船用电子设备电磁兼容技术研究
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摘要
随着船舶自动化程度的提高,船用电子设备的种类、数量不断增加,运行速度不断提高,电磁环境变得更加恶劣。为保证船舶航行安全,船用电子设备应满足电磁兼容要求。中国是造船大国,但我国船舶电子产品在国际船舶市场的占有率极低。作为船用电子设备开发过程中一项核心技术的电磁兼容技术直接影响产品的性能、成本以及上市时间。传统的设计方式遵循的是设计——样品生产——测试的模式,一旦电磁兼容测试不能通过,就需要进行补救甚至重新设计,耗费冗长的设计周期和昂贵的设计成本。在设备设计前期利用计算机对其电磁兼容性能进行仿真,找出影响电磁兼容性能的关键因素,为设计工程师提供理论上的指导,能将很多的设计风险扼杀在萌芽状态,从而缩短设计周期,节省设计成本,提高产品性能。
本文结合湖北省科技厅科技导引计划项目“船载航行参数记录仪研发”,以实现船用电子设备系统级电磁兼容性仿真设计为目标,以麦克斯韦电磁场理论为基础,以三维电磁场仿真平台为研究手段,进行了如下研究：
(1)研究了船用电子设备电磁兼容性仿真的理论依据,在对几种求解麦克斯韦方程组的数值算法进行分析对比的基础上,选择了传输线矩阵算法作为船用电子设备系统级电磁兼容性仿真数值算法。
(2)研究了电子设备电磁兼容方面的几个共性关键问题,得出了一系列可用于指导工程实践的结论。利用三维电磁场仿真软件,对共模和差模噪声引起的电源线电磁骚扰进行了仿真分析,并得出了相应的滤波策略。对电子设备的散热器产生的辐射场进行了仿真分析,得到了散热器的表面电流,根据表面电流分布,得到了散热器的接地策略。对带孔缝机箱的电磁屏蔽效能进行了仿真分析,研究了机箱上开有不同形状、尺寸和不同数目孔缝时的屏蔽效能,得到了机箱孔缝优化策略。
(3)研究了船用电子设备特定频段电磁骚扰抑制技术,得到了一些该频段电磁干扰形成机制的结论和相应的抑制措施。利用三维电磁场仿真软件,对谐振腔谐振频率转移技术进行了研究,得出了谐振腔谐振频率转移的策略。从屏蔽和吸波入手,对谐振电磁骚扰抑制技术进行了研究,得到了激励源与箱体孔缝耦合的基本规律以及吸波材料贴装的优化策略。在此基础上,开展了船用VHF通信频段电磁骚扰抑制技术的研究,分析了箱体尺寸,电源线长度和缝隙长度在VHF频段形成干扰的机制,并得出了相应的抑制措施。
(4)将仿真技术用于实际船用电子设备的电磁兼容设计,成功地设计了符合电磁兼容要求,具有完全自主知识产权的船载航行数据记录仪。建立了VDR电路板近场模型,将仿真结果导入三维电磁场仿真软件中作为激励源,进而建立了VDR系统级仿真模型。利用仿真模型对多种VDR电磁兼容设计方案进行了对比,得到了优化的设计方案。设计完成的VDR样机,一次性通过了包括电磁兼容试验在内的全部环境试验,取得了CCS、ABS、LR、PRS、RMRS、DNV等船级社的型式认可。通过了德国BSH实验室测试,取得了欧盟EC认证,性能达到国际先进水平。
With increasing development of ship automation today, ship electronic equipment's catalogue, quantity and operating speed have been promoted constantly. At the same time, the electromagnetic environment in vessel has been worse than before. To ensure the safe navigation, ship electronic equipment should satisfy the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility. China has a high occupancy in shipbuilding field, but Chinese ship electronic equipment has a low occupancy in international ship market. As a core technology during the research and development course of ship electronic equipment, electromagnetic compatibility technology will affect the performance, cost and time to market of the product directly. Traditional R&D process followed a pattern of design-prototype production-test. If the test has not been passed, remedial measures even re-design would be needed, taking long period and expensive cost.
EMC performance can be simulated and predicted using computer simulation technology early in the design course of the system. It helps to identify the key factor which impacting electromagnetic compatibility, and to provide direction and improvement target for the design engineer. As a result, a lot of design risk will be nipped in the bud, the R&D cycle will be greatly shortened and costs will be saved. The dissertation is supported by the research project "the research and development of the voyage data recorder". To bring the system-level EMC prediction for ship electronic equipment, electromagnetic field theory is employed. The systematic researches were done based on 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software. Main research methods and conclusions are listed below:
(1) The theory basis of the EMC simulation about ship electronic equipment was studied. On the basis of comparing and analyzing numerical algorithms for solving the Maxwell equation, the TLM algorithm has been selected as the simulation and analysis numerical algorithm of the EMC for ship electric equipment.
(2) Several common key problems about EMC was underlined and solved in this dissertation, which bring a series of conclusion for practical engineering. With 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software, conducted electromagnetic disturbance caused by common mode and different mode noise has been simulated and analyzed, based on which corresponding filtering strategy can be introduced. By simulating the electromagnetic radiation field of electronic equipment's heatsink, surface current of the heatsink was obtained. According to the surface current, the optimized ground connecting strategy of the heatsink was carried out. Also, by simulating the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness towards cases with hole or slot, shielding effectiveness of case with different shape, size and number of the hole or slot was studied, and the optimized hole or slot strategy of cases was obtained.
(3) The suppression technique of a specific band of electromagnetic disturbance on the ship electronic equipment was studied, and several measures for inhibition of VHF-band electromagnetic harassment were obtained. By means of the 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software, the harmonic frequency shift technology of the cavity resonator was studied and obtained. Started from the shielding and absorbing, the suppression technology of electromagnetic interference was studied, the basic coupling rules between the excitation source and the box hole was received, and the optimization strategy of the absorbing material placement was obtained. On this basis, the electromagnetic interference suppression technology research of the ship VHF communications band was carried out, the box size, power line length and gap length in the formation of interference in the VHF band was analyzed, and the corresponding suppression measures was draw.
(4) Using simulation technology to the EMC design of real ship electronic equipment, the VDR with independent intellectual property rights has been designed according the electromagnetic compatibility design requirements. Near field models of the VDR boards were set up, and the VDR system-level simulation model were established by importing the simulation results into the 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software as excitation source. Based on the simulation model, a wide range of EMC design VDR were compared and the optimal design was obtained. At last, the VDR passed all environment tests including EMC at a time, and obtained type approval by CCS, ABS, LR, PRS, RMRS, DNV and so on. Performance of the VDR has reached the international advanced level.
本文结合湖北省科技厅科技导引计划项目“船载航行参数记录仪研发”,以实现船用电子设备系统级电磁兼容性仿真设计为目标,以麦克斯韦电磁场理论为基础,以三维电磁场仿真平台为研究手段,进行了如下研究：
(1)研究了船用电子设备电磁兼容性仿真的理论依据,在对几种求解麦克斯韦方程组的数值算法进行分析对比的基础上,选择了传输线矩阵算法作为船用电子设备系统级电磁兼容性仿真数值算法。
(2)研究了电子设备电磁兼容方面的几个共性关键问题,得出了一系列可用于指导工程实践的结论。利用三维电磁场仿真软件,对共模和差模噪声引起的电源线电磁骚扰进行了仿真分析,并得出了相应的滤波策略。对电子设备的散热器产生的辐射场进行了仿真分析,得到了散热器的表面电流,根据表面电流分布,得到了散热器的接地策略。对带孔缝机箱的电磁屏蔽效能进行了仿真分析,研究了机箱上开有不同形状、尺寸和不同数目孔缝时的屏蔽效能,得到了机箱孔缝优化策略。
(3)研究了船用电子设备特定频段电磁骚扰抑制技术,得到了一些该频段电磁干扰形成机制的结论和相应的抑制措施。利用三维电磁场仿真软件,对谐振腔谐振频率转移技术进行了研究,得出了谐振腔谐振频率转移的策略。从屏蔽和吸波入手,对谐振电磁骚扰抑制技术进行了研究,得到了激励源与箱体孔缝耦合的基本规律以及吸波材料贴装的优化策略。在此基础上,开展了船用VHF通信频段电磁骚扰抑制技术的研究,分析了箱体尺寸,电源线长度和缝隙长度在VHF频段形成干扰的机制,并得出了相应的抑制措施。
(4)将仿真技术用于实际船用电子设备的电磁兼容设计,成功地设计了符合电磁兼容要求,具有完全自主知识产权的船载航行数据记录仪。建立了VDR电路板近场模型,将仿真结果导入三维电磁场仿真软件中作为激励源,进而建立了VDR系统级仿真模型。利用仿真模型对多种VDR电磁兼容设计方案进行了对比,得到了优化的设计方案。设计完成的VDR样机,一次性通过了包括电磁兼容试验在内的全部环境试验,取得了CCS、ABS、LR、PRS、RMRS、DNV等船级社的型式认可。通过了德国BSH实验室测试,取得了欧盟EC认证,性能达到国际先进水平。
With increasing development of ship automation today, ship electronic equipment's catalogue, quantity and operating speed have been promoted constantly. At the same time, the electromagnetic environment in vessel has been worse than before. To ensure the safe navigation, ship electronic equipment should satisfy the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility. China has a high occupancy in shipbuilding field, but Chinese ship electronic equipment has a low occupancy in international ship market. As a core technology during the research and development course of ship electronic equipment, electromagnetic compatibility technology will affect the performance, cost and time to market of the product directly. Traditional R&D process followed a pattern of design-prototype production-test. If the test has not been passed, remedial measures even re-design would be needed, taking long period and expensive cost.
EMC performance can be simulated and predicted using computer simulation technology early in the design course of the system. It helps to identify the key factor which impacting electromagnetic compatibility, and to provide direction and improvement target for the design engineer. As a result, a lot of design risk will be nipped in the bud, the R&D cycle will be greatly shortened and costs will be saved. The dissertation is supported by the research project "the research and development of the voyage data recorder". To bring the system-level EMC prediction for ship electronic equipment, electromagnetic field theory is employed. The systematic researches were done based on 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software. Main research methods and conclusions are listed below:
(1) The theory basis of the EMC simulation about ship electronic equipment was studied. On the basis of comparing and analyzing numerical algorithms for solving the Maxwell equation, the TLM algorithm has been selected as the simulation and analysis numerical algorithm of the EMC for ship electric equipment.
(2) Several common key problems about EMC was underlined and solved in this dissertation, which bring a series of conclusion for practical engineering. With 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software, conducted electromagnetic disturbance caused by common mode and different mode noise has been simulated and analyzed, based on which corresponding filtering strategy can be introduced. By simulating the electromagnetic radiation field of electronic equipment's heatsink, surface current of the heatsink was obtained. According to the surface current, the optimized ground connecting strategy of the heatsink was carried out. Also, by simulating the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness towards cases with hole or slot, shielding effectiveness of case with different shape, size and number of the hole or slot was studied, and the optimized hole or slot strategy of cases was obtained.
(3) The suppression technique of a specific band of electromagnetic disturbance on the ship electronic equipment was studied, and several measures for inhibition of VHF-band electromagnetic harassment were obtained. By means of the 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software, the harmonic frequency shift technology of the cavity resonator was studied and obtained. Started from the shielding and absorbing, the suppression technology of electromagnetic interference was studied, the basic coupling rules between the excitation source and the box hole was received, and the optimization strategy of the absorbing material placement was obtained. On this basis, the electromagnetic interference suppression technology research of the ship VHF communications band was carried out, the box size, power line length and gap length in the formation of interference in the VHF band was analyzed, and the corresponding suppression measures was draw.
(4) Using simulation technology to the EMC design of real ship electronic equipment, the VDR with independent intellectual property rights has been designed according the electromagnetic compatibility design requirements. Near field models of the VDR boards were set up, and the VDR system-level simulation model were established by importing the simulation results into the 3-D electromagnetic field simulation software as excitation source. Based on the simulation model, a wide range of EMC design VDR were compared and the optimal design was obtained. At last, the VDR passed all environment tests including EMC at a time, and obtained type approval by CCS, ABS, LR, PRS, RMRS, DNV and so on. Performance of the VDR has reached the international advanced level.
引文
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