 29(12):1855-1866
39 I.M.Bugaje. Enhancing The Thermal Response Of Latent Heat Storage Systems. International Journal Of Energy Research. 1997, 21
40 J.M.Khodadadi, Y.Zhang. Effects Of Buoyancy-driven Convection On Melting Within Spherical Containers. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2000
41 Kenumnam Cho, S.H.Choi. Thermal Characteristics Of Paraffin In A Spherical Capsule During Freezing and Melting Processes. Heat and Mass Transfer. International Journal Of Heat and Mass Transfer 1999
42 Belén Zalba, José M Marín, LuisaF. Review On Thermal Energy Storage With Phase Change: Materials, Heat Transfer Analysis And Applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2003, 23(3): 251-283