有机覆盖物在园林绿地中的应用研究
|
摘要
为了更深入了解有机覆盖物对园林绿地的影响,找出适合绿地的有机覆盖物种类,加以推广使用。论文设计了控制试验并对绿地覆盖物进行观测、研究和分析探讨。控制试验选择绿地表土分别进行了覆盖2cm有机覆盖物和未覆盖空白对照处理试验,有机覆盖物5种(树叶、树皮、木屑、松针、核桃壳),研究了0-20cm土层的土壤水分、温度、营养状况的变化,并对园林工程中有机覆盖物景观效果进行美学分析评价。通过2010年10月至2011年3月的连续观测,研究结果表明:
(1)覆盖有机物处理的土壤含水量均值高于空白对照,有机覆盖物表现了很好的保持土壤含水量的作用;相同覆盖处理的土壤含水量季节变化趋势一致;使用松针、树皮、枯叶三种有机覆盖物覆盖的土壤含水量较高。
(2)有机覆盖物处理的土壤温度部分明显高于空白对照,在寒冷的季节起到了很好的保温作用;
(3)有机覆盖物对土壤EC值有明显影响,增加了土壤有机质的含量;有机覆盖物增加了土壤速效氮的含量,对于不同覆盖种类,树皮和松针增加土壤有机质的作用相对比较明显;有机覆盖物对速效磷的影响,不同的处理,效果不尽相同。对于不同覆盖种类,松针和树叶增加土壤速效磷的作用相对比较明显;有机覆盖物对速效钾影响效果不明显。
(4)有机覆盖物对城市园林工程美学作用明显,增加了景观的可观赏性。
(5)实验结果针对园林绿地中宜选择有机覆盖物中松针、树皮、核桃壳。
In order to know the effect of organic mulch on the green space , to find suitable types of organic mulch, I do this study. It was made green surface soil and organic mulch cover 2cm by the control test, we do five kinds of organic mulch (leaves, bark, sawdust, pine, walnut shells). We got the datas of Soil moisture, temperature, changes in nutritional status, and the use of mulch of shanghai green space.From October 2010 to March 2011, the results show that:
1) cover mulch is bettet than that not, organic mulch was maintaining good performance of the role of soil moisture content; the same season, soil water content covered on the same trend; use of pine needles, bark, dry Leaves of three organic mulch covered soil moisture is higher.
(2) organic mulch on soil temperature treatment was significantly lower than control in the cold season, it have a very good insulating effect;
(3) organic mulch on soil EC values have some influence, increased soil organic matter content; organic mulch increased the soil available nitrogen content, coverage for different types of bark and pine needles to increase the role of soil organic matter is relatively obvious; Organic mulch on the impact of available phosphorus, different treatments, the effect is not the same. Coverage for different types of pine needles and leaves to increase the role of soil phosphorus is relatively obvious; organic mulch little impact on the AK.
(4) organic mulch on the aesthetic effect of urban garden project was to increase the landscape can be spectacular.
(5) The results shows that : the green space should choose the type of organic mulch such as the pine needles, bark, walnut shells.
(1)覆盖有机物处理的土壤含水量均值高于空白对照,有机覆盖物表现了很好的保持土壤含水量的作用;相同覆盖处理的土壤含水量季节变化趋势一致;使用松针、树皮、枯叶三种有机覆盖物覆盖的土壤含水量较高。
(2)有机覆盖物处理的土壤温度部分明显高于空白对照,在寒冷的季节起到了很好的保温作用;
(3)有机覆盖物对土壤EC值有明显影响,增加了土壤有机质的含量;有机覆盖物增加了土壤速效氮的含量,对于不同覆盖种类,树皮和松针增加土壤有机质的作用相对比较明显;有机覆盖物对速效磷的影响,不同的处理,效果不尽相同。对于不同覆盖种类,松针和树叶增加土壤速效磷的作用相对比较明显;有机覆盖物对速效钾影响效果不明显。
(4)有机覆盖物对城市园林工程美学作用明显,增加了景观的可观赏性。
(5)实验结果针对园林绿地中宜选择有机覆盖物中松针、树皮、核桃壳。
In order to know the effect of organic mulch on the green space , to find suitable types of organic mulch, I do this study. It was made green surface soil and organic mulch cover 2cm by the control test, we do five kinds of organic mulch (leaves, bark, sawdust, pine, walnut shells). We got the datas of Soil moisture, temperature, changes in nutritional status, and the use of mulch of shanghai green space.From October 2010 to March 2011, the results show that:
1) cover mulch is bettet than that not, organic mulch was maintaining good performance of the role of soil moisture content; the same season, soil water content covered on the same trend; use of pine needles, bark, dry Leaves of three organic mulch covered soil moisture is higher.
(2) organic mulch on soil temperature treatment was significantly lower than control in the cold season, it have a very good insulating effect;
(3) organic mulch on soil EC values have some influence, increased soil organic matter content; organic mulch increased the soil available nitrogen content, coverage for different types of bark and pine needles to increase the role of soil organic matter is relatively obvious; Organic mulch on the impact of available phosphorus, different treatments, the effect is not the same. Coverage for different types of pine needles and leaves to increase the role of soil phosphorus is relatively obvious; organic mulch little impact on the AK.
(4) organic mulch on the aesthetic effect of urban garden project was to increase the landscape can be spectacular.
(5) The results shows that : the green space should choose the type of organic mulch such as the pine needles, bark, walnut shells.
引文
[1]袁嘉祖.节水园林势在必行.中国园林.2003,9:44-46
[2]王成,郄光发,彭镇华.有机地表覆盖物在城市林业建设中的应用价值.应用生态学报.2005,16(11):2213-2217
[3]沈娟,郭世荣.有机地表覆盖物在城市绿化建设中的作用.上海应用技术学院学报.2008,8(3):160-164
[4]吕子方,方海兰,黄彩娣.美国园林废弃物的处置对我国的启示.中国园林. 2007(8):90-94
[5]李成华,马成林.有机物覆盖地面对土壤物理因素影响的研究(Ⅱ) ---有机物覆盖对土壤孔隙度的影响.农业工程学报.1997,13(2):82-85
[6]李成华,马成林.有机物覆盖地面对土壤物理因素影响的研究(III)---有机物覆盖层下土壤温度变化的机制.农业工程学报.1997,13(3):80-83
[7]李成华,马成林.有机物覆盖地面对土壤物理因素影响的研究(I)---有机物覆盖层下土壤湿度的变化.农业工程学报.1997,13(1):107-111
[8]李怒云.向您推荐环保型覆盖物.中国花卉园艺.2005,16(1):54-55
[9]蒋小军,周政华.不同覆盖物对种子直播建植草坪的影响.草业科学.2003,7120(8):60-61
[10]刘巧玲,孙守文,冯大千,海尼肯.不同覆盖物对城市绿地保水效果的试验研究.新疆农业科学.2006,43(5):436-438
[11]黄利斌,李荣锦,王成.国外城市有机地表覆盖物应用研究情况.林业科技开发.2008,22(6):1-8
[12]刘洪禄,吴文勇,郝仲勇.都市绿地综合节水技术体系探讨.北京水利.2003, 6:9-11
[13]王成,郄光发,彭镇华.有机地表覆盖物在城市林业建设中的应用价值.应用生态学报.2005,16(11):2213-2217
[14]魏钰.有机覆盖物在植物园的应用.“绿色北京,绿色奥运”.2007
[15]吕子方,方海兰.园林废弃物的利用.园林.2008,5:23-26
[16]郭宪,金玉美,连海明,等.麦秸覆盖对杂草萌发及玉米产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(9):2584-2596
[17]刘定宽.果园生物覆盖技术.山西农业,2005,6:29-30.
[18]李怒云.向您推荐环保型覆盖物.中国花卉园艺.2005,16(1):54-55
[19]贾兰虹.有机废弃物再生环保型基质在观赏植物上的应用.东北农业大学学报.2006,36(3):314-316
[20]郝亦荣.生态垫覆盖对沙地土壤及林木生长的影响.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2005
[21]高志红,张万里,张庆费.森林凋落物生态功能研究概况及展望.东北林业大学学报. 2004,32(6):79-81
[22]卜玉山,王建程等.不同覆盖材料土壤生态效应与玉米增产效应研究.中国生态农业学报. 2005,13(2):138-141.
[23]催向新,蒙仲举等.不同粒径砾石覆盖对土壤水分蒸发的影响.中国农村水利水电.2009(3):21-23
[24]高婷,赵天成,马仁彪.低温半干旱区不同覆盖物对地温和水分时空分布的影70响.土壤通报.2007,38(2):229-232
[25]李东海,杨小波等.桉树人工林林下植被、地面覆盖物与土壤物理性质的关系.生态学杂志.2006,25(6):607-611
[26]李禄军,蒋志荣等.绿洲-荒漠交错带不同沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律.水土保持学报.2007,21(1):123-127
[27]刘平,马履一,郝亦荣.生态垫对河滩造林地土壤温湿度和杂草的影响.中国水土保持科学.2005,3(1):77-81
[28]江定钦,徐志平,阮琳.园林废弃物堆肥化过程中理化性质的变化及堆肥对几种园林植物生长的影响.中国园林,2004,20(8):63-65
[29]韩向忠.生态垫(Ecomat)对北京通州地区土壤理化性质的影响研究.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006
[30]沈娟,郭世荣.有机地表覆盖物在城市绿化建设中的作用.上海应用技术学院学报.2008,8(3):160-164
[31]谢宝东.南方山地杨树人工林生物覆盖效应的研究.南京林业大学博士学位论文,2006.
[32]柳林虎,隋青春等.树盘覆草对果园生态环境的影响.中国土壤与肥料.2006,3: 62-63
[33]卢向阳,徐筠,林峰.栗园利用多年生覆盖植物控制杂草的初步研究.植物保护.2006,32(6):91-94
[34]孟玉平,曹秋芬,横田清.针叶树废材覆盖控制苹果园和越橘园杂草发生的研究.山西农业科学,2002,30(1):66-69.
[35]邱才飞,彭春瑞,周国华,陈先茂.不同覆盖物应用在花生上的抗旱效果研究.江西农业学报.2004,16(3):18-2172
[36]夏艳珺.生态垫覆盖对沙地土壤及林木生长的影响茶园不同覆盖措施的土壤生态效应研究.湖南农业大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[37]杨志国,孙保平等.应用生态垫治理流动沙地机理研究.水土保持学报.2007,21(1):50-53
[38]陈玉娟,有机覆盖物对城市绿地土壤的影响.中国林业科学研究院硕士论文,2009.
[39]姜新福.生态垫(Ecomat)在京津风沙源治理造林工程中的应用研究——对土壤理化性质及林木生长的影响.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[40]江鸿飞,周义昌等.不同地面覆盖物对普陀水仙生长的影响.浙江农业科学.2008,4:433-435
[41]胡封兵,高甲荣,刘瑛.可降解生态垫在河滩区造林中对土壤含水量的影响.水土保持应用技术.2006,3:1-3
[42]何常清,于澎涛等.华北落叶松枯落物覆盖对地表径流的拦阻效应.林业科学研究.2006,19(5):595-599
[43]郝瑞军,方海兰等.园林废弃物堆肥对黑麦草产量及养分吸收的影响.现代农业科技.2008(22):23-25
[44]韩向忠,孙向阳,胡剑飞.生态垫对造林地土壤水分及养分的影响研究.华南热带农业大学学报.2006,12(2):23-26
[45]高志红.上海几种主要绿化树种枯枝落叶的特征及生态功能研究.华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[46]于强波,李亚东等.地面覆盖对越橘菌侵染率及根系活力和过氧化物酶活性的影响.东北农业大学学报.2009,40(2):28-30
[47]占玉芳,蔺国菊.河西中部沙漠治理中应用生态垫对沙丘水分的影响.林业科技.2007,32(1):14-16
[48]张光旭,谢文.覆盖作物秸秆对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响.现代农业科技,2006,(3):58-59.
[49]张建生,张梅花等.生态垫覆盖对沙漠土壤水分和温度的影响.中国沙漠. 2008,28(2):280-283
[50]张力,王树.生态垫在龙庆峡荒滩植被恢复和重建中的应用效果研究.水土保持研究. 2007,14(3):365-367
[51]张庆费,辛雅芬.城市枯枝落叶的生态功能与利用.上海建设科技,2005(2):40-41
[52]郑仁红.覆盖栽培对雷竹林衰退的化感效应研究.中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文,2006,73
[53]沈淑红,倪琪.节水型园林---城市可持续发展的必然要求.中国园林,2003,l9(12):54-57
[54]R Bray,C Vakil,D Elliott.Report on public health and urban sprawl in Ontario. Environmental Health Committee,Ontario College of Family Physicians,2005,1:1-53
[55]R.F.Walker.2003.Comparison of Organic and Chemical Soil Amendments Used in the Reforestation of a Harsh Sierra Nevada Site.Restoration Ecology,11(4):466-474
[56]Rakow DA.The types and uses of mulching the landscape.NY:Comell Coop.Ext.Home and Grounds,Cornell University,1989
[57]Reeleder RD,Capell BB,Roy RC,et a1.2004.Suppressive effect of Bark mulchon weeds and fungal diseases in ginseng(Panax quinquefolius L.).Allelopathy J,13:211-231
[58]Robert S.How much does it cost to compost yard trimmings.Biocycle 1996(9):39-42
[59]Rosemeyer M.Viaene N.Swartz H,et a1.2000.The effect of slash/mulch and alley cropping bean production systems on soil microbiota in the tropics.Appl Soil Ecol,15(1):49-59
[60]Sali H,Mclntyre BD,Gold CS,et a1.2003.Effects of mulch and mineral fertilizer on crop,weevil and soil quality parameters in highland banana.Int J Dairy Techno1.65:141-150
[61]Sanjay KD,Singh B,Elipaor.2000.Effect of mulch on establishment and growth of apple sapling in cold arid conditions of Ladakh.Prog Hort,2(1):42-45
[62]Scan MA,John M.2000.The potential for spent mushroom topmost as a mulch for weed control in barley orchards.Acta Hortic,525:427-430
[63]Skroch W A.Mulches:Durability,aesthetic value,weed control,and temperature.Journal of Environmental Horticulture,1992,10(1):43-45.
[64]Srivastava BK.1984.Effect of organic mulches and irrigation levels on soil temperature,water economy and yield of summer tomato.Veget Sci,11(1):1-9
[65]Swift C E.A comparison of various mulches;temperature relation.ships and plant growth.Colorado:Colorado State University Extension,200369
[66]T.Tuovinen,A.Kikas,T.Tolonen and P.Kivija¨rvi.2006.Organic mulches vs. black plastic in organic strawberry:does it make a difference for ground beetles (Col.,Carabidae).Journal of Applied Entomology 130(9-10),495–503
[67]Taylor A.Kashmanian R EPA1530-SW-89-038 Yard Waste Composting A Study of Eight Prog rams.Washington,DC:office of police,planning and evaluation and office of solid wrote and emergency response.1989
[68]Tchobanog1ous G.Theisen H,Vigil S.Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues New York:McGraw Hill,1993
[69]Thorud D B,Frissell S S.Time changes in soil density following compaction under all oak forest.Minnesota:Minnesota Forestry Research,1976
[70]Tsutomu Y.M itsuhiro 1.Ichirow K.2004.Effects of gravel mulch on water vapor transfer above and below the soil surface.Agric Water Man,67:145-155
[2]王成,郄光发,彭镇华.有机地表覆盖物在城市林业建设中的应用价值.应用生态学报.2005,16(11):2213-2217
[3]沈娟,郭世荣.有机地表覆盖物在城市绿化建设中的作用.上海应用技术学院学报.2008,8(3):160-164
[4]吕子方,方海兰,黄彩娣.美国园林废弃物的处置对我国的启示.中国园林. 2007(8):90-94
[5]李成华,马成林.有机物覆盖地面对土壤物理因素影响的研究(Ⅱ) ---有机物覆盖对土壤孔隙度的影响.农业工程学报.1997,13(2):82-85
[6]李成华,马成林.有机物覆盖地面对土壤物理因素影响的研究(III)---有机物覆盖层下土壤温度变化的机制.农业工程学报.1997,13(3):80-83
[7]李成华,马成林.有机物覆盖地面对土壤物理因素影响的研究(I)---有机物覆盖层下土壤湿度的变化.农业工程学报.1997,13(1):107-111
[8]李怒云.向您推荐环保型覆盖物.中国花卉园艺.2005,16(1):54-55
[9]蒋小军,周政华.不同覆盖物对种子直播建植草坪的影响.草业科学.2003,7120(8):60-61
[10]刘巧玲,孙守文,冯大千,海尼肯.不同覆盖物对城市绿地保水效果的试验研究.新疆农业科学.2006,43(5):436-438
[11]黄利斌,李荣锦,王成.国外城市有机地表覆盖物应用研究情况.林业科技开发.2008,22(6):1-8
[12]刘洪禄,吴文勇,郝仲勇.都市绿地综合节水技术体系探讨.北京水利.2003, 6:9-11
[13]王成,郄光发,彭镇华.有机地表覆盖物在城市林业建设中的应用价值.应用生态学报.2005,16(11):2213-2217
[14]魏钰.有机覆盖物在植物园的应用.“绿色北京,绿色奥运”.2007
[15]吕子方,方海兰.园林废弃物的利用.园林.2008,5:23-26
[16]郭宪,金玉美,连海明,等.麦秸覆盖对杂草萌发及玉米产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(9):2584-2596
[17]刘定宽.果园生物覆盖技术.山西农业,2005,6:29-30.
[18]李怒云.向您推荐环保型覆盖物.中国花卉园艺.2005,16(1):54-55
[19]贾兰虹.有机废弃物再生环保型基质在观赏植物上的应用.东北农业大学学报.2006,36(3):314-316
[20]郝亦荣.生态垫覆盖对沙地土壤及林木生长的影响.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2005
[21]高志红,张万里,张庆费.森林凋落物生态功能研究概况及展望.东北林业大学学报. 2004,32(6):79-81
[22]卜玉山,王建程等.不同覆盖材料土壤生态效应与玉米增产效应研究.中国生态农业学报. 2005,13(2):138-141.
[23]催向新,蒙仲举等.不同粒径砾石覆盖对土壤水分蒸发的影响.中国农村水利水电.2009(3):21-23
[24]高婷,赵天成,马仁彪.低温半干旱区不同覆盖物对地温和水分时空分布的影70响.土壤通报.2007,38(2):229-232
[25]李东海,杨小波等.桉树人工林林下植被、地面覆盖物与土壤物理性质的关系.生态学杂志.2006,25(6):607-611
[26]李禄军,蒋志荣等.绿洲-荒漠交错带不同沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律.水土保持学报.2007,21(1):123-127
[27]刘平,马履一,郝亦荣.生态垫对河滩造林地土壤温湿度和杂草的影响.中国水土保持科学.2005,3(1):77-81
[28]江定钦,徐志平,阮琳.园林废弃物堆肥化过程中理化性质的变化及堆肥对几种园林植物生长的影响.中国园林,2004,20(8):63-65
[29]韩向忠.生态垫(Ecomat)对北京通州地区土壤理化性质的影响研究.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006
[30]沈娟,郭世荣.有机地表覆盖物在城市绿化建设中的作用.上海应用技术学院学报.2008,8(3):160-164
[31]谢宝东.南方山地杨树人工林生物覆盖效应的研究.南京林业大学博士学位论文,2006.
[32]柳林虎,隋青春等.树盘覆草对果园生态环境的影响.中国土壤与肥料.2006,3: 62-63
[33]卢向阳,徐筠,林峰.栗园利用多年生覆盖植物控制杂草的初步研究.植物保护.2006,32(6):91-94
[34]孟玉平,曹秋芬,横田清.针叶树废材覆盖控制苹果园和越橘园杂草发生的研究.山西农业科学,2002,30(1):66-69.
[35]邱才飞,彭春瑞,周国华,陈先茂.不同覆盖物应用在花生上的抗旱效果研究.江西农业学报.2004,16(3):18-2172
[36]夏艳珺.生态垫覆盖对沙地土壤及林木生长的影响茶园不同覆盖措施的土壤生态效应研究.湖南农业大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[37]杨志国,孙保平等.应用生态垫治理流动沙地机理研究.水土保持学报.2007,21(1):50-53
[38]陈玉娟,有机覆盖物对城市绿地土壤的影响.中国林业科学研究院硕士论文,2009.
[39]姜新福.生态垫(Ecomat)在京津风沙源治理造林工程中的应用研究——对土壤理化性质及林木生长的影响.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[40]江鸿飞,周义昌等.不同地面覆盖物对普陀水仙生长的影响.浙江农业科学.2008,4:433-435
[41]胡封兵,高甲荣,刘瑛.可降解生态垫在河滩区造林中对土壤含水量的影响.水土保持应用技术.2006,3:1-3
[42]何常清,于澎涛等.华北落叶松枯落物覆盖对地表径流的拦阻效应.林业科学研究.2006,19(5):595-599
[43]郝瑞军,方海兰等.园林废弃物堆肥对黑麦草产量及养分吸收的影响.现代农业科技.2008(22):23-25
[44]韩向忠,孙向阳,胡剑飞.生态垫对造林地土壤水分及养分的影响研究.华南热带农业大学学报.2006,12(2):23-26
[45]高志红.上海几种主要绿化树种枯枝落叶的特征及生态功能研究.华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[46]于强波,李亚东等.地面覆盖对越橘菌侵染率及根系活力和过氧化物酶活性的影响.东北农业大学学报.2009,40(2):28-30
[47]占玉芳,蔺国菊.河西中部沙漠治理中应用生态垫对沙丘水分的影响.林业科技.2007,32(1):14-16
[48]张光旭,谢文.覆盖作物秸秆对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响.现代农业科技,2006,(3):58-59.
[49]张建生,张梅花等.生态垫覆盖对沙漠土壤水分和温度的影响.中国沙漠. 2008,28(2):280-283
[50]张力,王树.生态垫在龙庆峡荒滩植被恢复和重建中的应用效果研究.水土保持研究. 2007,14(3):365-367
[51]张庆费,辛雅芬.城市枯枝落叶的生态功能与利用.上海建设科技,2005(2):40-41
[52]郑仁红.覆盖栽培对雷竹林衰退的化感效应研究.中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文,2006,73
[53]沈淑红,倪琪.节水型园林---城市可持续发展的必然要求.中国园林,2003,l9(12):54-57
[54]R Bray,C Vakil,D Elliott.Report on public health and urban sprawl in Ontario. Environmental Health Committee,Ontario College of Family Physicians,2005,1:1-53
[55]R.F.Walker.2003.Comparison of Organic and Chemical Soil Amendments Used in the Reforestation of a Harsh Sierra Nevada Site.Restoration Ecology,11(4):466-474
[56]Rakow DA.The types and uses of mulching the landscape.NY:Comell Coop.Ext.Home and Grounds,Cornell University,1989
[57]Reeleder RD,Capell BB,Roy RC,et a1.2004.Suppressive effect of Bark mulchon weeds and fungal diseases in ginseng(Panax quinquefolius L.).Allelopathy J,13:211-231
[58]Robert S.How much does it cost to compost yard trimmings.Biocycle 1996(9):39-42
[59]Rosemeyer M.Viaene N.Swartz H,et a1.2000.The effect of slash/mulch and alley cropping bean production systems on soil microbiota in the tropics.Appl Soil Ecol,15(1):49-59
[60]Sali H,Mclntyre BD,Gold CS,et a1.2003.Effects of mulch and mineral fertilizer on crop,weevil and soil quality parameters in highland banana.Int J Dairy Techno1.65:141-150
[61]Sanjay KD,Singh B,Elipaor.2000.Effect of mulch on establishment and growth of apple sapling in cold arid conditions of Ladakh.Prog Hort,2(1):42-45
[62]Scan MA,John M.2000.The potential for spent mushroom topmost as a mulch for weed control in barley orchards.Acta Hortic,525:427-430
[63]Skroch W A.Mulches:Durability,aesthetic value,weed control,and temperature.Journal of Environmental Horticulture,1992,10(1):43-45.
[64]Srivastava BK.1984.Effect of organic mulches and irrigation levels on soil temperature,water economy and yield of summer tomato.Veget Sci,11(1):1-9
[65]Swift C E.A comparison of various mulches;temperature relation.ships and plant growth.Colorado:Colorado State University Extension,200369
[66]T.Tuovinen,A.Kikas,T.Tolonen and P.Kivija¨rvi.2006.Organic mulches vs. black plastic in organic strawberry:does it make a difference for ground beetles (Col.,Carabidae).Journal of Applied Entomology 130(9-10),495–503
[67]Taylor A.Kashmanian R EPA1530-SW-89-038 Yard Waste Composting A Study of Eight Prog rams.Washington,DC:office of police,planning and evaluation and office of solid wrote and emergency response.1989
[68]Tchobanog1ous G.Theisen H,Vigil S.Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues New York:McGraw Hill,1993
[69]Thorud D B,Frissell S S.Time changes in soil density following compaction under all oak forest.Minnesota:Minnesota Forestry Research,1976
[70]Tsutomu Y.M itsuhiro 1.Ichirow K.2004.Effects of gravel mulch on water vapor transfer above and below the soil surface.Agric Water Man,67:145-155