冰晶式蓄冷系统研究及其经济性分析
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摘要
本文是以冰晶式蓄冷系统为研究对象，旨在从技术和经济两方面论证冰晶式蓄冷技术的可行性。论文分析了冰晶式蓄冷系统的工作原理和工作过程，建立了系统热力计算模型，并对系统的各项参数和性能系数进行了计算。由于冰晶式蓄冷系统良好的热交换性，循环计算结果表明，冰晶式蓄冷系统的性能系数可达到4.2左右，明显好于其他蓄冷系统。为了能够更好地了解该系统的工作过程，本文结合工程实例对该系统区别于其他系统的主要部分——蓄冰槽进行了温度变化模拟，发现蓄冰槽在蓄冷和释冷过程中温度并不是呈线性变化的，而是动态的变化，基本上呈指数变化的趋势。
本文还对冰晶式蓄冷系统的运行策略进行了分析，发现在串联流程模式中，制冷机优先的方案不论在耗电量和机组电功率选择上都具有优势，应优先考虑。除此之外，本文还分析了蓄冷与峰谷分时电价之间的关系，得出能否应用蓄冷技术的判定方程式和选择蓄冷方式的方法。
在论文的结尾部分给出了不同空调系统初投资和运行费用的计算模型，并借鉴经济学知识提出几个评价冰晶式蓄冷空调的经济指标。通过对比北京地区某办公楼应用常规空调和冰晶式蓄冷空调系统，得出冰晶式蓄冷系统具有更好的经济效益。另外，本文还详细计算了蓄冷率、峰谷电价比对系统各项经济指标的影响情况。
论文所得出的结论，为冰晶式蓄冷技术的进一步研究打下了基础，能够提供一定的理论参考和思路。
In this paper, the storage system of crystal ice (S-S-C-I) is discussed. The feasibility of S-S-C-I is analyzed in both technologic and economic aspects. After analyzing the working principle and process, the calculation model of the cycle is proposed. Furthermore, parameters and the performance coefficient are calculated. Because of the good ability of transfer heat, the results show that the performance coefficient of S-S-C-I can reach 4.2, which is much higher than the other storage systems. In order to understand process of this system better, the variety of temperature in the storage ice vessel, which is different with the other systems is simulated. The result show that the variety is not linear in the process of storage and release. It is exponential.
The operating strategy is analyzed in this paper. We find that the project of chiller priority is better than others in series. We also research the relation between storage and different electricity price, then the determinant equation of storage technologic and the way of electing storage mode are concluded.
Calculation models of the initial investment and operating cost of different air conditioning systems are given. According to economics knowledge, several economic indicators are proposed. After using the general air conditioning system and S-S-C-I separately in an office building in Beijing, it is proved that S-S-C-I can yield good economic returns. At last, the influences of cool-storage rate and different electricity price to the economic indicators are discussed.
The conclusions of this thesis can be referenced in theory for deep and further research.
本文还对冰晶式蓄冷系统的运行策略进行了分析，发现在串联流程模式中，制冷机优先的方案不论在耗电量和机组电功率选择上都具有优势，应优先考虑。除此之外，本文还分析了蓄冷与峰谷分时电价之间的关系，得出能否应用蓄冷技术的判定方程式和选择蓄冷方式的方法。
在论文的结尾部分给出了不同空调系统初投资和运行费用的计算模型，并借鉴经济学知识提出几个评价冰晶式蓄冷空调的经济指标。通过对比北京地区某办公楼应用常规空调和冰晶式蓄冷空调系统，得出冰晶式蓄冷系统具有更好的经济效益。另外，本文还详细计算了蓄冷率、峰谷电价比对系统各项经济指标的影响情况。
论文所得出的结论，为冰晶式蓄冷技术的进一步研究打下了基础，能够提供一定的理论参考和思路。
In this paper, the storage system of crystal ice (S-S-C-I) is discussed. The feasibility of S-S-C-I is analyzed in both technologic and economic aspects. After analyzing the working principle and process, the calculation model of the cycle is proposed. Furthermore, parameters and the performance coefficient are calculated. Because of the good ability of transfer heat, the results show that the performance coefficient of S-S-C-I can reach 4.2, which is much higher than the other storage systems. In order to understand process of this system better, the variety of temperature in the storage ice vessel, which is different with the other systems is simulated. The result show that the variety is not linear in the process of storage and release. It is exponential.
The operating strategy is analyzed in this paper. We find that the project of chiller priority is better than others in series. We also research the relation between storage and different electricity price, then the determinant equation of storage technologic and the way of electing storage mode are concluded.
Calculation models of the initial investment and operating cost of different air conditioning systems are given. According to economics knowledge, several economic indicators are proposed. After using the general air conditioning system and S-S-C-I separately in an office building in Beijing, it is proved that S-S-C-I can yield good economic returns. At last, the influences of cool-storage rate and different electricity price to the economic indicators are discussed.
The conclusions of this thesis can be referenced in theory for deep and further research.
引文
[1]张永栓．中国蓄冷技术应用的新发展．制冷，2000，19(1)：33-37
[2]华泽钊，刘道平等．蓄冷技术及其在空调工程中的应用．科学技术出版社，1997
[3]Parker.G.J. Off-peak energy storage for domestic applications in Christchurch, New Zealand.Applied Energy, 1993,44(3):259-281
[4]Knebel,David.E.Off-peak cooling with thermal storage.ASHRAE Journal. 1990,32(4):3
[5]Brower.M.Cool Energy.Masschusetts Institute of Technology Press,USA.Revised Edition, 1994
[6]Roman.D,Giuma.F.Thermoeconomic analysis of sensible heat thermal energy storage systems.Applied Thermal Engineering, 1998,18(8):693-704
[7]Chatchawan.C,Willam. W.S,Charters,Lv.A.An ice thermal storage computer model.Applied thermal Engineering,2001,21:1769-1778
[8]Hasnan.S.M,Alawaji.S.H,Al-Ibrahim.A.M,Smiai.M.S.Prospects of cool thermal storage utilization in Saudi Arabia.Energy Conversation and Management,2000,41: 1829-1839
[9]方贵银．蓄冷空调工程实用新技术．人民邮电出版社．2000
[10]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 1999, 4:28-9
[11]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 2000, 6:26-7
[12]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 2000, 7:24-5
[13]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 2000, 8:26-7
[14]Aye L,Charters WWS,Chaichana C.Ice thermal storage options for space cooling in tropical building.Proc.of IIR 20th INT. CONF. 1999, 5:Paper No.89
[15]Brousseau P, Lacroix M.Study of the thermal performance of a multi-layer PCM storage unit.Energy Convers Mgmt 1996, 37(5):599-609
[16]Binet B,Lacroix M.Natural convection dominated melting inside uniformly and discretely heated rectangular cavities.Proceedings of 11th INTC 1998, 7:109-14
[17]Akio Saito.Recent advances in research on cold thermal energy storage.International Journal of Refrigeration,2002,25:177-189
[18]S.M.Hasnain.Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies,Part 2:Cool Thermal.Energy Convers,1998,39(11):1139-1153
[19]张国强，龚光彩等．能源环境与空调制冷．制冷学报，2000，3：1-6
[20]Ibrahim.O.On thermal energy storage systems and applications in buildings.Energy and Buildings,2002,34:377-388
[21]Paksoy.H.O,Andersion.S.Abaci,Evliya.H,Turgut.B.Heating and cooling of a hospital
using solar energy coupled with seasonal thermal energy storage in an aquifer.Renewable energy,2000,19:177-182
[22]Yumrutas.R,UnsaI.M.Analysis of solar aided heat pump systems with seasonal thermal energy storage in surface tanks.Energy,2000,25:1231-1243
[23]EPRI.Commercial cool storage design guide.Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,USA Washinton, 1987
[24]Mei.M.V, Yang.K.H and Hwang.R.L.Analysis of a thermal energy storage air conditioning system using eutectic salt,Part 1.System design and simulation results.American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Advanced Energy Systems Division(Publication)AES, 1993,29:19-26
[25]Ames.D.A.The past,present and future of euteetic salt storage system.ASHRAE Journal May,1989:26-28
[26]Ames.D.A.Euteetic cool storage:Current developments.ASHRAE Journal APR, 1990:46-53
[27]舒碧芬等．新型“暖冰”蓄冷技术及其蓄冷空调应用方式．制冷学报，2000，3：36-40
[28]Hittle DC,Smith TR.Control strategied and energy consumption for ice storage systems using heat recovery and cold air.ASHRAE Transactions:Symposia, 1994, 100(1):1221-9
[29]Ure Z,Mashrae M.Slurry ice based cooling systems.Proc, of IIR 20th INT.CONF. 1999, 5: Paper No.3
[30]吴正业，韩宝琦．制冷原理．西安交通大学出版社，1997，4
[31]史美中，王中铮．热交换器原理与设计．东南大学出版社，1989，11
[32]钱颂文．换热器设计手册．化学工业出版社，2002
[33]沈维道，郑佩芬，蒋淡安．工程热力学．高等教育出版社，1998
[34]吴喜平．蓄冷技术和蓄热电锅炉在空调中的应用．同济大学出版社，2000
[35]杨世铭，陶文铨．传热学．高等教育出版社，1999
[36]郁永章，刘勇．特种压缩机：动力、化工及制冷用．机械工业出版社，1989
[37]Edward J,O'Neal,P.E.Thermal storage system achieres operating and first-cast savings.ASHRAE J.K38,n4 59-60,63-64
[38]巨永平，孙志荣．空调工程中的蓄冷技术．第一讲蓄冷技术概述，暖通空调，1995，5
[39]巨永平，孙志荣．空调工程中的蓄冷技术．第四讲蓄冷空调系统初步设计，暖通空调，1996，2
[40]杨思远．现代工程经济学．学苑出版社，1993，4
[41]徐圣书．用电管理与监察．水利电力出版社，1985
[42]中国电力百科全书(综合卷)．中国电力出版社，1995
[43]章学来．蓄冷空调的经济性研究．制冷学报，2001，1：17-22
[44]Bhansall,A.and Hittle,D.C.Estimated energy consumption and operating cost for ice storage systems with cold air distribution.ASHRAE Trans.96(Ⅰ), 1990:418-427
[45]Subbaiyer S.et al.Computer simulation of a vapour-compression ice generator with a direct-contact evaporator.ASHRAE Trans. 1991,Part 1: 118-126
[2]华泽钊，刘道平等．蓄冷技术及其在空调工程中的应用．科学技术出版社，1997
[3]Parker.G.J. Off-peak energy storage for domestic applications in Christchurch, New Zealand.Applied Energy, 1993,44(3):259-281
[4]Knebel,David.E.Off-peak cooling with thermal storage.ASHRAE Journal. 1990,32(4):3
[5]Brower.M.Cool Energy.Masschusetts Institute of Technology Press,USA.Revised Edition, 1994
[6]Roman.D,Giuma.F.Thermoeconomic analysis of sensible heat thermal energy storage systems.Applied Thermal Engineering, 1998,18(8):693-704
[7]Chatchawan.C,Willam. W.S,Charters,Lv.A.An ice thermal storage computer model.Applied thermal Engineering,2001,21:1769-1778
[8]Hasnan.S.M,Alawaji.S.H,Al-Ibrahim.A.M,Smiai.M.S.Prospects of cool thermal storage utilization in Saudi Arabia.Energy Conversation and Management,2000,41: 1829-1839
[9]方贵银．蓄冷空调工程实用新技术．人民邮电出版社．2000
[10]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 1999, 4:28-9
[11]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 2000, 6:26-7
[12]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 2000, 7:24-5
[13]Cool & hot (in Japanese), 2000, 8:26-7
[14]Aye L,Charters WWS,Chaichana C.Ice thermal storage options for space cooling in tropical building.Proc.of IIR 20th INT. CONF. 1999, 5:Paper No.89
[15]Brousseau P, Lacroix M.Study of the thermal performance of a multi-layer PCM storage unit.Energy Convers Mgmt 1996, 37(5):599-609
[16]Binet B,Lacroix M.Natural convection dominated melting inside uniformly and discretely heated rectangular cavities.Proceedings of 11th INTC 1998, 7:109-14
[17]Akio Saito.Recent advances in research on cold thermal energy storage.International Journal of Refrigeration,2002,25:177-189
[18]S.M.Hasnain.Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies,Part 2:Cool Thermal.Energy Convers,1998,39(11):1139-1153
[19]张国强，龚光彩等．能源环境与空调制冷．制冷学报，2000，3：1-6
[20]Ibrahim.O.On thermal energy storage systems and applications in buildings.Energy and Buildings,2002,34:377-388
[21]Paksoy.H.O,Andersion.S.Abaci,Evliya.H,Turgut.B.Heating and cooling of a hospital
using solar energy coupled with seasonal thermal energy storage in an aquifer.Renewable energy,2000,19:177-182
[22]Yumrutas.R,UnsaI.M.Analysis of solar aided heat pump systems with seasonal thermal energy storage in surface tanks.Energy,2000,25:1231-1243
[23]EPRI.Commercial cool storage design guide.Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,USA Washinton, 1987
[24]Mei.M.V, Yang.K.H and Hwang.R.L.Analysis of a thermal energy storage air conditioning system using eutectic salt,Part 1.System design and simulation results.American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Advanced Energy Systems Division(Publication)AES, 1993,29:19-26
[25]Ames.D.A.The past,present and future of euteetic salt storage system.ASHRAE Journal May,1989:26-28
[26]Ames.D.A.Euteetic cool storage:Current developments.ASHRAE Journal APR, 1990:46-53
[27]舒碧芬等．新型“暖冰”蓄冷技术及其蓄冷空调应用方式．制冷学报，2000，3：36-40
[28]Hittle DC,Smith TR.Control strategied and energy consumption for ice storage systems using heat recovery and cold air.ASHRAE Transactions:Symposia, 1994, 100(1):1221-9
[29]Ure Z,Mashrae M.Slurry ice based cooling systems.Proc, of IIR 20th INT.CONF. 1999, 5: Paper No.3
[30]吴正业，韩宝琦．制冷原理．西安交通大学出版社，1997，4
[31]史美中，王中铮．热交换器原理与设计．东南大学出版社，1989，11
[32]钱颂文．换热器设计手册．化学工业出版社，2002
[33]沈维道，郑佩芬，蒋淡安．工程热力学．高等教育出版社，1998
[34]吴喜平．蓄冷技术和蓄热电锅炉在空调中的应用．同济大学出版社，2000
[35]杨世铭，陶文铨．传热学．高等教育出版社，1999
[36]郁永章，刘勇．特种压缩机：动力、化工及制冷用．机械工业出版社，1989
[37]Edward J,O'Neal,P.E.Thermal storage system achieres operating and first-cast savings.ASHRAE J.K38,n4 59-60,63-64
[38]巨永平，孙志荣．空调工程中的蓄冷技术．第一讲蓄冷技术概述，暖通空调，1995，5
[39]巨永平，孙志荣．空调工程中的蓄冷技术．第四讲蓄冷空调系统初步设计，暖通空调，1996，2
[40]杨思远．现代工程经济学．学苑出版社，1993，4
[41]徐圣书．用电管理与监察．水利电力出版社，1985
[42]中国电力百科全书(综合卷)．中国电力出版社，1995
[43]章学来．蓄冷空调的经济性研究．制冷学报，2001，1：17-22
[44]Bhansall,A.and Hittle,D.C.Estimated energy consumption and operating cost for ice storage systems with cold air distribution.ASHRAE Trans.96(Ⅰ), 1990:418-427
[45]Subbaiyer S.et al.Computer simulation of a vapour-compression ice generator with a direct-contact evaporator.ASHRAE Trans. 1991,Part 1: 118-126